Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery Multifocal Extensive Spinal Tuberculosis Accompanying Isolated Involvement of Posterior Elements - A Case Report - Dong-Eun Shin, M.D., Sang-June Lee, M.D., Young Woo Kwon, M.D., Tae-Keun Ahn, M.D. J Korean Soc Spine Surg 2016 Sep;23(3):183-187. Originally published online September 30, 2016; http://dx.doi.org/10.4184/jkss.2016.23.3.183 Korean Society of Spine Surgery Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gangnam Severance Spine Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eunju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06273, Korea Tel: 82-2-2019-3413 Fax: 82-2-573-5393 Copyright 2016 Korean Society of Spine Surgery pissn 2093-4378 eissn 2093-4386 The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: http://www.krspine.org/doix.php?id=10.4184/jkss.2016.23.3.183 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. www.krspine.org
Case Report J Korean Soc Spine Surg. 2016 Sep;23(3):183-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.4184/jkss.2016.23.3.183 Multifocal Extensive Spinal Tuberculosis Accompanying Isolated Involvement of Posterior Elements - A Case Report - Dong-Eun Shin, M.D., Sang-June Lee, M.D., Young Woo Kwon, M.D., Tae-Keun Ahn, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Korea Study Design: A case report. Objectives: To report a rare case of atypical spinal tuberculosis. Summary of Literature Review: In spinal tuberculosis, non-contiguous multifocal involvement and isolated involvement of posterior elements of the spine have been considered atypical features. There have been a few reports of each of these atypical features but no reports have described spinal tuberculosis with both of these atypical features. Materials and Methods: A 39-year-old man presented with back pain and progressive weakness of both lower extremities. He was diagnosed with spinal tuberculosis from the cervical to sacral spine, showing multifocal non-contiguous involvement with multiple abscesses on magnetic resonance imaging. Notably, in the thoracic spine area, isolated involvement of posterior elements was found with an epidural abscess compressing the spinal cord. He underwent a total laminectomy of the thoracic spine and multiple abscesses were drained with pigtail catheter insertions into the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine. Results: At the 8-month follow-up, the patient s neurologic status had improved to Frankel Grade D, and the patient was able to walk with the support of a walker. At the 3-year follow-up, the patient had recovered completely without any neurologic deficit. Conclusions: Since atypical spinal tuberculosis may show various patterns, examination of the entire spine is important for early diagnosis. Treatment should be provided properly from minimally invasive procedures to open surgery depending on the extent of structural instability and neurologic deficit. Key words: Spine, Atypical tuberculosis, Decompression Introduction Typically, in spinal tuberculosis, there is paradiscal involvement of anterior parts of the adjacent vertebral bodies. This classic spinal tuberculosis has been well-described and readily diagnosed. 1) However, because atypical spinal tuberculosis shows various patterns of spinal involvement without the typical radiologic lesion, it is often misdiagnosed and mistreated. 2) Atypical features of spinal tuberculosis include the following: involvement of single isolated vertebral body, circumferential or pan-vertebral involvement, extradural cord compression without radiologic evidence of bony involvement, sacral tuberculosis, involvement of the posterior elements (neural arch) of the spinal column without involvement of the anterior elements, multifocal spinal involvement which may be discontinuity or noncontiguous. 3-6) Here, we present a patient with multifocal extensive spinal tuberculosis from the cervical to sacral spine with isolated involvement of posterior element of thoracic spine. Case Report A sedentary worker, 39-year old male, presented with Received: March 17, 2016 Revised: April 1, 2016 Accepted: September 12, 2016 Published Online: September 30, 2016 Corresponding author: Tae-Keun Ahn, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13496, Korea TEL: +82-10-3218-6614, FAX: +82-31-708-3578 E-mail: ajh329@gmail.com Copyright 2016 Korean Society of Spine Surgery Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery. www.krspine.org. pissn 2093-4378 eissn 2093-4386 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 183
