Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Protein Kinase D Inhibitors

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Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Protein Kinase D Inhibitors Celeste Alverez Topic Seminar October 26, 2013 Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 1

Protein Kinase D (PKD) A novel family of serine/threonine kinases and diacylglycerol (DAG) receptors belonging to the Ca 2+ / calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK) superfamily Composed of 3 isoforms: PKD1 (PKC ) PKD2 PKD3 (PKC ) Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 2

PKD Structure Ser 744 Ser 748 Ser 707 Ser 711 Ser 730 Ser 734 3 van Lint, J., TRENDS Cell Biol., 2002, 12, 193. Fu, Y. EMBO Reports, 2011, 12, 785.

PKD Structure Ser 744 Ser 748 Ser 707 Ser 711 Ser 730 Ser 734 4 van Lint, J., TRENDS Cell Biol., 2002, 12, 193. Fu, Y. EMBO Reports, 2011, 12, 785.

PKD Structure Ser 744 Ser 748 Ser 707 Ser 711 Ser 730 Ser 734 Phorbol esters & DAG 5 van Lint, J., TRENDS Cell Biol., 2002, 12, 193. Fu, Y. EMBO Reports, 2011, 12, 785.

PKD Structure Ser 744 Ser 748 Ser 707 Ser 711 Ser 730 Ser 734 Phorbol esters & DAG van Lint, J., TRENDS Cell Biol., 2002, 12, 193. Fu, Y. EMBO Reports, 2011, 12, 785. Protein-Protein Interactions Autoinhibition 6

PKD Structure Ser 744 Ser 748 Ser 707 Ser 711 Ser 730 Ser 734 Protein-Protein Interactions Phosphorylation by PKCs Phorbol esters & DAG Autoinhibition Autophosphorylation 7 van Lint, J., TRENDS Cell Biol., 2002, 12, 193. Fu, Y. EMBO Reports, 2011, 12, 785.

Isoform Similarity PKD1 and PKD2 have 69% overall identity 91% identity at the kinase domain PKD1 and PKD3 have 70% overall identity 94% identity at the kinase domain PKD2 and PKD3 have 68% overall identity 91% identity at the kinase domain Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 8 Wang, Q. J. TRENDS Pharmacol. Sci., 2006, 27, 317. Altschul S.F., J. Mol. Biol., 1990, 215, 403.

PKD Homology modeling Necessary due to lack of crystal structure Kinase domain homology model was generated for PKD1, PKD2, and PKD3 PKD1 and PKD2 focused on PKD1 model based on crystal structures of CHK2 39% homology PKD2 and PKD3 models based on PKD1 model PKD1 homology model PKD2 homology model Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 9 Kim Haas unpublished work.

PKD Homology modeling Key difference between PKD1 and PKD2 in the ATP binding pocket, near the Gly rich loop there are 3 Ile to Val residues switched Key difference between PKD2 to PKD3 in the ATP binding pocket, there is only one of the Ile to Val residues switched PKD2 model showing position of 3 Val residues switched between PKD1 and PKD2 Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10

Roles of PKD Under normal physiological conditions Apoptosis Proliferation Survival Cell motility Gene transcription Cell signaling Secretion/cellular trafficking Immune response Abnormal regulation Implicated in various cancers Prostate, pancreatic, head and neck, colon, breast, ect. Over activity promotes angiogenesis and metastasis in tumors Cardiac hypertrophy Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 11

PKD Signaling Stimuli I. Modulation of signaling pathways 14-3-3 p RIN1 p p PKD DAG npkc MEKK PLC Receptors Ras MKK Raf p p PKD JNK MEK p c-jun ERK1/2 Nucleus 10/26/2013 12 Adapted from Kara George-Rosenker by Wang, Q. J. TRENDS Pharmacol. Sci., 2006, 27, 317.

PKD Signaling Stimuli I. Modulation of signaling pathways 14-3-3 p RIN1 p p PKD DAG npkc MEKK PLC Receptors Ras Raf p p PKD MKK JNK MEK p c-jun ERK1/2 p p PKD HDAC IIa MEF2 NF-κB p HDAC IIa X 14-3-3 Nucleus 14-3-3 p HDAC IIa II. Regulation of class IIa HDAC 10/26/2013 13 Adapted from Kara George-Rosenker by Wang, Q. J. TRENDS Pharmacol. Sci., 2006, 27, 317.

