Competency-Based Critical Care

Competency-Based Critical Care

Series Editors John Knighton, MBBS, MRCP, FRCA Consultant Intensive Care Medicine & Anaesthesia Hospitals NHS Trust Paul Sadler, MBChB, FRCA Consultant Critical Care Medicine & Anaesthesia Founding Editor John SP Lumley Emeritus Professor of Vascular Surgery University of London London and Honorary Consultant Surgeon Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust (GOSH) London Other titles in this series Sepsis Simon Baudouin (Ed.)

(Ed.) Renal Failure and Replacement Therapies

, BM, MRCP, EDIC Hampshire, British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Renal Failure and Replacement Therapies. (Competency-based critical care) 1. Kidneys Diseases 2. Kidneys Diseases Treatment 3. Acute renal failure 4. Acute renal failure Treatment I. Blakeley, Sara 616.6 1 ISBN-13: 9781846289361 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007927934 Competency-Based Critical Care Series ISSN 1864-9998 ISBN: 978-1-84628-936-1 e-isbn: 978-1-84628-937-8 Springer-Verlag London Limited 2008 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com

Contents Contributors................................................. vii Chapter 1 Assessment of Renal Function..................... 1 Mohan Arkanath Chapter 2 Imaging of Acute Renal Failure A Problem-Solving Approach for Intensive Care Unit Physicians........ 7 Tom Sutherland Chapter 3 Drug-Induced Renal Injury........................ 14 Chapter 4 Acute Kidney Injury.............................. 19 Chapter 5 Medical Management of Acute Renal Failure........ 26 Nerina Harley Chapter 6 Acute Renal Failure in the Surgical Patient.......... 33 Marlies Ostermann Chapter 7 Rhabdomyolysis and Compartment Syndrome....... 38 Laurie Tomlinson and Stephen Holt Chapter 8 Multisystem Causes of Acute Renal Failure.......... 42 Tim Leach Chapter 9 Therapeutic Plasma Exchange..................... 49 Tim Leach Chapter 10 Renal Replacement Therapy....................... 51 John H. Reeves Chapter 11 Technical Aspects of Renal Replacement Therapy.... 57 v

vi Contents Chapter 12 End-Stage Renal Disease.......................... 64 Emile Mohammed Chapter 13 Clinical Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia............ 71 Harn-Yih Ong Chapter 14 Clinical Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia.......... 77 Himangsu Gangopadhyay Chapter 15 Clinical Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis........... 81 Index....................................................... 87

Contributors Mohan Arkanath, MRCP Consultant Nephrologist Doncaster Royal Infirmary Doncaster,, BM, MRCP, EDIC Hampshire, Nerina Harley, MBBS, MD, PGDIPEcho, FRACP, FJFICM Intensive Care Consultant The Royal Melbourne Hospital Victoria, Australia Stephen Holt, PhD, FRCP Consultant Nephrologist and Honorary Senior Lecturer Sussex Kidney Unit Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals Royal Sussex County Hospital Brighton, Himangsu Gangopadhyay, MD, MBBS, FFARCS(Ireland), FJFICM Consultant in Intensive Care Frankston Hospital Frankston, Victoria, Australia Tim Leach, BM, FRCP Consultant Nephrologist Wessex Renal and Transplant Unit, Emile Mohammed, MB, ChB, MRCP () Lecturer in Medicine (University of the West Indies) and Consultant Nephrologist School of Clinical Medicine and Research Queen Elizabeth Hospital & Cavehill Campus Bridgetown, Barbados Harn-Yih Ong Registrar Intensive Care St Vincent s Hospital Melbourne, Victoria Australia Marlies Ostermann Consultant Nephrology and Critical Care Intensive Care Unit St Thomas Hospital London, John H. Reeves, MD, MBBS, FANZCA, FJFICM, EDIC Consultant in Intensive Care and Anaesthetics Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management Alfred Hospital Melbourne, Victoria Australia Tom Sutherland, MBBS (Hons) Radiology Registrar St Vincent s Hospital Melbourne, Victoria Australia Laurie Tomlinson, MRCP Specialist Registrar Nephrology Sussex Kidney Unit Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals Royal Sussex County Hospital Brighton, vii