IjPPHT e ISSN-2231-6426 Volume 5 Issue 2 December, 214 136-14 Visit us: wwwresearchjournalcoin International Journal of Processing and Post Harvest Technology RESEARCH PAPER DOI: 11574/HAS/IJPPHT/52/136-14 Studies on preparation of karonda candy RASHMI PATIL*, VU RAUT 1 AND RS WANKHADE University Department of Horticulture, Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, AKOLA (MS) INDIA (Email: patilrashu3@gmailcom) 1 College of Agriculture, NAGPUR (MS) INDIA *Author for Correspondence Research chronicle : Received : 147214; Revised : 261214; Accepted : 1211214 SUMMARY : An experiment on the studies on preparation of karonda candy was carried out during the year 212-213 at Post Harvest Technology Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Post Graduate Institute, Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola in Factorial Complete Ramdomized Design consisting of seven treatments and three replications with two drying methods (cabinet drying and solar drying) From the findings it was observed that, there was a gradual increase in TSS, titratable acidity, reducing sugars and total sugars content of the candy irrespective of drying methods and recipes used in experimentation However, non-reducing sugars, ascorbic acid and moisture content of candy found to decreased with the advancement of storage period KEY WORDS : Karonda, Candy, Pectin, Vitamins How to cite this paper : Patil, Rashmi, Raut, VU and Wankhade, RS (214) Studies on preparation of karonda candy Internat J Proc & Post Harvest Technol, 5 (2) : 136-14 Karonda (Carissa carandus L), among fruits popularly known as christs thorn It is an indigenous fruit of India and belongs to the family apocynaceae Karonda is usually valued for its important nutritional qualities and also recognised as richest source of carbohydrate, protein, fat, potassium and iron Karonda fruit usually contains - 8367 per cent moisture, 23 per cent protein, 177 g, fat - 7626 per cent, carbohydrate - 47 per cent The fruits are astringent and slightly acidic in taste, it also contain maximum amount of pectin, vitamins and minerals Due to astringent in taste of fruit, no one can eat this fruit without processing Ones the fruit processed, the availability of processed product is possible throughout the year The value added products of karonda contain essential vitamins and minerals which are the essential part of the human diet The fresh karonda fruits are generally not consumed as it is due to highly acidic and astringent; therefore karonda is not a popular table fruit But, it has got great potential in processed forms Govt of India as well as Maharashtra state is giving the due impetus for increasing the area under karonda plantation in Vidarbha region National Horticulture Mission and Employment guarantee scheme play an key role for its increasing cultivation Considering the mass fruit production from this increasing plantation in coming future days, proper processing techniques for the preparation of different value added products need to be explored Hence, the present investigation entitle Studies on preparation of karonda candy were conducted with the to prepare the candy with whole fruit, fruit pieces and fruit without seed by using cane sugar and Jaggery at different brix concentration and find out the best drying method for preparation of karonda candy EXPERIMENTAL METHODS The experiment on the studies on preparation of karonda candy was conducted in Post Harvest Technology and Analytical Laboratory, at University Department of Horticulture, Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, during the
RASHMI PATIL, VU RAUT AND RS WANKHADE academic year 212-213 Matured unripe and uniform sized of local variety of karonda fruits were procured from AICRP on Citrus, Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola Unripe, diseased, damaged and off type fruits were strictly discarded The 1 g sample were used for each treatment The selected fruits were thoroughly washed with clean tap water to remove dirt and dusts particles adhered to the pericarp of the fruit and then allowed to dry for removal of excess moisture from the fruit surface Before preparation of candy fruits were estimated for physicochemical composition An experiment was laid out in factorial completely randomized design with seven treatments and three replications with 14 treatment combinations The treatment details are given below Treatment details : Factor A (Recipes) : T 1 - Fruit pieces impregnated with cane sugar (TSS 6 Brix) +5% citric acid T 2 - Whole fruit with seed impregnated with cane sugar (TSS 65 Brix)+6% citric acid T 3 - Whole fruit without seed impregnated with cane sugar (TSS 7 Brix) +7% citric acid T 4 - Fruit pieces impregnated with jaggery (TSS 