Adult Intraocular Tumors Sam S. Dahr, M.D. Retina Center of Oklahoma www.retinacenteroklahoma.com www.rcoklahoma.com
Table of Contents Posterior uveal malignant melanoma Uveal metastasis
Uveal melanoma incidence 6 cases/one million people/year State of Oklahoma 3,579,212-> 21 cases a year Lifetime risk 1 in 2000 among Caucasians
Uveal melanoma incidence Age adjusted rate per million person years Age 15-44: 2.3 Age 45-64: 15 Age 65 and older: 25
Useful facts Mean age of diagnosis is 60 2/3 are within 3 mm of fovea or optic nerve Up to 30% may be amelanotic
Potential risk factors Caucasian race Light colored irides Sunlight exposure Ocular melanocytosis: hyperpigmentation of the uvea and episclera Oculodermal melanocytosis: hyperpigmentation of the uvea, episclera, and periorbital skin
Oculodermal melanocytosis Ocular melanosis 1 in 400 risk of uveal melanoma
Differential Ch. Hemangioma Ch. Osteoma Wet AMD Choroidal hemorrhage CHRPE Melanocytoms Hemorrhagic retinoschisis
Choroidal hemangioma Choroidal hemangioma
Melanocytoma
Choroidal osteoma
Sclerochoroidal calcification
CHRPE
CHRPE
Atypical CHRPE associated with Gardner Syndrome
Atypical CHRPE associated with Gardner Syndrome
Ciliary body mass Uveal melanoma Leiomyoma Adenoma of the ciliary epithelium Medulloepithelioma Schwannoma Cyst of pars plana/pigment epithelium Granuloma Metastasis
Medulloepithelioma
Choroidal freckle or melanocytic pigment cluster of choroid Increased density of normal melanocytes Flat
Choroidal nevus--coms 5 mm or smaller in greatest linear dimension 1 mm or less in thickness Prevalence may be up to 30% If in macula may cause photoreceptor atrophy
Indeterminate nevus vs. melanoma 1.5-2.5 mm thick <10 mm in greatest dimension
Estimate of basal dimensions 20 d lens= 12 mm across 28 d lens= 13 mm across
To Find Small Ocular Melanoma TFSOM
TFSOM (Archives of Ophthalmology 2000; 118: 360-4) Two mm or more thickness Fluid (subretinal fluid) Symptoms Orange pigment Margin touching optic disc None=4%, One factor=36%, Two factors=45%, Three factors=50%, Four factors=51%, all Five factors=56% risk of growth into choroidal melanoma at 5 years
Pre operative screening CT scan abdomen and pelvis Chest X Ray Liver enzymes
Treatment
Transpupillary thermo-therapy Primary TTT is associated with a 22% local recurrence at 3 years (Shields et al, Ophthalmology 2002; 109: 225-234). Small tumors=recurrent tumor may theoretically be most life threatening
Gold plaque 0.44 mm thick Silastic for mounting I125 seeds
Local control with radiation In a follow-up of 650 patients treated with iodine- 125 in the COMS medium tumor study, the risk of treatment failure by 5 years as measured by local recurrence rate was reported at 10.3%.(COMS report 19) With nearly 2000 patients treated with proton beam irradiation, Gragoudas reported a local recurrence rate of 3.2% and 4.3% at 5 and 10 years respectively.(trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2002; 100:43-8 )
Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2002; 13:135-41. Patients with small choroidal melanoma (< 4 mm thickness) develop metastasis in 16% of cases at 5 years follow up, whereas those with medium choroidal melanoma (4-8 mm thickness) and large choroidal melanoma (> 8 mm thickness) develop metastasis in 32 and 53%, respectively.
