TERAPIA CU AGENŢI BIOLOGICI ÎN SPONDILARTRITA ANKILOZANTĂ CU DEBUT JUVENIL

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11 PREZENTĂRI DE CAZ TERAPIA CU AGENŢI BIOLOGICI ÎN SPONDILARTRITA ANKILOZANTĂ CU DEBUT JUVENIL Dr. D.A. Chiran 1, Dr. Eovelina Moraru 1, Dr. Laura Marinela Ailioaie 1,2, Dr. C. Ailioaie 1,2 1 Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie Gr. T. Popa, Iaşi 2 Laser Clinic, Iaşi, Romania REZUMAT Spondilartrita anchilozantă este o boalǎ infl amatorie mediată imun, care include artrita axială şi periferică, inflamaţia locului unde tendoanele şi capsulele articulare se inseră pe os, precum şi degenerarea articulaţiilor sacro-iliace şi ale coloanei vertebrale, care conduce la fuziuni progresive ale vertebrelor. Introducerea în terapie a moleculelor imunomodulatoare, cu ţintă pe interleukine, cum ar fi pe factorul de necroză tumorală alfa, a fost considerată ca un progres major în tratamentul formelor severe de spondiliartrite ankilozante. Acest caz ilustrează evoluţia particulară a manifestărilor clinice în corelaţie cu traumatismul articular, infecţia digestivă şi consecinţele devastatoare ale spondilitei ankilozante active HLA-B27 pozitivă cu debut juvenil. Cuvinte cheie: spondilartrită, entezită, ankilozantă, juvenilă, agenţi biologici INTRODUCERE Spondilartritele sunt un grup relativ comun de boli inflamatorii mediate imun, care au o frecvenţă estimată între 0,5 şi 1% din populaţia generală (1). Spondilita anchilozantă reprezintă aproximativ o treime până la jumătate din cazurile de spondilartrită şi prezintă un fenotip care poate include artrita axială şi periferică, inflamaţia gastro-intestinală, inflamaţia lo cului unde tendoanele şi capsulele articulare se inseră pe os (entezita), precum şi degenerarea arti culaţiilor sacro-iliace şi ale coloanei vertebrale, care va duce la anchiloză (2). HLA-B27 participă în proporţie de 20-40% la susceptibilitatea genetică în spondilita anchilozantă (3). Grupul spondilartropatiilor juvenile cuprinde bolnavii cu artrită idiopatică juvenilă, clasificată în subtipul de artrită asociată cu entezita. În mod obişnuit, debutul bolii se produce între vârsta de 17 şi 30 de ani şi afectează mai frecvent persoanele de sex masculin (4). MATERIAL ŞI METODĂ Pacienta H. Gabriela este aflată în evidenţa Clinicii Pediatrie II, din Spitalul de Urgenţe pentru Copii Sf. Maria Iaşi. Debutul bolii actuale s-a produs la vârsta 9 ani, printr-o monoartrită tibio-tarsiană dreaptă, articulaţie la nivelul căreia a suferit anterior un traumatism soldat cu fractură de cuboid, imobilizată în aparat gipsat. După 6 săptămâni (octombrie 2000) evoluţia a fost nefavorabilă şi pacienta s-a internat pentru durere, tumefacţie şi impotenţă funcţională la nivelul articulaţiei tibio-tarsiene şi genunchiului drept. A fost diagnosticată cu Artrită juvenilă idiopatică (AJI), formă oligoarticulară, şi a urmat tratament cu Metilprednisolon 30 mg/corp/zi, intravenos, 3 bolusuri, în asociere cu Ibuprofen, medicament pe care l-a primit şi la externare. În luna noiembrie a aceluiaşi an, revine la spital pentru extinderea bolii şi la nivelul cotului stâng. În primele zile de spitalizare a prezentat un episod acut infecţios de gastro-enterită cu Shigella Flexnerii, tratată adecvat. Tratamentul bolii articulare a constat dintr-o nouă cură de steroizi pe cale intravenoasă administraţi în trei bolusuri cu Metilprednisolon 30 mg/corp/zi, Diclofenac şi Tolperison. Diagnosticul a evoluat spre AJI formă oligoarticulară extensivă, anemie nutriţională şi gastroenterită acută infecţioasă şi a primit tratament la domiciliu cu Diclofenac şi Salazopirină (SZP) 1g/zi. Până în Adresa de corespondenţă: Dr. D.A. Chiran, Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie Gr. T. Popa, Str. Universităţii Nr.16, Iaşi 306