6 Brix) + 5% citric acid T 5 - Whole fruit with seed impregnated with jaggery (TSS 65 Brix) + 6% citric acid T 6 - Whole fruit without seed impregnated with jaggery (TSS 7 Brix) + 7% citric acid T 7 - Control (Without citric acid) Factor B (Method of drying) : - Cabinet drying - Solar drying The prepared slices as well as whole fruit of karonda then blanched in 5 ppm potassium metabisulphite with hot water treatment to become the slices and whole fruit soft Then these prepared slices and fruit were steeped in syrup of 6, 65, 7 o Brix with the addition of citric acid containing cane sugar and jaggery at different concentration The sugar and jaggery solution initially prepared at concentration of 6 Brix After 24 hours of steeping in each treatment, the syrups were drained and their concentrations were increased by adding sugar and jaggery proportionately Then slightly heating was done to dissolve the sugar and jaggery The required quantity of sugar and jaggery were added subsequently to obtain the required 7 Brix strength of syrup The syrup concentration was increased by 5 o Brix every time until the concentration reached up to 7 Brix Finally the slices and whole fruit was kept in 6, 65, 7 Brix syrup solution of sugar and jaggery according to the treatment for a period until the equilibrium was reached between slices and the syrup concentration Finally, the slices and whole fruit as per treatment impregnated in each treatment was drained free of syrup and rinse immediately with the tap water and dried in shade for 24 hrs After drying, the candy was packed in 25 guage polythene bags and stored under ambient condition The chemical observations were recorded at every 3 days interval until the candy remains acceptable and record maximum consumer acceptability The chemical parameters like total soluble solids ( Brix), acidity, ascorbic acid (mg/1g), reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars total sugars, moisture and mould (x1 1 cfu/g) were determined by adopting the proper analytical methods The prepared karonda candy was stored at ambient temperature The data obtained was analysed for the statistical significant according to the procedure given by Panse and Sukhantme (1967) EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS The changes in total soluble solids ( Brix), acidity, ascorbic acid (mg/1g), reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, total sugars, moisture and mould (x1 1 cfu/ g) at 12 days of storage as influenced by different recipe and drying methods at ambient storage is presented in Table 1 and their interaction effect in Table 2 Total soluble solids ( Brix) : Effect of recipe : At 12 days T 6 recorded maximum TSS (7568 Brix) but at par with T 1 (7566 Brix), T 2 (7565 Brix) and T 7 (7564 Brix) The data presented in Table 1 in respect of total soluble solids as influenced by the different drying methods showed significant difference at 12 days At 12 days cabinet drying showed maximum TSS than solar drying total soluble solids content of karonda candy was found significant at to 12 days At 12 days maximum TSS was recorded by T 1 (7574%) and higher than all other treatments but at par with T 6 (7569%) This might be due to conversion of polysaccharides into sugars during hydrolysis process Increase in TSS might also be attributed to the reduction in moisture content of the product with the advancement of storage Increase in TSS with storage was also reported by Tripathi et al (1988) in aonla products, Manivasagan et al (26) in karonda candy and Rani and Bhatia (1985) in pear candy Titratable acidity content of karonda candy : The acidity was found increases gradually with Internat J Proc & Post Harvest Technol, 5(2) Dec, 214 : 136-14 137
STUDIES ON PREPARATION OF KARONDA CANDY advancement of storage period The effect of treatment on acidity per cent at to 12 days storage was found significant at 5 per cent level of significant At 12 days maximum acidity was found in T 5 (159%) but at par with T 2 (143%) while minimum acidity was recorded by T 7 (78%) The data presented in Table 1 in respect of acidity as influenced by the different drying methods showed non significant difference at 12 days Significant results were obtained at 12 days At 12 days maximum acidity per cent was recorded by T 5 (161%) and was found significant higher than all other treatment but at par with T 5 (158%) Pectic acid have been reported to increase the acidity in fruit products, hence, degradation of pectic substances into soluble solids might have contributed towards an increase in the acidity of karonda candy An increase in acidity with storage period has also been observed in aonla preserve Similar findings were also reported by Sethi (198) and Kumar and Singh (21) in aonla