Proton beam therapy
Prognosis: tumor size
COMS small melanoma (<2.5 mm) observational study 204 patients Risks for growth: orange pigment, thickness >2 mm, LBD 12 mm or more, absence of drusen, absence of RPE changes Melanoma specific mortality at 5 years=1%
COMS medium size arm 660 enucleation 657 I125 plaque radioatherapy
COMS medium size arm Half lose six or more lines at 5 years Local failure 10% at 5 years 5 year melanoma specific mortality 11% in enucleation arm and 9% in plaque arm
Large (> 10 mm thick or >16 mm LBD)
Based on the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS), large melanomas are tumors with > 16 mm longest tumor basal diameter, > 10 mm apical height or tumors with > 8 mm apical height and < 2 mm distance to optic disc
Metastatic death based on largest basal dimension
Plaque>8 mm (Ophthalmology 2002; 109: 1838-49) Using Kaplan-Meier estimates, local tumor recurrence was found in 9% at 5 years and 13% at 10 years follow-up. Tumorrelated metastases were found in 30% at 5 years and 55% at 10 years follow-up. At 10 years follow-up, enucleation was necessary in 34% of patients, and metastasis developed in 55% of patients.
Prognosis: Histopathology spindle cell, mixed cell (composed of epithelioid cells with a variable proportion of spindle cells), and necrotic
Spindle cell melanoma
Epithelioid melanoma
Prognosis: Extrascleral extension
Prognosis: genetics
Monosomy 3 with polysomy 8q Gene profile
CANCER RESEARCH 64, 7205 7209, October 15, 2004] Class 1 low grade; Class 2 high grade cell communication (13 genes), development (11 genes), cell growth (7 genes), cell motility (4 genes), and cell death (3 genes)
What to expect post radiation Shrink over 2 years May look darker May develop surround radiation atrophy
Ultrasound post plaque Increeased sonoreflectivity within tumor hypoechoic space behind the sclera where the radioactive plaque had been positioned
In the COMS, 10% of eyes were enucleated because of suspected or documented tumor recurrence.
Post operative followup screening Once a year
Radiation retinopathy 30-52% at 5 years
Radiation optic neuropathy 46% at 5 years
Neovascular glaucoma 12-69% at 5 years
Between 5% and 10% of patients treated with radiotherapy ultimately require enucleation because of tumor recurrence or radiation complications.
Liver Lungs Bone Skin Site of metastasis
Metastasis Median survival 6 months Treatment: chemotherapy; intra-arteria chemotherapy, chemoembolization, immune therapy, surgery
Vignettes
Amelanotic, break through bruchs
Orange pigment
Orange pigment
Diffuse melanoma
Post plaque edema
Uveal metastasis
Extrascleral extension
Metastasis More sonoreflective Grow rapidly Associated serous RD Less prominent intrinsic vessels on FA
Sites of origin Breast Lung GI, Renal, cutaneous melanoma, prostate
If a cutaneous melanoma metastasizes to the eye it will inevitably have metastasized elsewhere in the body
If systemic metastases-> consider systemic therapy (chemo, hormonal, immune modulation, etc.) If confined to uvea but multifocal-> external beam If confined to uvea and unifocal-> can consider an I125 plaque.
External beam 40 Gy in 20 fractions
Primary intraocular lymphoma Intermediate uveitis May have infiltrates at level of RPE May simulate retinal necrosis Relationship with PCNSL
New onset intermediate or posterior uveitis in a patient over 50 Sarcoidosis Syphillis P. acnes if pseudophakic PIOL as a masquerade
Thank you! Sam S. Dahr, M.D. Retina Center of Oklahoma www.retinacenteroklahoma.com www.rcoklahoma.com sam@rcoklahoma.com
www.rcoklahoma.com sam@rcoklahoma.com
In a study of 255 peripapillary melanomas, the COMS Group observed optic nerve head invasion in 6.9% of cases, and in 1.1% the extension extended posterior to the lamina cribrosa. (COMS Report #6).
Philosophical debate in eye tumor world Are we affecting survival? The COMS could not have a natural history control arm but
Philosophy re: metastasis onset and the relationship of large tumor size with increased metastasis Early onset: tumors metastasize early in their course and large size at presentation simply reflects a more aggressive tumor Late onset: as tumors grow they differentiate into a more aggressive tumor
If you believe early onset hypothesis, we re only making a difference in terms of survival when we catch and successfully treat a small tumor e.g. <3 mm in size. We are probably not making a difference for medium or large size tumors.