PKD Signaling Stimuli I. Modulation of signaling pathways 14-3-3 p RIN1 Ras Raf p p PKD p p PKD DAG npkc MEKK MKK JNK PLC Receptors III. Membrane or protein trafficking MEK ERK1/2 p c-jun Gbγ PKCη p p PKD p PI4K IIIβ p p PKD HDAC IIa MEF2 NF-κB 14-3-3 p HDAC IIa X Nucleus 14-3-3 p HDAC IIa II. Regulation of class IIa HDAC TGN 10/26/2013 14 Adapted from Kara George-Rosenker by Wang, Q. J. TRENDS Pharmacol. Sci., 2006, 27, 317.

PKD Signaling Stimuli IV. Oxidative stress response I. Modulation of signaling pathways Oxidative Stress 14-3-3 p RIN1 Ras Raf MEK ERK1/2 p p PKD p p PKD DAG npkc MEKK MKK JNK p c-jun PLC Gbγ PKCη Receptors III. Membrane or protein trafficking p p PKD p PI4K IIIβ ROS Src Mitochondria p p PKD MnSOD AbI PKCδ p p p PKD IKK complex p p PKD HDAC IIa MEF2 NF-κB 14-3-3 p HDAC IIa X Nucleus 14-3-3 p HDAC IIa II. Regulation of class IIa HDAC TGN 10/26/2013 15 Adapted from Kara George-Rosenker by Wang, Q. J. TRENDS Pharmacol. Sci., 2006, 27, 317.

PKD Role in Cancer Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 16 LaValle, C.R., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2010. 1806 183.

PKD Role Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 17 Luo, J., Cell, 2009, 136, 823.

Altered Expression of PKD in Cancer PKD Isoform Cancer Type Expression Effect PKD1 Breast Decreased Correleated to more invasive tumors Basal Cell Carcinoma Increased Linked to increased proliferation Gastric Leukemia Pancreatic Prostate Decreased Decreased Increased PKD2 Colon Increased Gastric Increased Glioblastoma Lymphoma Increased/Decreased Increased PKD3 Prostate Increased Increased/Decreased Decreased in androgenindependent tumors Level of expression correlated to tumor grade Level of expression correlated to tumor grade Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 18 LaValle, C.R., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2010, 1806, 183. Azoitei, N., Neuro Oncol., 2011, 12, 710. Shabelnik, M. Y., Exp. Oncol., 2011, 33, 206. Sundram, V., Mol. Cancer Res., 2011, 9, 985. Mihailovic, T., Cancer Res., 2004, 64, 8939.

PKD2 in Colon Cancer - RNA Expression Control 40 80 120 mg/kg Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 19 Wei, N.; Chu, E.; Wipf, P.; Schmitz, J., Manuscript Submitted. John Schmitz unpublished data.

PKD2 in Colon Cancer - RNA Expression mrna Expression (PKD/18S) Control 40 80 120 mg/kg Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 20 Wei, N.; Chu, E.; Wipf, P.; Schmitz, J., Manuscript Submitted. John Schmitz unpublished data.

PKD in Colon Cancer Protein Expression PKD1 PKD2 PKD3 α-tubulin HCT116 RKO Western blot showing PKD isoform expression in two colorectal cell lines Immunohistochemical staining for PKD2 protein expression in human normal colon epithelium and colorectal tumor Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 21 Wei, N.; Chu, E.; Wipf, P.; Schmitz, J., Manuscript Submitted. John Schmitz unpublished data.

PKD2 in Colon Cancer Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 22 Wei, N.; Chu, E.; Wipf, P.; Schmitz, J., Manuscript Submitted. John Schmitz unpublished data.

PKD2 in Colon Cancer p-pkd2 PKD2 β-actin Control 40 80 120 mg/kg Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 23

PKD as a Therapeutic Target Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 24 Sundram, V., Mol. Cancer Res., 2011, 9, 985.

PKD as a Therapeutic Target Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 25 Sundram, V., Mol. Cancer Res., 2011, 9, 985.

