Chapter 1 Multiple Choice CHAPTER 1 An Evidence-Based Approach to Corrections 1. Corrections consists of government and agencies responsible for conviction, supervision, and treatment of persons in the criminal justice system. a. public b. private c. foreign d. accounting Answer: b Page number: 2 2. Jurisdiction for the police refers to. a. a code of ethics b. a type of citation c. a sanction d. a specific geographic location Answer: d Page number: 2 3. Which time period accurately describes booking a suspect? a. A suspect is identified and fingerprinted after being arrested. b. A suspect is identified and placed in jail after being arrested. c. A suspect is identified, searched, fingerprinted, and charged after being arrested. d. A suspect is identified, searched, and placed in jail after being arrested. 4. Which statement is true about a diversion program for misdemeanors and first-time offenders? a. The diversion program is a way to allow first-time offenders to avoid harsher sentences and long jail times. b. The diversion program allows first-time offenders to get help or treatment without being worried about having an arrest record. c. The diversion program is a way for first-time offenders to repay their debt to society without having a conviction on their permanent records. 1
d. The diversion program allows judges to test first-time offenders to see how they can behave given close supervision. Answer: c 5. One reason that a prosecutor might dismiss a case is because. a. the prosecutor has the right to make that decision b. the jurisdiction allows for a certain number of them c. the charges against the offender are not logical d. the evidence is too weak to go to trial Answer: d 6. A citation is a that the police can issue to a citizen. a. ticket b. fee c. booklet d. law 7. The principle of net widening involves. a. the creation of community corrections procedures to prevent citizens from breaking minor laws b. providing offenders the chance for incarceration closer to their loved ones c. increasing the level of punishment for an offender, which results in adding more people into the correctional system d. making corrections in institutions to incorporate community feedback on the criminal justice system Answer: c Objective: Compare and contrast both diversion and post-sentencing options and institutional and community-based corrections. 8. Drug treatment is a form of that a judge may consider for an offender during the post-sentencing phase. 2
a. sentencing b. community correction c. net widening d. institutional correction Objective: Compare and contrast both diversion and post-sentencing options and institutional and community corrections. 9. Community corrections is a supervision that includes treatment while an offender remains out of jail in the community. a. facility-run b. family-owned c. church-run d. court-ordered Answer: d Objective: Compare and contrast both diversion and post-sentencing options and institutional and community-based corrections. 10. Diversions are alternative programs considered for individuals who have not been but agree to complete the requirements of the proposed programs. a. fingerprinted b. sentenced c. arrested d. jailed Answer: b Objective: Compare and contrast both diversion and post-sentencing options and institutional and community-based corrections. 11. The incarceration rate gives the proportion of per 100,000 residents in a given area. a. people in community-based programs b. people in jail and prison c. people arrested d. people in rehabilitation programs Answer: b Objective: Explain the key reasons for the rise in incarceration rates since the 1980s and the effect that it has had on individuals, communities, and the crime rate. Page number: 5 3
12. The mean world syndrome, also called the Cultivation Theory, suggests that. a. violence eventually creates a sense of insecurity and fear of violence b. the over-policing of communities creates a false sense of security among residents c. the media influence on public and correctional policy affects how offenders are treated in jail d. public opinion and political involvement in crime punishment has a negative effect on society s view of incarceration Objective: Explain the key reasons for the rise in incarceration rates since the 1980s and the effect that it has had on individuals, communities, and the crime rate. Page number: 6 13. A social phenomenon that researchers refer to as the decision to charge or sentence a certain group of citizens observed while driving is called. a. Hispanic targeting b. back door driving c. driving while brown d. targeting down Answer: c Objective: Explain the key reasons for the rise in incarceration rates since the 1980s and the effect that it has had on individuals, communities, and the crime rate. Page number: 5 14. One view of social researchers is that incarceration the economic mobility of individuals and their children. a. hinders b. helps c. stops d. increases Objective: Explain the key reasons for the rise in incarceration rates since the 1980s and the effect that it has had on individuals, communities, and the crime rate. Page number: 5 15. Arrests and incarceration have been used as a control mechanism since times. a. the end of Civil War b. Great Depression c. World War II d. the end of Vietnam War Objective: Explain the key reasons for the rise in incarceration rates since the 1980s and the effect that it has had on individuals, communities, and the crime rate. 4
