Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abuse alcohol, aggression and, 52 53 substance, aggression and, 52 54 ACE. See Aid to Capacity Evaluation (ACE). AEDs. See Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Age of onset, of ictal panic and interictal panic attacks, 168 Aggression alcohol abuse and, 52 53 dementia and, 51 diagnostic evaluation of, 54 55 intermittent explosive disorder and, 51 52 neuropsychiatry of, 49 64 pathologic, brain regions associated with, 51 54 psychiatric diagnosis and, 51 54 psychosis and, 52 seizures and, 51 substance abuse and, 52 54 TBI and, 40 treatment of, 55 59 anticonvulsants in, 57 58 antipsychotics in, 56 57 b-blockers in, 58 59 described, 55 56 lithium in, 57 pharmacotherapy in, 56 SSRIs in, 58 Aging, white matter in, 82 83 Aid to Capacity Evaluation (ACE), in decisional capacity assessment, 120 Akathisia, antipsychotic drugs and, 132 134 Alcohol abuse, aggression and, 52 53 Alzheimer s dementia, 103 Anticonvulsant(s), in aggression management, 57 58 Antidepressant(s) for migraine, 72 in epilepsy, safety of, 171 172 tricyclic, in MDD management, 184 186 Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), for refractory seizures, 158 Anti-inflammatory agents, nonsteroidal, for migraine, 71 Antipsychotic drugs in aggression management, 56 57 Neurol Clin 29 (2011) 195 206 doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(10)00149-0 neurologic.theclinics.com 0733-8619/11/$ see front matter ª 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
196 Index Antipsychotic (continued) movement disorders induced by akathisia, 132 134 catatonia, 134 135 described, 127 128 dystonia, 128 130 implications of CATIE Schizophrenia Trial, 127 148 neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 135 237 parkinsonism, 130 132 tardive dyskinesia, 137 141 Anxiety impact on brain, 101 102 migraine and, 68 Anxiety disorders, TBI and, 40 Apathy, white matter related, 88 Articulation, abnormalities of, as functional neurologic symptom, 10 11 Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, white matter abnormalities in, 90 91 Autism, white matter abnormalities in, 90 B Beck Depression Inventory, in depression severity measurement, 180 Behavioral disorders, TBI and, 38 Biofeedback, for migraine, 72 Bipolar disorder, white matter abnormalities in, 89 90 b-blocker(s) for migraine, 72 in aggression management, 58 59 Borderline personality disorder, migraine and, 70 Brain anxiety s impact on, 101 102 MRI of, in ictal panic and interictal panic attacks diagnosis, 169 170 regions associated with pathologic aggression, 551 552 white matter of, 81 97. See also White matter. Brain injury, traumatic, neurobehavioral sequelae of, 35 47. See also Traumatic brain injury (TBI), neurobehavioral sequelae of. Bupropion, in MDD management, 187 Butalbital-containing agents, for migraine, 71 C Capacity to Consent to Treatment Instrument (CCTI), in decisional capacity assessment, 119 120 Catatonia, antipsychotic drugs and, 134 135 CATIE Schizophrenia Trial, movement disorders induced by antipsychotic drugs and, 127 148. See also Antipsychotic drugs, movement disorders induced by. CCTI. See Capacity to Consent to Treatment Instrument (CCTI). Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), 102 103, 107 Cognition, deficits in, as functional neurologic symptom, 11 Cognitive behavioral therapy, for migraine, 72 Cognitive decline, headache-related, 75 76
Index 197 Cognitive disorders, TBI and, 37 38 Conversion disorder, 1 Cortical spreading depression (CSD), migraine and, 66 67 Crying, pathologic, white matter related, 87 88 CSD. See Cortical spreading depression (CSD). CTE. See Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). D Decisional capacity assessment of, 115 126 accuracy and reliability of, 116 117 ACE in, 120 case example, 115, 122 123 CCTI in, 119 120 considerations in, 121 122 Folstein MMSE in, 121 HCAT II in, 120 instrumentation in, 118 120 advantages of using, 120 121 introduction to, 115 116 MacCAT-T in, 119 components of, 117 118 sliding-scale concept of, 118 Déjà vu, ictal panic and interictal panic attacks and, 168 