PKD Inhibitors Upon review of the literature 11 PKD inhibitor chemotypes were identified: Most potent inhibitor: PKD1 IC 50 = 0.6 nm Cellular IC 50 = 32 nm *Pan-PKD activity Most potent inhibitor: 97% PKD1 inhibition at 1 M *known CDK2 inhibitor Most potent inhibitor: PKD1 IC 50 = 1 nm Cellular IC 50 (PANC-1) = 1 nm *Pan-PKD activity Most potent inhibitor: PKD1 IC 50 = 4 nm *Moderate PKD2 activity Most potent inhibitor: PKD1 IC 50 = 2.1 M Cellular IC 50 (LNCaP) = >50 M 1. Meredith, E. L., J. Med. Chem., 2010, 53, 5400. 5. Sharlow, E. R., J. Biol Chem., 2008, 283, 33516. 2. Tandon, M., PLoS ONE, 2012, 7, e44653. George, K. M., Pharmaceutics, 2011, 3, 186. 3. Harikumar, K. B., Mol. Cancer Ther., 2010, 9, 1136. 6. Gschwendt, M., FEBS Lett., 1996, 392, 77. 4. Evans, I. M., Biochem. J., 2010, 429, 565. Most potent inhibitor: PKD1 IC 50 = 7 nm Cellular IC 50 (sf 158) = 7 nm *Pan-PKD activity *known PKC inhibitor 10/26/2013 26

PKD Inhibitors ATP competititve Non PKD specific Gӧ6976 is more selective for PKC Staurosporine and K252a inhibit many kinases In vitro inhibition of PKD1 by known inhibitors Compounds IC 50 (nm) Staurosporine 40 Gö6976 20 K252a 7 BPDKi 1 CRT0066101 1 CID755673 182 Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 27 LaValle, C. R. et al Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2010, 1806, 183.

PKD Inhibitors ATP competititve Non PKD specific Gӧ6976 is more selective for PKC Staurosporine and K252a inhibit many kinases ATP competitive Selective for PKDs 100% inhibition at 1 M In vitro inhibition of PKD1 by known inhibitors Compounds IC 50 (nm) Staurosporine 40 Gö6976 20 K252a 7 BPDKi 1 CRT0066101 1 CID755673 182 Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 28 LaValle, C. R. et al Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2010, 1806, 183.

PKD Inhibitors ATP competititve Non PKD specific Gӧ6976 is more selective for PKC Staurosporine and K252a inhibit many kinases In vitro inhibition of PKD1 by known inhibitors Compounds Staurosporine 40 Gö6976 20 K252a 7 BPDKi 1 CRT0066101 1 CID755673 182 IC 50 (nm) ATP competitive Selective for PKDs 100% inhibition at 1 M ATP competitive Selective for PKDs Cellular IC 50 of 0.5 M in PANC-1 cells Orally bioavailable Effective in vivo against pancreatic cancer Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 29 LaValle, C. R. et al Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2010, 1806, 183.

Lead Selection: HTS Identification of Primary Hits Screen 196,173 compounds in IMAP HTS Assay Identify 109 compounds to validate Secondary Hit Confirmation Hit validation Determination of IC 50 Radiometric PKD kinase assay to confirm IC 50 values Screen for specificity Identify 14 compounds to screen in cells Tertiary Screen Cell based assays Identify 8 compounds to select from for synthesis, SAR, and biological evaluation Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 30 Sharlow, E. R. PLoS ONE, 2011, 6, e25134.

IMAP - Immobilized metal ion affinitybased fluorescence polarization detection Used for kinases and phosphatases Homogeneous High throughput (>40,000 compounds/day) inhibitors Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 31 Sportsman, J. R., Assay Drug Dev. Technol., 2004, 2, 205.

Lead Selection: HTS Identification of Primary Hits Screen 196,173 compounds in IMAP HTS Assay Identify 109 compounds to validate Secondary Hit Confirmation Hit validation Determination of IC 50 Radiometric PKD kinase assay to confirm IC 50 values Screen for specificity Identify 14 compounds to screen in cells Tertiary Screen Cell based assays Identify 8 compounds to select from for synthesis, SAR, and biological evaluation Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 32 Sharlow, E. R. PLoS ONE, 2011, 6, e25134.

HTS Hits Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 33 Sharlow, E. R. PLoS ONE, 2011, 6, e25134.

Acknowledgements Dr. Wipf Dr. Jane Wang Dr. Manuj Tandon, Evan Carder Dr. Edward Chu and Dr. John Schmitz Pitt NMR facility Pete Chambers (QC/LCMS) Wipf Group members past and present Celeste Alverez @ Wipf Group 10/26/2013 34

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