307 februarie 2004, a avut încă 3 internări în puseu acut inflamator clinic. Biologic, factorul reumatoid (FR) a fost negativ, iar anticorpi anti-nucleari (AcAN) au fost tot negativi. La medicaţia anterioară s-a adăugat Metotrexat (MTX) în doză de 0,6 mg/kg corp/ săptămână, în asociere cu acid folic 5 mg/zi. Din august 2004, s-a recomandat ca tratament la domiciliu MTX şi Prednison 30 mg/zi în alternanţă cu Ibuprofen, întrucât boala cuprindea articulaţiile tibio-tarsiene şi genunchi bilateral, articulaţiile coxo-femurale stângi, cot drept, articulaţiile radiocarpiene şi interfalangiene, ambele mâini. S-a emis diagnosticul de AJI formă poliarticulară severă, activă, anemie mixtă, hipotrofie staturo-ponderală. În ianuarie 2005, tabloul clinic se păstrează, iar pacienta prezintă şi genunchi stâng angulat, mers dificil cu impotenţă funcţională stadiul III după Steinbrocker. Pe lângă MTX este introdus agentul bio logic Enbrel, în doză de 0,4 mg/kg corp /zi de două ori pe săptămână. Cu toată această medicaţie, evoluţia bolii a fost în mod permanent activă, inducând un handicap locomotor sever (stadiul funcţional IV, după Steinbrocker). În luna august 2006, se întrerupe Enbrelul, după 17 luni de tratament ineficient. În luna noiembrie 2006, pacienta revine în stare gravă, imobilizată la pat. S-a reintrodus Enbrelul con comitent cu 10 şedinţe de iradiere laser intravenoasă (diodă GaAlAs, 670 nm, 3 mw). În 2007 a fost evidenţiat antigenul HLA-B27, care a confirmat manifestările clinice de artrită cu entezită şi afectare axială. Diagnosticul a fost completat cu noile date a fost decelat şi un sindrom depresiv în constituire. A continuat tratamentul cu Enbrel, MTX, SZP, Prednison 20 mg/zi în alternanţă cu Indometacin. Se introduce medicaţie antidepresivă. În martie 2009, se semnalează deja contractura în flexie mai mare de 30% la nivelul cotului drept şi rotaţia internă de 7 grade a femurului stâng. S-au obiectivat dureri entezitice la nivelul: spinei iliace postero-superioare bilateral, crestei iliace stângi, achilian şi calcaneean bilateral, însoţite de talalgii. Se suplimentează medicaţia cu Triamcinolon intraarticular. Revine la control în Clinica Pediatrie II după 12 ani de la prima internare (adică la vârsta de 21 ani, elevă în clasa a VI-a), când remarcăm un adult tânăr cu spondilită ankilozantă formă mixtă (axială şi periferică) cu debut juvenil, HLA-B27 pozitivă şi coxartroză secundară bilateral, mai accentuată pe stânga, propusă pentru artroplastie de şold stâng. Bilanţul lo co motor a evidenţiat 57 de articulaţii tumefiate, 67 cu du rere şi limitarea mişcărilor. Datele biologice rele vau un sindrom inflamator sever: VSH = 100 mm/h, Fg = 6,94, CRP = 122 mg/l. Anamneza a pre cizat înlocuirea agentului biologic Enbrel cu un alt agent biologic anti-tnf alfa, şi anume Humira (Adalimumab), în asociere cu MTX şi Salazopirină, însă pacienta manifestă o slabă complianţă şi la această nouă terapie. REZULTATE ŞI DISCUŢII În urmă cu zece ani, terapia anti TNF-alfa era considerată o nouă opţiune de tratament biologic, având succes la pacienţii cu AJI poliarticulară (5). Primele cercetări privind siguranţa şi eficacitatea agentului biologic anti-tnf alfa, Enbrel, au fost evaluate într-un studiu randomizat, controlat placebo, efectuat pe un număr de 277 de pacienţi cu spondilită anchilozantă activă. Vârsta pacienţilor era cuprinsă între 18 şi 70 de ani; pacienţii care luau hidroxiclorochină, sulfasalazină, metotrexat sau prednison ( 10 mg/zi) puteau continua cu aceste medicamente, pe durata studiului. La 12 săptămâni, eficacitatea trata mentului a constat într-o ameliorare cu 20% a para metrilor de răspuns luaţi în studiu privind Evaluarea Spondilitei Ankilozante (ESA) (6), în comparaţie cu tratamentul placebo. Răspunsuri asemănătoare s-au constatat şi după 24 de săptă mâni. Studii publicate recent menţionează încă doi agenţi anti-tnf (Infliximab, Adalimumab) ca fiind similari din punct de vedere al eficacităţii, ameliorând funcţionalitatea articulară şi calitatea vieţii pacienţilor (7). În cazul nostru cu spondilită ankilozantă cu debut juvenil, agentul biologic Enbrel nu şi-a dovedit eficacitatea, motiv pentru care s-a înlocuit cu un alt medicament anti-tnf alfa numit Humira (Adalimumab), faţă de care rezultatele au fost la fel de descurajante. Într-un studiu