products These results were in confirmation to the results obtained by Manivasagan et al (26) in karonda candy and Mehta and Rathore (1976) in amla juice, in which the acidity increased throughout the storage Ascorbic acid of karonda candy : At 12 days of storage showed the treatment T 1 (212%) gave maximum ascorbic acid and superior to all other treatment The data presented in Table 1 in respect of ascorbic acid content as influenced by the different drying methods showed significant differences at 12 days At 12 days (322%) treatment gave maximum ascorbic acid and was found significantly superior over (321%) ascorbic acid content of karonda candy at 12 days T 1 (213%) recorded maximum ascorbic acid but at par with T 1 (21%) T 3 (21%) and T 6 (21%) Reduction in vitamin C might be due to oxidation trapped by oxygen in the polythene pouch which results in to formation of dehydro ascorbic acid Loss in ascorbic acid content was also observed by Sethi (198) in aonla preserve, Tripathi et al (1988) in aonla products, Rani and Bhatia (1985) in pear candy and Kumar and Singh (21) in different aonla products Reducing sugars of karonda candy : In general there was an increase in reducing sugars during the storage At 12 days treatment T 1 superior over to other treatments Maximum reducing sugars was recorded by and also found significantly higher than Table 1 : Changes in total soluble solids ( Brix), acidity, ascorbic acid (mg/1g), reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars total sugars, moisture and mould (x1 1 cfu/g) at 12 days of storage as influenced by different recipe and drying methods at ambient storage Treatments TSS ( O Brix) Acidity Ascorbic acid (mg/1 g) Reducing sugar Non-reducing sugar Total sugar Moisture Mould (x 1 1 cfu/g) T 1 7566 91 212 4153 2786 6939 1578 395 (211) T 2 7565 143 25 2836 2582 5418 1579 * T 3 7555 88 28 3525 2538 663 1591 427 (218) T 4 7559 98 25 3264 2677 5941 1588 452 (224) T 5 756 159 25 3221 2647 5868 1584 * T 6 7568 99 28 378 2515 6223 1584 467 (227) T 7 7564 78 25 3713 2445 6158 1596 518 (238) 'F' test Sig Sig Sig Sig Sig Sig Sig Sig SE ± 2 1 8 6 4 5 2 1 CD (P=5) 6 3 24 18 13 15 7 5 7564 17 28 3496 2593 694 1583 33 (176) 756 18 26 348 2599 68 1589 342 (185) 'F' test Sig NS Sig Sig Sig Sig Sig Sig SE ± 1 5 4 3 2 3 1 4 CD (P=5) 3 12 9 7 8 4 13 Value in parenthesis indicates square root transformation *Sample rotten due to mould growth - No growth NS=Non-significant Internat J Proc & Post Harvest Technol, 5(2) Dec, 214 : 136-14 138
RASHMI PATIL, VU RAUT AND RS WANKHADE reducing sugars per cent of karonda candy was found significant differences 12 days of storage At 12 days T 1 (424%) recorded maximum reducing sugars per cent and was found significantly superior to all other treatments The increase in reducing sugars with advancement of storage might be because of increased degree of inversion of sugars These results are in conformity with the results reported by Rani and Bhatia (1985) in pear candy, Mehtaet al (25) in galgal peel candy and Sagar and Khurdiya (1999) in dehydrated mango slices Non reducing sugars of karonda candy : In general there was a decrease in non-reducing sugars during storage At 12 days treatment T 1 superior as compared to other treatment under study Maximum non-reducing sugars was recorded by at all storage period and also found significantly higher than At 12 days maximum non reducing sugars was recorded in T 1 (2787%) followed by T 1 (2785%) and was found at par with each other The decreased in non-reducing sugars during the entire storage These results were in conformity with the results obtained by Nayak et al (212) Total sugars of karonda candy : In general there was an increase in total sugars during storage At 12 days, treatment T 1 superior as compared to other treatments The data presented in Table 1 in respect of total sugars as influenced by the different drying methods showed significant differences at 12 days Maximum total sugars were recorded in the candy dried by cabinet drier and also found significantly higher than At 12 days T 1 (6987%) recorded maximum total sugars % and superior to all other treatment Increase in total sugars throughout the storage might be because of increased degree of inversion of sugars These results are in conformity with the results reported by Rani and Bhatia (1985) in pear candy, Mehta el al (25) in galgal peel candy and Sagar and Khurdiya (1999) in dehydrated mango slices Moisture per cent of karonda candy : Minimum moisture per cent was found in T 1 at 12 days Table 2 : Interaction effect of different recipe and drying methods on total soluble solids ( Brix), acidity, ascorbic acid (mg/1g), reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars total sugars, moisture and