Dong-Eun Shin et al Volume 23 Number 3 September 2016 A B C Fig. 1. Enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance images of the lumbosacral spine with fat suppression. (A) A sagittal image showing high signals at T11, L1, L2, L4, S1, and S2 with abscesses at the L4 and S1 levels. (B) Abscesses in the anterior vertebral body, right psoas muscle, and left erector muscle at the L4 level on an axial image. (C) Abscesses in the sacrum extending to the presacral space and high signals in the sacrum and both sacral ala. persistent back pain associated with progressive radiating pain. At his hospital visit, the patient could not sustain normal gait and required wheelchair assistance. Physical examination showed Frankel Grade C neurologic deficits in both lower extremities. Ankle clonus and hyperactive knee reflex were also identified. He had a 20 20 cm sized skin lesion on his left posterior thigh which was suspected to be skin dermatitis. On spinal radiographs, no distinct radiographic changes or collapsed vertebrae were found. Laboratory tests showed an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 91 mm/h, and C-reactive protein (CRP) of 13.88 mg/dl. Chest radiographs revealed no evidence of past or presenting signs of tuberculosis. The patient s serologic test was negative for HIV markers and was also negative for tumor and other hematologic malignancies. It was determined to proceed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on the clinical symptoms and laboratory results. Initially, a lumbar spine MRI including scout images of the entire spine was obtained. Enhanced sagittal and axial T1- weighted images with fat suppression revealed high signal intensity in the T11 vertebral body, marrow enhancement with small intraosseous abscesses on L1 and L2 vertebral bodies, and high signal intensity on and around the L4 vertebra with abscesses in the psoas muscle, vertebral body, lamina and posterior muscle. Enhanced vertebral bodies and tissues around S1-S2 levels were also found with abscesses in S1 body extending to the presacral space (Fig. 1). Based on the multiple signal changes on scout images of cervical and thoracic spine, a cervical and thoracic spinal MRI was obtained. In the cervical spine, high signal intensities were found in the C4 vertebral body and posterior osteoligamentous structures of the C3-C5 levels. On an enhanced sagittal T1- weighted image with fat suppression and an axial T2-weighted image, right paravertebral abscess formation was discovered from C3 level to the C5 level with right posterior epidural compression (Fig. 2). Thoracic sagittal T1-weighted MRI images with fat suppression revealed isolated abscess formations of posterior element at the T2 and T4-T6 levels. The abscess at T2 had no epidural compression. However, the abscess extending from T4 to T6 caused severe epidural compression. At the T9-T11 levels, a paravertebral abscess with intensity changes of vertebral body and lamina was seen on the left side (Fig. 2). A total laminectomy at the T2-T6 levels was carried out to decompress the spinal cord and remove abscesses. The intraoperative specimens were harvested for biopsy. Fusion was not performed because there was no structural instability or kyphotic deformity. Paraspinal abscesses in cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral spine were drained using fluoroscopicguided pigtail catheters (Fig. 3). 7) The patient was treated with a four drugs regimen for tuberculosis (pyrazinamide, isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol) for 12 months. The final diagnosis of tuberculosis was confirmed by histopathology examination showing caseation necrosis and granuloma. Moreover, on a skin 184 www.krspine.org
Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery Extensive Multifocal Spinal Tuberculosis with Isolated Posterior Involvement A B C D Fig. 2. Magnetic resonance images of the cervical and thoracic spine. (A) An enhanced sagittal T1-weighted image. In the cervical spine, the cord compressing the epidural abscess with high signals in the C4 vertebral body and posterior osteoligamentous structures of the C3-C5 levels was found. In the thoracic spine, two abscesses limited to the posterior elements of the T2 and T4-T6 levels were revealed. Notably, the posterior epidural abscess of the T4-T6 level was compressing the spinal cord, causing progressive neurologic deficits. (B) An axial T2-weighted image of the C4 level showing a huge right paravertebral abscess and spinal cord deviation to the right side by the right posterior epidural abscess (white arrow). (C) Severe cord compression (white arrow) by a huge posterior abscess involving the posterior epidural space and posterior elements on an axial T2-weighted image at the C5-C6 intervertebral disc level. (D) A left-sided anterior paravertebral abscess with involvement of the vertebral body, pedicle, and lamina at the T10 level on the axial T2-weighted image. A B C Fig. 3. Plain radiographs of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral spine after pigtail catheter insertions. (A) Pigtail insertion into the right paravertebral area at C3 to C4. (B) Pigtail insertion into the left paravertebral area at T8 to T11. (C) Pigtail insertion into the right paravertebral area. biopsy of the posterior thigh, the lesion was determined as the squamous cell carcinoma. ESR/CRP normalized after 2 months of steady medication. At the 8 month follow-up, the patient s neurologic status had improved to Frankel Grade D and the patient was able to walk under walker assistant. At the 3-year follow-up, the patient had recovered completely without any neurologic deficit. Discussion In spinal tuberculosis, an isolated involvement of posterior element or the multifocal non-contiguous spinal tuberculosis with intervening normal vertebrae have rarely been reported and considered to be atypical spinal tuberculosis. 