placebo-controlat pe un număr de 152 de pacienţi cu SA trataţi timp de 24 de săptămâni cu Adalimumab, se remarcă o reducere semnificativă a entezitei, comparativ cu un număr de 81 de pacienţi trataţi cu placebo, dar la care nu s-au ob ţinut îmbunătăţiri semnificative pe artrita periferică (8). În mod similar, şi în alte studii randomizate, con trolate pe antagonişti de TNF, nu s-au demonstrat îm bunătăţiri semnificative în entezită şi artrita peri ferică, comparativ cu pacienţii trataţi cu placebo (9,10). Un studiu recent în 211 centre din 15 ţări europene efectuat pentru cercetarea siguranţei şi eficacităţii medicamentului Adalimumab pe 1.250 de pacienţi cu spondilită anchilozantă activă, a demonstrat eficienţa pe manifestările entezitice şi artrita periferică (11).

308 CONCLUZII Acest studiu ilustrează evoluţia particulară a manifestărilor clinice, corelaţia cu traumatismul articular şi infecţia digestivă şi consecinţele devastatoare ale spondilitei ankilozante active HLA-B27 pozitivă cu debut juvenil. Studiul de caz subliniază, de asemenea, problemele de încadrare corectă a diagnosticului, dar şi posibilităţile reduse de terapie biologică la vârsta copilăriei, unde singurul agent biologic permis este Enbrel. Therapy with biological agents in juvenile-onset ankylosing spondylarthritis D.A. Chiran 1, Eovelina Moraru 1, Laura Marinela Ailioaie 1,2, C. Ailioaie 1,2 1 Gr T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 2 Laser Clinic, Iasi ABSTRACT Ankylosing spondylarthritis is an immune-mediated infl ammatory disease, which includes axial and peripheral arthritis, inflammation of the site where tendons and joint capsules attaches to the bone and degeneration of the sacroiliac joint and the spinal cord joints, leading to progressive spinal fusions. Introduction of new immunomodulatory molecules into therapy aiming at interleukins, such as the tumor necrosis factor alpha, was considered a major breakthrough in the treatment of severe ankylosing spondylarthritis. This case illustrates the particular evolution of the clinical manifestations in correlation with joint trauma, gastrointestinal infection and the devastating consequences of active HLA-B27 positive ankylosing spondylarthritis with juvenile onset. Key words: spondylarthritis, enthesitis, ankylosing, juvenile, biological agents INTRODUCTION Spondylarthropathies are a relatively common group of immune mediated inflammatory diseases, with an estimated frequency of 0.5-1% of the general population (1). Ankylosing spondylarthritis represents about one third to half of the cases of spondylarthritis and has a phenotype which may include axial and peripheral arthritis, gastrointestinal inflammation, inflammation of the site where tendons and joint capsules attaches to the bone (enthesitis) and degeneration of the sacroiliac and spinal cord joints, leading to ankylosis (2). HLA-B27 is involved in a proportion of 20-40% of the genetic susceptibility in ankylosing spondylarthritis (3). Juvenile spondylarthropathies group includes juvenile idiopathic arthritis, classified into the subtype of arthritis associated with enthesitis. Typically, the onset occurs between the ages of 17 and 30 years, most commonly affecting males (4). MATERIAL AND METHOD The patient Gabriela H., female, has been receiving treatment at St. Mary Emergency Hospital for Children, Iasi, Romania, within the Second Pediatric Clinic. The disease onset occurred at the age of 9, with a right tibiotarsal monoarthritis. At this joint she had previously suffered an injury resulting in a fracture of the cuboid bone, having the affected joint plastered. After six weeks (October 2000) the evolution was not favorable and she was readmitted in the same hospital for pain, swelling and functional impotence relative to the right tibiotarsal joint and right knee. The patient was diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in the oligoarticular form and was administered Methylprednisolone 30 mg/kg/day, in three boluses, intravenously, plus Ibu profen. In November of that year, the patient is readmited due to the disease extension at the left elbow. An