mould (x11 cfu/g) at 12 days of storage of karonda candy Treatments TSS ( O Brix) Acidity Ascorbic acid (mg/1 g) Reducing sugar Non-reducing sugar Total sugar Moisture Mould (x 1 1 cfu/g) T 1 7574 9 213 424 2785 6987 1575 37 (24) T 1 7558 92 21 412 2787 689 1581 42 (217) T 2 7571 139 24 2839 258 5419 1577 * T 2 7558 146 27 2833 2584 5417 1582 * T 3 7557 86 21 3528 2536 662 1587 397 (211) T 3 7554 9 25 3522 254 664 1595 457 (225) T 4 7562 97 26 3265 2676 5944 1585 427 (218) T 4 7554 99 24 3263 2678 5938 1591 477 (229) T 5 7561 158 26 3219 2644 5869 1582 * T 5 7558 161 24 3223 265 5867 1587 * T 6 7569 13 21 371 2512 6219 1582 44 (221) T 6 7566 95 25 376 2518 6227 1585 493 (233) T 7 7565 76 24 3711 2448 616 1593 * T 7 7562 81 25 3715 2442 6156 1598 * 'F' test Sig Sig Sig Sig Sig Sig Sig Sig SE± 2 1 1 8 6 7 4 2 CD (P=5) 7 4 3 26 19 21 1 7 Value in parenthesis indicates square root transformation Internat J Proc & Post Harvest Technol, 5(2) Dec, 214 : 136-14 139
STUDIES ON PREPARATION OF KARONDA CANDY (155%) At 12 days maximum moisture per cent was recorded by (1613%) but it was statistically at par with each other The data revealed that, the interaction effect of recipes and drying methods was statistically non-significant The moisture per cent was found to decrease with increase in storage period At 12 days minimum per cent was found in T 1 (1575%) but found at par with T 1, T 2, T 6, T 5 The decrease in moisture content in karonda candy with an increase in storage period might be due to the evaporation of moisture from the stored candy Decrease in moisture content of candy during storage was also reported by Tripathi et al (1988) in aonla candy, Mehta et al (25) in galgal peel candy, Rani and Bhatia (1985) in pear candy and Latharet al (27) in aonla Microbial count : At 12 days the occurrence of mould was maximum in T 7 518 (228)x1 1 cfu/g and superior rest of the treatments, sample was fermented in T 2 and T 5 hence count can not be taken At 12 days maximum occurrence of mould was recorded by found significantly superior over cabinet drying method at all storage periods At 12 days maximum mould occurrence was observed in T 6 493(233) x1 1 but at par with T 4 and minimum mould occurrence was observed in T 1 37(24) x1 1 At 12 days sample was fermented in T 2, T 2, T 5, T 5, T 7 and T 7 hence count can not be taken The results were in conformity with the earlier finding in which increased bacterial count in aonla preserves was noticed during storage (Sethi and Anand, 1982) Conclusion : There was a gradual increase in TSS, titratable acidity, reducing sugars, and total sugars content of the candy irrespective of drying methods and recipes used in experimentation However, non-reducing sugars, ascorbic acid and moisture content of candy found to decreased with the advancement of storage period LITERATURE CITED Kumar, Sanjeev and Singh, IS (21) Storage studies of aonla fruit products at ambient temperature Prog Hort, 33(2): 169-173 Lathar, R, Godara, AK, Sehrawat, SK and Saran, PL (27) Standardization of drying techniques for aonla (Emblica officinalis) fruit Haryana J Hort Sci, 36(1&2) : 31-33 Manivasagan, S, Rana, GS, Kumar, Surinder and Joon, MS (26) Qualitative changes in karonda (Carissa carandas Linn) candy during storage at room temperature Haryana J Hort Sci, 35(1&2) : 19-21 Mehta, Anjali, Ranote, PS and Bawa, AS (25) Processing of kandi lemon (Galga) peel waste for candy making Indian Fd Pack, 54 : 67-74 Mehta, Urmil and Rathore, Harminder (1976) Storage studies of pressed juice from amla (Phyllanthus emblica) Indian Fd Pack, 3 : 9-12 Nayak, P, Tandon, DK and Bhatt, DK (212) Study on changes of nutritional and organoleptic quality of flavored candy prepared from aonla (Emblica officinalis G) during storage Internat J Nutrition & Metabolism, 4(7) : 1-16 Panse, VG and Sukhatme, PV (1967) Statistical methods for agricultural workers Indian Counsil of Agricultural Research, NEW DELHI (INDIA) Rani, Upasana and Bhatia, BS (1985) Studies on pear candy processing Indian Fd Pack, 29 : 4-46 Sagar, VS and Khurdiya, DS (1999) Studies on dehydration of dashehari mango slices Indian Fd Pack, 53 : 5-9 Sethi V (198) Studies on preparation and storage of some semi-dry preserves (Murrabba) PhD Thesis, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, NEW DELHI (INDIA) Sethi, V and Anand, JC (1982) Physico-chemical and microbial quality of carrot and aonla preserve Indian Fd Pack, 24(6): 38-42 Tripathi, VK, Singh, MB and Singh, Surjit (1988) Studies on comparative compositional changes in different preserved products of amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) var Banarasi Indian Fd Pack, 42(4) : 6-66 5 th Year of Excellence Internat J Proc & Post Harvest Technol, 5(2) Dec, 214 : 136-14 14