Page number: 5 16. Crime control policy is created mainly by. a. media influences and public opinion b. the criminal justice system c. the incarceration system and societal perception d. the pre-sentencing system and the court system Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and making Page number: 7 17. The Justice Reinvestment initiative began in 2006 and was started by the. a. FBI b. BJA c. CIA d. DOJ Answer: b Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and making Page number: 7 18. The premise of evidence-based practices (EBP) is that there is a general academic focus and a(n) focus that studies the effectiveness of program in criminal justice. a. research b. laboratory c. application d. review Answer: c Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and making Page number: 8 19. Court judges in the United States are at state and local levels. a. assigned b. voted in c. appointed d. elected Answer: d Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and making Page number: 7 5
20. Academics can engage in policy-based research beneficial to law enforcement through the. a. Social Learning Theory (SLT) b. Crime Control Policy (CCP) c. Evidence-Based Practices (EBP) d. Justice Reinvestment Initiative (JRI) Answer: c Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and making Page number: 8 21. EBP techniques address more specifically how treatment programs are implemented by when resources are limited. a. government agencies b. practitioners c. the private sector d. communities Answer: b Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and making Page number: 9 22. The Justice Reinvestment Initiative is a four-step process that analyzes trends concerning. a. jail and prison growth b. the effects of media on crime/criminal policies c. the research on evidence-based practices d. cultivation theory Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and making Page number: 8 23. One difference in crime policy in the U.S. vs. other westernized countries is that. a. the U.S. criminal system uses judges that are civil servants, while other countries elect their judges b. the U.S. criminal system relies on federal funding to each of the 50 states, while other countries have a centralized, singular system 6
c. the process of sentencing and release in the U.S. criminal system is managed by the courts and corrections system, while in other countries the process is managed by legislators d. the legislative system in the U.S. consist of rational decision making, while in other countries there are political action committees and lobbyists Answer: b Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and making Page number: 7 Level: Hard 24. One technique of the evidence-based approach to corrections is the. a. use of outcomes-based research that is taught and encouraged by different stakeholders within society b. use of policies researched and made by the private and public sectors and that are encouraged by the community c. use of academic research that is relevant to policy and that encourages practitioners to use the programs being studied d. use of qualitative studies that are conducted by private organizations hired by community-based and public government interests Answer: c Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and making Page number: 8 Level: Hard 25. The LSI-R stands for and is one of the most effective assessment tools used in the criminal justice system. a. Level of Service Inventory-Revised b. Level of Service Institution-Resolution c. Level of Service Inventory-Recidivism d. Level of Service Institution-Research improve the correctional system. 26. An aspect of evidence-based practice is that intervention should be based on. a. treatment and intervention jail programs b. cognitive behavioral approaches that favor increased punishments c. social learning and/or cognitive behavioral approaches d. correctional treatment that targets high-risk offenders Answer: c improve the correctional system. 7
Level: Hard 27. The Uniform Criteria for Classifying Correctional Practices summarizes the following steps: a. what works, what s promising, what doesn t work, and what we need to know more about b. what works, what doesn t work, why things are not working, and what we need to know c. what works, what doesn t work, what things don t work, and why d. what works, why it works, what things are not working, and why they are not working improve the correctional system. 28. Correctional treatments that target can increase recidivism. a. medium-risk offenders b. high-risk offenders c. low-risk offenders d. no-risk offenders Answer: c improve the correctional system. 29. Rigorous academic studies in evidence-based practices should include. a. a treatment group and comparison group that has been exposed to the program being studied b. the use of bi- and multivariate statistically significant studies c. evidence-based research that includes small sample sizes such as 40 participants d. studies that utilize treatment and comparison groups with enough differences Answer: b Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and the making of Page number: 9 Level: Hard 30. Treatment interventions should target risk factors that are closely related to criminal behavior such as. a. antisocial attitudes, criminal associations, and low achievement b. high achievement, short-temperedness, and egocentrism c. criminal associations, history of fraud, and low achievement. d. cognitive behavior, criminal history, and substance abuse problems. 8
