Subject Index Adhesion molecules fish oil effects 12, 13 omega 3 fatty acid desaturase transfection effects on expression in endothelial cells 31 Alzheimer s disease (AD), omega 6 fatty acid/omega 3 fatty acid ratio, effects 45, 46 Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), genetic influences in dietary response 102 Apoptosis, omega 3 fatty acid desaturase transfection effects in neurons 31, 32 Arachidonic acid (AA) anti-inflammatory drug targeting 113 metabolism 37, 38, 57, 82, 103, 111, 113, 152 Arginine food composition 63, 64 nitric oxide synthesis 63, 64 Arthritis definition 152 DRB1 0401 as rheumatoid arthritis risk factor 156 fish oil treatment bottled fish oil, advantages and administration 157 159 drug interactions 163, 164 gout 162, 163 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy comparison 157, 158 cytokine suppression 156, 157 osteoarthritis 162 prospects 164, 165 rheumatoid arthritis 158 162 seronegative spondyloarthritis 163 inflammation pathology 153 prostaglandin E 2 synthesis, nociceptive effect 153, 154 Bleeding time, dietary effects 9, 10 Brain, omega 6 fatty acid/omega 3 fatty acid ratio effects aging 45 Alzheimer s disease 45, 46 blood-brain barrier permeability 39 cholesterol levels 41 43, 50 cortisol 50, 51 development 43, 44 ideal intake ratio 51 learning and memory 44, 50 membrane fluidity 40 42 metabolism 39 multiple sclerosis 47 myelin integrity 40, 41 neurotransmitters 39 omega 3 fatty acid deficiency effects in animals 43 overview 38, 39 prostaglandins 41 seizure 46, 47 sleep 47 49 Breast cancer dietary factors in risk 134 170
epidemiological studies of omega 6 fatty acid/omega 3 fatty acid ratio case-control studies 134, 135, 138, 139 cohort studies 135 table 136, 137 experimental studies of omega 6 fatty acid/omega 3 fatty acid ratio 140, 141 CAD, see Coronary artery disease Cereal grains history of consumption 3, 4 nutritional content 3, 4 Cholesterol brain levels and dietary modulation 41 43, 50 cardiovascular disease risks in Japan 111 Colorectal cancer epidemiological studies of omega 6 fatty acid/omega 3 fatty acid ratio 141, 142 experimental studies of omega 6 fatty acid/omega 3 fatty acid ratio 143 intervention studies of omega 6 fatty acid/omega 3 fatty acid ratio 142, 143 Coronary artery disease (CAD) Diet And Reinfarction Trial (DART) 65, 66 EURAMIC Study 95 fish intake studies 65 67 GISSI-Prevenzione trial 67 69 Indian Experiment of Infarct Survival Study 96, 97 cardiac outcomes 69, 70, 78 design 77 diet features 77 inflammatory markers diet effects 98 100 genotypic influences on dietary response 101, 102 types 93, 94 Japan epidemiology 120, 121 linoleic acid epidemiological studies case-control studies 116, 117 cohort studies 117 119 overview 115, 119 Lyon Diet Heart Study cardiac outcomes 62, 63, 96 design 59 diet characteristics 59 61, 63 65, 95 platelet phospholipid profiles 62 MARGARIN study 96, 97 Mediterranean diet protection 58 60 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study 95 omega 6 fatty acid/omega 3 fatty acid ratio in prevention 70, 78, 79, 81, 82 prevalence 74 Cortisol, omega 6 fatty acid/omega 3 fatty acid ratio effects 50, 51 C-reactive protein (CRP), inflammatory marker in coronary artery disease 93, 94 Cyclooxygenase (COX) fish oil effects 163, 164 inflammation role 57, 102, 103 lipid metabolism 152 155 Depression, omega 3 fatty acid therapy 13 Diet And Reinfarction Trial (DART) 65, 66 DNA mutation rates, humans 1 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) metabolism 103 synthesis 70, 92, 103 Dyslipidemia, omega 3 fatty acid supplementation effects 100, 102 Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) metabolism 103 synthesis 92, 155 European Community Multicenter Study on Antioxidants, Myocardial Infarction and Cancer (EURAMIC) 95, 138, 139 European IMMIDIET Project 68 Fibrinogen, fish oil effects 12 Finnish Mental Hospital Study 121, 122 Fish oil arthritis treatment bottled fish oil, advantages and administration 157 159 drug interactions 163, 164 gout 162, 163 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy comparison 157, 158 Subject Index 171
Fish oil (continued) arthritis treatment (continued) cytokine suppression 156, 157 osteoarthritis 162 prospects 164, 165 rheumatoid arthritis 158 162 seronegative spondyloarthritis 163 biological effects 9, 10 13 Flaxseed oil inflammation marker effects 99 lymphocyte proliferation effects 98, 99 GISSI-Prevenzione trial 67 69 Glucocorticoids, fish oil interactions 164 Gout, fish oil treatment 162, 163 Helsinki Businessmen Study 124, 125 Hunter-gatherer diet, comparison with modern diet 1, 2 India dietary features 74 fat intake and disease 75, 76 paradox of fat intake and cardiovascular disease 74, 79 Indian Experiment of Infarct Survival Study 96, 97 cardiac outcomes 69, 70, 78, 96 design 77 diet features 77 Interleukin-1 (IL-1) cytokine suppression 156, 157, 164 Interleukin-6 (IL-6) genetic influences in dietary response 101 Israel dietary features 81, 86, 87 omega 6 fatty acid/omega 3 fatty acid ratio