Dementia(s) aggression and, 51 Alzheimer s, 103 early-onset. See Early-onset dementia. frontotemporal, 107 Lewy body, 103 106 risk factors for, depression, 100 101 white matter, 83 86 Depersonalization, ictal panic and interictal panic attacks and, 168 Depression as risk factor for dementia, 100 101 cortical spreading, 66 migraine and, 67 68 TBI and, 38 40 white matter related, 86 87, 89 Derealization, ictal panic and interictal panic attacks and, 168 Development, white matter in, 82 83 Disinhibition, white matter related, 87 Dissociative seizure/motor disorder, 2 Dizziness, TBI and, 41 Drug(s) in aggression management, 56 59 in functional neurologic symptoms management, 16 in MDD management, 184 187 in neuropathic pain management, 26 Drug seeking, headache-related, 75
198 Index Dyskinesia(s), tardive, antipsychotic drugs and, 137 141 Dysphonia, as functional neurologic symptom, 11 Dystonia antipsychotic drugs and, 128 130 as functional neurologic symptom, 9 E Early-onset dementia, affective symptoms of, 99 114 case example, 108 111 neurodegenerative vs. psychiatric disorders, 103 108 ECT. See Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), in MDD management, 187 Electroencephalography (EEG) in frontal lobe epilepsy vs. PNESs diagnosis, 152 153, 156 158 in ictal panic and interictal panic attacks diagnosis, 169 Encephalopathy(ies), chronic traumatic, 102 103, 107 Epilepsy(ies) antidepressants in patients with, safety of, 171 172 frontal lobe, PNESs vs., 149 162. See also Frontal lobe epilepsy, PNESs vs.. misdiagnosis of, 149 Epileptic seizures. See also Seizure(s). diagnosis of, 150 152 Euphoria, white matter related, 87 F Factitious disorder, 2 Fatigue, TBI and, 41 42 Folstein Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE), in decisional capacity assessment, 121 Folstein MMSE. See Folstein Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE). Frontal lobe epilepsy characteristics of, 153 156 PNESs vs., 149 162 characteristics of, 153 156 cognitive testing in, 154 diagnostic measures in, 152 153 EEG in, 152 153 limitations and pitfalls of, 156 158 eye and facial findings in, 150 152 family traits in, 155 156 intelligence measures in, 154 motivational measures in, 154 155 neurohormonal measures in, 153 neuroimaging in, 153 neuropsychological measures in, 153 154 patient traits in, 155 156 personality testing in, 155 psychomotor measures in, 154 SPECT in, 153 Frontotemporal dementia, 107
Index 199 Functional neurologic symptoms, 1 18 causes of, 3 clinical assessment of, 4 11 cognitive, 11 conversion disorder, 1 described, 1 dissociative seizure/motor disorder, 2 dysphonia, 11 dystonia, 9 epidemiology of, 3 factitious disorder, 2 gait disorders, 9 globus, 11 hypochondriasis, 2 investigations in, 11 malingering, 2, 12 mechanism of, 3 memory-related, 11 misdiagnosis of, 12 movement disorders, 6 7 Munchausen syndrome, 2 myoclonus, 8 9 prognosis of, 12 sensory-related, 9 10 somatization disorder, 2 speech-related, 10 11 terminology related to, 1 3 treatment of, 12 16 patients who do not improve with, management of, 16 pharmacotherapy in, 16 tremor, 8 visual, 10 weakness, 5 6 G Gait disorders, as functional neurologic symptom, 9 Genetic(s), of neuropathic pain, 23 Geriatric Depression Scale, in depression severity measurement, 180 Globus, as functional neurologic symptom, 11 H Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), in depression severity measurement, 180 HCAT II. See Hopkins Competency Assessment Test (HCAT) II. Headache(s). See also specific types, e.g., Migraine. chronic, 74 75 treatment of, 74 75 cognitive decline related to, 75 76 drug seeking related to, 75 malingering related to, 75