309 acute episode of gastroenteritis with Shigella Flexnerii was discovered and the patient received adequate therapy. The treatment for the rheumatic disease consisted in another course of intravenous steroids administered in three boluses (Methylprednisolone 30 mg/kg/day), together with Diclofenac and Tolperisone. The diagnose evolved to extensive oligoarticular JIA, nutritional anemia and infectious acute gastroenteritis and the patient was discharged with Diclofenac and Sulfasalazine (SSZ) at a dose of 1g/day. Until February 2004, the patient was admitted in the hospital for another three times in acute inflammatory clinical relapse. Biologically the Rheumatoid factor (RF) was negative and the Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs) were also negative. Methotrexate (MTX) was added to the previous ongoing medication at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg/week in combination with Folic acid 5 mg/ week. Since August 2004, the patient was prescribed MTX and Prednisone 30 mg/day alternating with Ibuprofen, as the disease extended to both tibiotarsal joints and both knees, left coxofemoral joint, right elbow, and bilateral radiocarpal plus interphalangeal joints. A diagnosis of severe active poliarticular JIA, mixed anemia and stature hypotrophy was formulated. In January 2005, the clinical status remained altered with and walking difficulty with stage III functional impotence after Steinbrocker. Besides MTX, a biological agent (Enbrel) is introduced in therapy in a dose of 0.4 mg/kg/day, twice a week. Despite this the disease evolution was permanently active, inducing a severely functional disa bility. In August 2006, Enbrel is discontinued, after 17 months of ineffective treatment. In November 2006, the patient is severely ill and bedridden. Enbrel was reintroduced concomitantly with 10 sessions of intravenous laser therapy (GaAlAs laser diode, 670 nm, 3 mw). In 2007, the detection of HLA-B27 antigen confirmed the clinical manifestations of arthritis with enthesitis and axial damage. The main diagnosis was reevaluated and a depressive syndrome at onset was discovered. She continued the treatment with Enbrel, MTX, SSZ, Prednisone (20 mg/day) alternating with Indomethacin and antidepresives. In March 2009, the disease evolution revealed the flexion contracture in the right elbow greater than 30% and internal rotation of the left femur with 7 degrees. Pain related to enthesitis was also observed at bilateral posterior superior iliac spine, left iliac crest, bilateral calcaneal and Achilles regions. Intra-articular Triamcinolone is introduced. The patient has attended a follow-up in the Second Pediatric Clinic at the age of 21, after 12 years from first admission, being a sixth-grader in the school. Her diagnose evolved to ankylosing spondylarthritis mixed form (axial and peripheral) with juvenile-onset, HLA-B27 positive, bilateral secondary coxarthrosis, proposed for left hip arthroplasty. The clinical exam revealed 57 swollen joints, 67 with pain and limitation of movement. Biological data revealed a severe inflammatory syndrome: ESR = 100 mm/h, Fg = 6.94, CRP = 122 mg/l. Enbrel (Etanercept) was replaced with another anti- TNF-alpha molecule, Humira (Adalimumab). This new agent was administered in combination with MTX and Sulfasalazine, but the patient is presenting poor compliance to this new therapeutic plan. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Ten years ago, anti-tnf-alpha therapy was considered a new biologic treatment option, with success in patients with poliarticular arthritis (5). The first researches on the safety and efficacy of anti-tnf alpha biological agent, Enbrel were assessed in a randomized, placebo-controlled study on a total of 277 patients with active spondylarthritis. The age of patients was between 18 and 70 years; the patients taking Hydroxychloroquine, Sulfasalazine, Methotrexate or Prednisone ( 10 mg/day) were allowed to continue to take these drugs at the established doses during the study. After 12 weeks, the efficacy of the treatment consisted in a 20% improved response in the parameters taken into study regarding the Evaluation of Ankylosing Spon dylarthritis (6), compared with the placebo treatment. Similar responses were seen after 24 weeks. More recently published studies indicate two more anti-tnf agents (Infliximab, Adalimumab) as being similar in terms of effectiveness by im proving the physical function and quality of life (7). In our case with juvenile-onset ankylosing spondylarthritis the biological agent Enbrel (Etanercept) has not proved to be effective, so that it was replaced by another anti-tnf alpha molecule, Humira (Adalimumab), but the results were equally discouraging. In a placebo-controlled study on a total of 152 patients with SA treated for 24 weeks with Adalimumab it has been observed a significant reduction of the enthesitis, compared to a number of 81 patients treated with placebo, who did not

310 achieve significant improvements on the peripheral arthritis (8). Similarly, in other randomized, controlled studies for TNF antagonists it has not been demonstrated significant improvements in enthesitis and peripheral arthritis, compared with placebo patients (9, 10). A recent multinational study that included a total of 211 centers in 15 European countries conducted for the safety and efficacy of Adalimumab in 1250 patients with active ankylosing spondylarthritis demonstrated the effectiveness over the mani festations of enthesitis and peripheral arthritis (11). CONCLUSIONS This study illustrates the particular evolution of clinical manifestations, correlated with the joint injury gastrointestinal infection, and the devastating consequences of active HLA-B27 positive ankylosing spondylarthritis with juvenile onset. The case study also highlights the problems of reaching the correct diagnosis, the limitation of biological and imagery findings together with the reduced possibilities of biologic therapy in early child hood, where Enbrel is the only allowed biological agent. REFERENCES 1. Helmick C.G., et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part I. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58:15-25. 2. Braun J., Sieper J. Ankylosing spondylitis. Lancet 2007; 369:1379-1390. 3. Brown M.A. Genetics and the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2009; 21:318-323. 4. Ailioaie C. Capitolul XI.2. Artrita juvenilă idiopatică, în Tratat de Pediatrie, Ediţia I-a, editor Constantin N. Iordache, Editura Universităţii Gr. T. Popa Iaşi, 2011: 884-901. 5. Horneff G. Treatment Options With Biologics for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis CME. CME Released: 06/17/2011http://www.medscape.org/ viewarticle/744481?src=cmemp 6. Anderson J.J., Baron G., van der Heijde D., Felson D.T., Dougados M. Ankylosing spondylitis assessment group preliminary definition of short-term improvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44(8):1876-86. 7. Furst D.E., Keystone E.C., Braun J. et al. Updated consensus statement on biological agents for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:i2 - i29 doi:10.1136/ard.2009.123885 8. Heijde van der D, Kivitz A, et all. ATLAS Study Group: Efficacy and safety of adalimumab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 54:2136-46. 9. Bosch van den F., Kruithof E., Baeten D., Herssens A., de Keyser F., et al Randomized double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor alpha versus placebo in active spondyloarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum 2002, 46:755-765. 10. Calin A., Dijkmans A., Emery P. et al. Outcomes of a multicentre randomized clinical trial of etanercept to treat ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2004, 63:1594-1600. 11. Rudwaleit M., Claudepierre P., Kron M. et al. Effectiveness of adalimumab in treating patients with ankylosing spondylitis associated with enthesitis and peripheral arthritis. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2010, 12:R43.