8,9) Among the multifocal non-contiguous spinal tuberculosis, extensive involvement of whole spine is rarer and there have only been two case reports in the literature. Turgut reported a 53-year-old woman who had spinal tuberculosis in her cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine with psoas abscess. 8) Emel et al described a 17-year-old girl who had tuberculosis involvement from cervical to sacral spine with paravertebral abscesses. 6) Similarly, our patient also had extensive involvement of www.krspine.org 185
Dong-Eun Shin et al Volume 23 Number 3 September 2016 tuberculosis from the cervical to sacral spine as observed in the aforementioned cases. However, in thoracic spine of our patient, there was additionally isolated involvement of posterior element at the T4-T6 levels with posterior epidural abscesses. Isolated involvement of the posterior elements or neural arch is atypical tuberculosis in the spine. This occurs rarely in less than 6% of patients with spinal tuberculosis. 9) To our knowledge, there have been no reports which address spinal tuberculosis with isolated posterior involvement and multifocal non-contiguous involvement from cervical to sacral spine as presented in our case. The patient was treated with a total laminectomy on the posterior epidural abscess causing progressive neurologic deficit. Since other abscesses in cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral spine did not cause progressive neurologic deficit or structural instability requiring urgent surgery, percutaneous pig-tail catheters were inserted to treat the abscesses. The percutaneous catheterization in drainage of paravertebral tuberculous abscesses of spine has been described as an effective and safe procedure. 7) In the current case, although the primary origin of infection was not identified, considering the squamous cell carcinoma on his posterior thigh, it is thought his immune system had been compromised. In conclusion, since atypical spinal tuberculosis may show various patterns, examination of entire spine is important for early diagnosis. Surgical treatment should be provided properly from minimally invasive procedures to open surgery depending on structural instability and neurologic deficit. REFERENCES 1. Harry N. Herkowitz, Steven R Garfin, Frank J. Eismont, et al. Rothman-Simeone the spine: expert consult 6th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences:2011.1535. 2. Lolge S, Maheshwari M, Shah J, et al. Isolated solitary vertebral body tuberculosis study of seven cases. Clin Radiol. 2003;58:545-50. 3. Wellons JC, Zomorodi AR, Villaviciencio AT, et al. Sacral tuberculosis: a case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 2004;61:136-9. 4. Al-Arabi KM, Khan FA. Atypical forms of spinal tuberculosis. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1987;88:26-33. 5. Sankaran-Kutty M. Atypical tuberculous spondylitis. Int Orthop. 1992;16:69-74. 6. Emel E, Güzey FK, Güzey D, et al. Non-contiguous multifocal spinal tuberculosis involving cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral segments: a case report. Eur Spine J. 2006;15:1019-24. 7. Pieri S, Agresti P, Altieri AM, et al. Percutaneous management of complications of tuberculous spondylodiscitis: short-to medium-term results. Radiol Med. 2009;114:984-95. 8. Turgut M. Multifocal extensive spinal tuberculosis (Pott s disease) involving cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Br J Neurosurg. 2001;15:142-6. 9. Arora S, Sabat D, Maini L, et al. Isolated involvement of the posterior elements in spinal tuberculosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:E151. 186 www.krspine.org
Case Report J Korean Soc Spine Surg. 2016 Sep;23(3):183-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.4184/jkss.2016.23.3.187 후방부단독침범을동반한다발성광범위척추결핵 - 1 례보고 - 신동은 이상준 권영우 안태근 차의과대학분당차병원정형외과학교실 연구계획 : 증례보고목적 : 비전형척추결핵의증례보고선행연구문헌의요약 : 척추결핵에있어서비연속성다발성침범이나후방부단독침범은비전형적형태이다. 이전문헌에있어이와같은두비전형적형태가동시에나타난경우에대한사례에대한보고가없다. 대상및방법 : 39세남자가요통과점진적인양측하지의근력약화를보였다. 자기공명영상상경추에서천추까지이르며농양을동반한다발성비연속성척추결핵이확인되었다. 흉추에서는후방부에서단독침범하여척수를압박하고있는경막외농양이확인되었다. 흉추에대해서척추궁전절제술을통한감압을시행하였고경추에서요추에이르는다발성농양에대해서는 pigtail 도관을이용한배액을시행하였다. 결과 : 8개월추시관찰에서 Frankel Grade D의신경학적호전을보였고보행기보조하에보행이가능하였다. 3년추시관찰에서신경학적으로완전한호전을보였다. 결론 : 비전형척추결핵은다양한양상으로나타나므로조기진단을위해서전척추에대한검사가중요하다. 치료는척추의구조적안정성과신경학적증상을고려하여최소침습적인치료부터관혈적수술까지적절하게시행되어야한다. 색인단어 : 척추, 비전형결핵, 감압술 약칭제목 : 후방부단독침범을동반한광범위다발성척추결핵 접수일 : 2016년 3월 17일 수정일 : 2016년 4월 1일 게재확정일 : 2016년 9월 12일 교신저자 : 안태근 경기도성남시분당구야탑로 59( 야탑동 ) 차의과대학분당차병원정형외과학교실 TEL: 010-3218-6614 FAX: 031-708-3578 E-mail: ajh329@gmail.com Copyright 2016 Korean Society of Spine Surgery Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery. www.krspine.org. pissn 2093-4378 eissn 2093-4386 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 187