200 Index Headache(s) (continued) migraine, 65 76. See also Migraine. prevalence of, 65 psychiatric aspects of, 65 80 described, 65 67 TBI and, 41 tension-type, 73 74 types of, characterization of, 65 Hoover s sign, 7 Hopkins Competency Assessment Test (HCAT) II, 120 HPA axis. See Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Hypochondriasis, 2 Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, dysregulation of, stress as marker for, 100 I Ictal panic, 163 175 abnormalities in common neuroanatomical structures and, 164 166 age of onset of, 168 clinical presentations of, 167 168 diagnostic testing for, 169 170 differential diagnosis of, 170 disturbances of function of common neurotransmitters and, 166 167 duration of, 167 epidemiology of, 164 intensity of, 167 pathophysiology of, 164 167 psychiatric comorbidities of, 168 169 stereotypic features of, 167 symptoms associated with, 167 168 timing of, 167 treatment of, 170 171 unresponsiveness related to, 167 168 Interictal panic attacks, 163 175 abnormalities in common neuroanatomical structures and, 164 166 age of onset of, 168 clinical presentations of, 167 168 diagnostic testing for, 169 170 differential diagnosis of, 170 disturbances of function of common neurotransmitters and, 166 167 duration of, 167 epidemiology of, 164 intensity of, 167 pathophysiology of, 164 167 psychiatric comorbidities of, 168 169 stereotypic features of, 167 symptoms associated with, 167 168 timing of, 167 treatment of, 171 unresponsiveness related to, 167 168 Intermittent explosive disorder, aggression and, 51 52
Index 201 International Association for the Study of Pain, 20 Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtpa), introduction to, 115 116 J Jamais vu, ictal panic and interictal panic attacks and, 168 L Laughter, pathologic, white matter related, 87 88 Lewy body dementia, 103 106 Lifestyle changes, in MDD management, 188 Lithium, in aggression management, 57 M MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment (MacCAT-T), in decisional capacity assessment, 119 MacCAT-T. See MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment (MacCAT-T). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), of brain, in ictal panic and interictal panic attacks diagnosis, 169 170 Major depressive disorder (MDD), 107 108, 177 193 criteria for, 178 described, 177 178 differential diagnosis of, 181 evaluation of, 178 180 diagnostic, 178 179 measuring severity with standardized scales in, 180 safety, 180 general medical conditions and, 181 MS and, 183 Parkinson disease and, 183 184 prevalence of, 177 stroke and, 181 183 treatment of, 184 189 bupropion in, 187 ECT in, 187 lifestyle changes in, 188 MAOIs in, 186 187 mirtazapine in, 187 pharmacotherapy in, 184 187 phases of, 188 189 phototherapy in, 188 psychotherapy in, 187 somatic-related, 187 188 SSRIs in, 184 TCAs in, 184 186 TMS in, 187 VNS in, 187 Malingering, 2 as functional neurologic symptom, 12 headache-related, 75
202 Index Mania, white matter related, 87 MAOIs. See Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). MDD. See Major depressive disorder (MDD). Memory, deficits in, as functional neurologic symptom, 11 Migraine cognitive decline related to, 75 76 CSD and, 66 67 described, 65 66 plasma protein extravasation and, 66 psychiatric comorbidities with, 67 70 anxiety, 68 borderline personality disorder, 70 depression, 67 68 panic, 68 69 psychosis, 70 stress, 69 70 treatment of, 70 73 antidepressants in, 72 biofeedback in, 72 ß-blockers in, 72 butalbital-containing agents in, 71 cognitive behavioral therapy in, 72 medication interactions in, 73 74 NSAIDs in, 71 opioids in, 71 SSRIs in, 72 topiramate in, 72 triptans in, 71 valproic acid in, 72 Mind-body considerations, neuropathic pain and, 19 33. See also Neuropathic pain. Mind-body medicine, overview of, 19 20 Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE), Folstein, in decisional capacity assessment, 121 Mirtazapine, in MDD management, 187 MMSE. See Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE). Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), in MDD management, 186 187 Movement disorders antipsychotic drugs and. See also Antipsychotic drugs, movement disorders induced by. as functional neurologic symptom, 6 7 MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MS. See Multiple sclerosis (MS). Multiple sclerosis (MS), MDD and, 183 Munchausen syndrome, 2 Myoclonus, as functional neurologic symptom, 8 9 N Nausea, TBI and, 41 NESs. See Nonepileptic seizures (NESs). Neurobehavioral sequelae, TBI and, 35 47. See also Traumatic brain injury (TBI), neurobehavioral sequelae of.