improve the correctional system. Chapter 1 True-False Choose whether each statement is true or false. 1. Corrections refers to the network of government and private agencies that are responsible for the supervision and treatment of those convicted of crimes. Answer: True 2. Continuum of sanctions refers to creating one or more rehabilitation options for offenders who go to prison. 3. Prosecutors can choose to dismiss court cases at the initial case screening if they feel that the evidence is too weak or doesn t directly link the offender to the crime. Answer: True 4. Deferred probation is a type of citation issued by police to citizens who are in violation of a minor law. 9
5. The four main decisions that prosecutors have to make are the initial case screening, charges, plea offers, and case disposition. Answer: True Objective Describe how corrections is part of the larger criminal justice system and how 6. Institutional corrections houses offenders in a facility separate from the community. Answer: True 7. Judges can choose to first impose community corrections to individuals who have committed violent crimes but have a substance-abuse problem. 8. Many times offenders receive a greater jail sentence than their crime warrants, which results in more people in the criminal justice system. Answer: True 9. Probation, electronic monitoring, and day-reporting centers are all forms of institutional corrections programs. 10
10. The incarceration rate refers to the proportional of people in community-based programs vs. people in the jail system. Objective: Compare and contrast both diversion and post-sentencing options, and institutionaland community-based corrections. Page number: 5 11. Arrest and incarceration have been used as a control mechanism since the end of the Civil War era. Answer: True Objective: Compare and contrast both diversion and post-sentencing options, and institutionaland community-based corrections. Page number: 5 12. The economic mobility of individuals and their children has been helped somewhat by the use of community-based diversion programs for offenders. Objective: Compare and contrast both diversion and post-sentencing options, and institutional and community-based corrections. Page number: 5 13. Cultivation Theory, which suggests that violence in the media does cause individuals to become violent, is also supported by research on media influence and crime. Objective: Compare and contrast both diversion and post-sentencing options, and institutionaland community-based corrections. Page number: 6 11
14. Evidence-based practice involves two processes for determining if a program is working and then applying specific techniques researched by academia. Answer: True Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and the making of Page number: 7 15. Some research suggests that public opinion on crime and punishment issues remains deeply rooted in television programs such as crime dramas, courtroom shows, and prison dramas. Answer: True Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and the making of Page number: 7 16. Under EBP, treatment interventions should target risk factors that are clearly associated with criminal behaviors. Answer: True improving the correctional system. 17. Correctional treatment should actually target lower-risk offenders because intensive treatment at this level would increase recidivism. improving the correctional system. Level: Difficult 18. When dealing with offenders, staff need not be highly trained in interpreting criminal behaviors and criminal thinking. Behavioral training should be given to correctional officers who come in greater contact with offenders. 12
improving the correctional system. 19. Applying the various principles of evidence-based practices required a thorough, valid assessment instrument that measures the offender s behaviors and tendencies to commit violent crimes. improving the correctional system. Page number: 11 Chapter 1 Fill in the Blank Fill in the correct answer each of the following. 1. A is a ticket issued by the police to a citizen for violation of a minor law. Answer: citation Level: Easy 2. Pre-trial refers to allowing offenders to remain out of jail in the community until a trial reappearance. Answer: supervision 3. Booking a suspect involves identifying the suspect and at the jail after the arrest. Answer: fingerprinting 13
4. Correctional sanctions occur during the phase when a judge decides whether an offender is eligible for community sentence. Answer: post-sentencing Objective: Compare and contrast both diversion and post-sentencing options and institutional and community-based corrections. 5. Incarceration rate measures the proportion of per 100,000 residents in the given area. Answer: people in jail (and prison) Objective: Compare and contrast both diversion and post-sentencing options and institutional and community-based corrections. Level: Easy 6. The of individuals and their children is hindered by the corrections system. Answer: economic mobility Objective: Explain the key reason for the rise in incarceration rates since the 1980s and the overall effect that it has had on individuals, communities, and the crime rate. Page number: 5 Level: Easy 7. Public opinion on issues remain deeply rooted in television programs relating to law enforcement and the criminal justice system. Answer: crime and punishment Objective: Explain the key reason for the rise in incarceration rates since the 1980s and the overall effect that it has had on individuals, communities and the crime rate. Page number: 6 8. The refers to the belief that violence in the media actually leads to increased violence in individuals. Answer: Mean World Syndrome Objective: Explain the key reason for the rise in incarceration rates since the 1980s and the overall effect that it has had on individuals, communities, and the crime rate. Page number: 6 9. Crime control policy relates media influences and. Answer: public opinion Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and the making of 14