modification 87, 88 paradox of fat intake and cardiovascular disease 81, 85 87 Japan Lipid Intervention Trial 125 Japan Society for Lipid Nutrition (JSLN), linoleic acid intake reduction recommendations 109, 110, 130 Linoleic acid (LA), see also Omega 6 fatty acids cancer risks 129 deficiency 110, 111 environmental changes and metabolism 129, 130 epidemiological studies of heart disease case-control studies 116, 117 cohort studies 117 119 overview 115, 119 essentiality 57, 82 evolutionary trends in consumption 4, 5 intervention studies of heart disease Dayton study 123 Finnish Mental Hospital Study 121, 122 Helsinki Businessmen Study 124, 125 Japan Lipid Intervention Trial 125 Leren study 122, 123 Lyon Heart Study 123, 124 Japan Society for Lipid Nutrition intake reduction recommendations 109, 110, 130 metabolism 111, 113 optimal intakes for heart disease prevention 126 stroke risks 127 129 -Linolenic acid (ALA), see also Omega 3 fatty acids deficiency effects 58 essentiality 57 evolutionary trends in consumption 4, 5 food sources 65 intake adequacy in Western epidemiological studies for Japan comparison 114, 115 Lipoxygenase (LOX) inflammation, role 103 lipid metabolism 152 Lymphocyte proliferation, flaxseed oil diet effects 98, 99 Subject Index 172
Lyon Heart Study cardiac outcomes 62, 63, 96, 123, 124 design 59 diet characteristics 59 61, 63 65, 95 platelet phospholipid profiles 62 MARGARIN Study 96, 97 Mediterranean diet coronary artery disease protection 58 60 Diet And Reinfarction Trial (DART) 65, 66 69, 70, 77, 78, 96 Lyon Heart Study 59 65, 95, 96, 123, 124 MARGARIN study 96, 97 Omega 3 fatty acid sources 58, 59 Methionine food composition 63, 64 homocysteine synthesis 63, 64 Multiple sclerosis (MS), omega 6 fatty acid/omega 3 fatty acid ratio effects 47 Myelin integrity, omega 6 fatty acid/ omega 3 fatty acid ratio effects 40, 41 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study 95, 120 Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer 135 New York University Women s Health Study 135 Nitric oxide (NO), fish oil effects 12 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) fish oil comparison in clinical utilization 157, 158 fish oil interactions 163, 164 mechanisms of action 113 Omega 3 fatty acid desaturase Caenorhabditis elegans enzyme features 24 gene therapy potential 34 transfection effects in cell culture adenovirus vector 25, 26 cancer cells 13, 29 31, 140, 141 cardiomyocytes 13, 28, 29 clinical implications of studies 32 34 green fluorescent protein as reporter 25 human umbilical vein endothelial cells 31 lipid profiling of cells 26, 27 neuron apoptosis studies 31, 32 rationale 24 transgenic animals in agriculture 34 Omega 3 fatty acids agricultural practices in reduction in foods 7 biological functions 8, 9 deficiency effects in animals 43 inflammation inhibition mechanisms 10, 12, 13 metabolism 37, 38, 57, 153 155 recommended intakes adults 19, 20 infants 21, 22 pregnancy and lactation 21 Western diet sources 7 Omega 6 fatty acid/omega 3 fatty acid ratio arthritis studies, see Arthritis brain effects, see Brain, omega 6 fatty acid/omega 3 fatty acid ratio effects cancer studies breast cancer 134 141 colorectal cancer 141 143 overview 148 prostate cancer 144 148 evolutionary trends in intake 5, 6, 8, 14, 23, 24, 37, 133, 134 ideal intake ratio 14, 24, 51, 84, 85, 126 imbalance in disease 13 15, 83, 84 Omega 6 fatty acids biological functions 8, 9 dangers of high intake 82, 83 metabolism 37, 38, 57, 82, 153 155 recommended intakes adults 19, 20 infants 21, 22 pregnancy and lactation 21 vegetable oil content 6, 7 ORDET study 135 Physicians Health study 144 Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), fish oil suppression 10 Subject Index 173
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fish oil suppression 12 Prostaglandins brain metabolism 41 fish oil effects 12 prostaglandin E 2 synthesis and nociceptive effect 153, 154 Prostate cancer epidemiological studies, omega 6 fatty acid/omega 3 fatty acid ratio case-control studies 144, 147 cohort studies 144, 147 table 145, 146 experimental studies, omega 6 fatty acid/omega 3 fatty acid ratio 147, 148 Rheumatoid arthritis, see Arthritis Seattle Women s Health Study 155, 156 Seizure, omega 6 fatty acid/omega 3 fatty acid ratio effects 46, 47 Sleep, omega 6 fatty acid/omega 3 fatty acid ratio effects 47 49 Statins, Japan Lipid Intervention Trial 125 Stroke, linoleic acid intake risks 127 129 Thrombocyte phospholipids, ethnic differences in fatty acid concentrations 4, 6, 8 Trans fatty acids health impact 4 hydrogenation of vegetable oil in formation 5, 6 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- ) genetic influences on dietary response 101, 102 cytokine suppression 156, 157, 164 Vegetable oil hydrogenation 4, 5 omega 6 fatty acid content 6, 7 production 4, 5 Vitamin C, evolutionary trends in consumption 3, 4 Vitamin E breast cancer cell growth effects 141 evolutionary trends in consumption 3 Walnuts, omega 6 fatty acid/omega 3 fatty acid ratio 85 Subject Index 174