Index 203 Neurohormonal measures, in frontal lobe epilepsy vs. PNESs diagnosis, 153 Neuroimaging, in frontal lobe epilepsy vs. PNESs diagnosis, 153 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, antipsychotic drugs and, 135 137 Neurologic symptoms, functional, 1 18. See also Functional neurologic symptoms. Neuropathic pain defined, 20 21 functional brain imaging studies in, 22 23 genetics of, 23 management of, 24 27 case example, 27 29 complementary strategies in, 27 described, 24 25 interventional strategies in, 26 27 pharmacotherapy in, 26 physical therapy in, 27 psychological therapies in, 25 26 mind-body considerations in, 19 33 pathophysiology of, 21 24 pathways in, 21 22 terminology associated with, 20 21 Neuropsychology, defined, 99 Neurotransmitters(s), function of, disturbances of, ictal panic and interictal panic attacks related to, 166 167 Nociceptive pain, defined, 20 Nonepileptic seizures (NESs) described, 150 diagnosis of, 150 152 Nonepileptic seizures, psychogenic, frontal lobe epilepsy vs., 149 162. See also Frontal lobe epilepsy, PNESs vs.. O Obsessive-compulsive disorder, white matter abnormalities in, 90 Opioid(s), for migraine, 71 P Pain neuropathic. See Neuropathic pain. nociceptive, defined, 20 Panic ictal, 163 175. See also Ictal panic. migraine and, 68 69 postictal, treatment of, 170 171 Panic attacks described, 163 164 interictal, 163 175. See also Interictal panic attacks. Parkinson disease, MDD and, 183 184 Parkinsonism, antipsychotic drugs and, 130 132 Phototherapy, in MDD management, 188 Physical therapy, in neuropathic pain management, 27
204 Index Plasma protein extravasation, migraine and, 66 Postictal panic, treatment of, 170 171 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) TBI and, 40 white matter abnormalities in, 90 Prolactin levels, in ictal panic and interictal panic attacks diagnosis, 169 Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs) characteristics of, 153 156 described, 149 150 frontal lobe epilepsy vs., 149 162. See also Frontal lobe epilepsy, PNESs vs.. prevalence of, 149 treatment of, 150 Psychological therapies, in neuropathic pain management, 25 26 Psychosis(es) aggression and, 52 migraine and, 70 white matter related, 87 Psychotherapy, in MDD management, 187 PTSD. See Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Q Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-SR), in depression severity measurement, 180 R Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtpa), intravenous, introduction to, 115 116 Refractory seizures, AEDs for, 158 rtpa. See Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtpa). S Schizophrenia, white matter abnormalities in, 88 89 Seizure(s) aggression and, 51 epileptic, diagnosis of, 150 152 nonepileptic. See Nonepileptic seizures. refractory, AEDs for, 158 TBI and, 42 43 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for migraine, 72 in aggression management, 58 in MDD management, 184 Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), in frontal lobe epilepsy vs. PNESs diagnosis, 153 Sleep disturbance, TBI and, 42 Sliding-scale concept, of decisional capacity, 118 Somatization disorder, 2 SPECT. See Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Speech, abnormalities of, as functional neurologic symptom, 10 11
Index 205 SSRIs. See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Stress as marker for HPA axis, 100 migraine and, 69 70 Stroke, MDD and, 181 183 Substance abuse, aggression and, 52 54 Substance abuse related disorders, TBI and, 40 41 Swallowing, difficulties in, as functional neurologic symptom, 10 11 T Tardive dyskinesia, antipsychotic drugs and, 137 141 TBI. See Traumatic brain injury (TBI). TCAs. See Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Tension-type headaches, 73 74 TMS. See Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Topiramate, for migraine, 72 Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), in MDD management, 187 Traumatic brain injury (TBI), neurobehavioral sequelae of, 35 47 aggression, 40 anxiety disorders, 40 approach to patient with, 43 45 behavioral disorders, 38 clinical overview of, 36 37 cognitive disorders, 37 38 depression, 38 40 described, 35 36 dizziness/nausea, 41 fatigue, 41 42 headaches, 41 neuropsychiatric symptoms of, 37 41 PTSD, 40 seizures, 42 43 sleep disturbance, 42 somatic symptoms of, 41 45 substance-related disorders, 40 41 Tremor(s), as functional neurologic symptom, 8 Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), in MDD management, 184 186 Triptan(s), for migraine, 71 U Unresponsiveness, ictal panic and interictal panic attacks and, 167 168 V Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), in MDD management, 187 Valproic acid, for migraine, 72 Vision loss, as functional neurologic symptom, 10 VNS. See Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS).
206 Index W Weakness, as functional neurologic symptom, 5 6 White matter, 81 97 abnormalities of, psychiatric diseases with, 88 91 attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 90 91 autism, 90 bipolar disorder, 89 90 depression, 89 described, 88 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 90 PTSD, 90 schizophrenia, 88 89 anatomy related to, 82 dementia related to, 83 86 described, 81 82 discussion of, 91 92 disorders associated with, psychiatric syndromes in, 86 88 apathy, 88 depression, 86 87 disinhibition, 87 euphoria, 87 mania, 87 pathologic laughter and crying, 87 88 psychosis, 87 evolutionary significance of, 83 in aging, 82 83 in development, 82 83 overview of, 82 83 physiology of, 82 White matter dementia, 83 86