Page number: 7 10. involve a two-step approach that uses research from academics to focus on programs and their effectiveness. Answer: Evidence-based practices Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and the making of Page number: 8 Level: Easy 11. Evidence-based practices encourage rigorous research techniques by using statistics. Answer: bi-variate or multi-variate Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and the making of Page number: 9 12. is a technique of EBP that proposes that intervention should be based on cognitive behavioral approaches. Answer: Social learning improving the correctional system. 13. Correctional treatment should target offenders to increase recidivism. Answer: higher-risk improving the correctional system. 14. Valid are needed to measure the risks that an offender poses. ssessment instruments improving the correctional system. Page number: 11 Chapter 1 Matching 1. Match the following terms with their meanings. 1. Citation a. A specific geographic location 15
2. Booked b. A ticket given to a citizen by a law enforcement officer 3. Dismissal c. When a case is dropped by a prosecutor 4. Jurisdiction d. When a suspect is identified and fingerprinted in jail after being arrested for a crime 1. *b 2. *d 3. *c 4. *a Page number: 2, 3 2. Match the following terms with their meanings. 1. Pre-trial supervision a. A variety of options ranging from mediation, probation, and problem-solving court 2. Continuum of sanctions b. The network of government and private agencies responsible for pre- and post-custody supervision and treatment 3. Corrections c. The community supervision of a defendant who has not yet been convicted but is waiting for the next court cases 4. Prejudication diversion d. Combining one or more options from community or an institutional setting to achieve several goals 1. *c 2. *d 3. *b 4. *a Page number: 2, 3 3. Match the following terms with their meanings. 1. Diversion a. Court-ordered supervision and treatment while the offender remains free 2. Community corrections b. Incarceration in a jail or prison 3. Net widening c. A type of community supervision for individuals not formally charged 4. Institutional corrections d. When offenders receive a jail punishment 16
that is greater than they really need 1. *c 2. *a 3. *d 4. *b Objective: Compare and contrast both diversion and post-sentencing options and institutional and community-based corrections., 5 Chapter 1 Essay Answer the following questions. 1. Describe the different types of sentencing options. Answer: Options vary based on the nature of the crime and the risk level of the offender. The judge determines the risk of the offender and whether he/she should be in the community or separated from it. Community-based options range from probation, which includes outpatient treatment, to fines and supervised probation such as electronic monitoring. Institutional options range from jail to work release and community service, or prison with or without parole options. Objective: Compare and contrast both diversion and post-sentencing options and institutional and community-based corrections. 2. Describe two different research views involving mass media and crime. Answer: One mass media research view supports the thought that public opinion on crime and punishment is deeply rooted in television programs on crime, court systems, and punishment. Another theory, called the Mean World Syndrome, supports the view that violence in the media by itself does not cause individuals to become violent. Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and the making of Page number: 6 3. Explain evidence-based practices and how they are beneficial to practitioners in criminal justice programs. Answer: Evidence-based practices (EBP) involve the use of academic research to investigate and inform the practitioners on the use of more effective programs in criminal justice. The academic research is rigorous, and so produces strong results about programs, including what works and what does not. EBP asks whether something works and explores what areas are promising and what is not known. This method continually evaluates and pushes the field forward. Objective: Characterize the meaning of evidence-based practices and why it is significant to improving the correctional system. 17
Page number: 7-8 Level: Difficult Chapter 1 Critical Thinking Answer the following questions. 1. Explain how media affects crime in terms of how offenders behave and how society treats them. Answer: Opposing theories exist on the effects of the media on crime, so answers should make that clear and summarize what the opposing sides to the issue are. Answers should include the Cultivation Theory, societal perceptions based on television programs, and criminals use of media to copy, commit, or cultivate their criminal behavior. Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and the making of Page number: 6 2. How do evidence-based practices benefit staff people who work with criminals in the criminal justice system? Answer: Answers should include what EBP is and entails. Also, that research evaluates programs that staff members work with. Programs that don t work are re-evaluated and strengthened based on sound research into what other possibilities exist and what to try. Also mention EBP techniques such as social learning and cognitive behavioral approaches that help staff identify criminal thinking and early criminal behaviors in offenders. Objective: Characterize the meaning of evidence-based practices and why it is significant to improving the correctional system. Level: Difficult 18