POLYGRAPH PCSOT Goal: Increase public safety by adding incremental validity to risk-assessment, riskmanagement, and treatment-planning decisions made by professionals. Polygraph support to a Containment Approach Detection of involvement in or abstinence from problem behavior Increase disclosure of problem behavior Deterrence of problem behavior Polygraph Limitations Test results relate to what the examinee believes. Not everyone in suitable for testing. Physiologically (Including age) Psychologically (Emotions and Mental Capacity) Clarity of Issue(s) being tested. Number of Issues being tested. Polygraph Test Types Specific Issue Tests Single Issue Multi-facet Tests Multiple Issue Tests 1
Successive Hurdles Refers to the use of multiple testing stages before reaching a diagnostic conclusion Screening tests Diagnostic tests Based on the assumption that all tests are imperfect Attempts to optimize test sensitivity at early stages Reduce false-negative errors Optimize test specificity at later stages Correct and reduce false-positive errors Polygraph Jargon Exploratory Tests = Screening Tests Most PCSOT exams are screening exams Screening Tests Optimized for sensitivity Sensitivity = ability to notice the issue of concern Sensitivity = sensitivity to deception Reduce false-negative error FNs are the greatest concern to the community Cost-effective and efficient 2
Screening Tests (cont.) Any test conducted in the absence of a known issue No known incident No known allegation No known reason to suspect involvement Often multiple issue (mixed issue) Sometimes single issue Number of issues does not define a screening or diagnostic test Screening Polygraph Techniques Modern MGQTs AFMGQT version 1 AFMGQT version 2 Utah MGQT Backster Exploratory Reid-type MGQTs Army MGQT Reid GQT (Reid Technique) Marcy Technique (Marcy MGQT) Arthur Technique PCSOT Screening Tests Maintenance Exam Sex Offense Monitoring Exam Sexual History Exam I - Victims Sexual History Exam II Compulsive Behaviors 3
Maintenance Examination Investigate compliance with rules and conditions of supervision and treatment Deterrence / Catch them if you can Time of Reference (TOR) 4-6 months (12 max) Collection of Information No IO / IOI / PA / SH Questions (Frame of Reference (FOR) Maintenance Examination (2) Exam Targets: Sex with unreported persons Use of porn Masturbation activities and fantasies Unauthorized contact with underage persons Use of alcohol / drugs Etc. Sexual offenses (Caution: rights against self incrimination) TEAMWORK Repeated testing Inconclusive Results Technical Questions Honesty / Integrity Issue & Questionnaire. 4
Sex Offense Monitoring Exam (SOME) Explore the possibility of involvement in new sex crimes while under supervision When the likelihood of sexual offense or other sexual crime is elevated, or After a previously unresolved maintenance exam that included a RQ about sexual offense behavior. No other Maintenance Issues on test. Screening (exploratory) Sexual History Exam Risk assessment Scope of deviant behavior(s) Collection of information admissions SH DOCUMENTATION Sexual History Exam I unreported victims Investigate lifetime history of sexually victimizing others, including behaviors related to victim selection, victim impact, and sexual offenses against unreported persons Targets include sexual contact with underage persons, sexual contact with relatives, use of violence and sexual offenses against the unconscious, asleep, or incapacitated. 5
Sexual History Exam - II Investigate lifetime history of sexual deviancy, preoccupation, and compulsive behaviors not tested in SH I CAUTION: Testing the limits of admitted behaviors is problematic if the offender admits to being highly involved; due to the ability to recall. Sexual History Exam II (2) Examination Targets Voyeurism / sexual peeping activities Exhibitionism / indecent exposure Theft / use of undergarments for sexual arousal Frottage / sexual rubbing Child porn, sex with animals, prostitution, coerced sexual contacts, stalking / following, public sex Diagnostic Tests Optimized for specificity Specificity = ability to reject cases that do not express the issue of concern Specificity = specificity to truthfulness Correct and reduce false-positive errors FPs represent the greatest concern to the individual Sometimes invasive and expensive (medicine) Diagnostic accuracy is the highest priority 6
Diagnostic Tests (cont.) Known issue Known incident Known allegation Subjects are selected due to their suspected involvement Allegation Witness Evidence Symptoms Diagnostic Tests (cont.) Usually a single issue test Intended to determine the presence or absence of a single issue or condition of concern Diagnostic test is not determined by the number of issues, but by the presence of a known issue Some screening tests are single issue screening tests More Polygraph Jargon Specific issue = diagnostic test Single issue = diagnostic or screening test Depends on the presence or absence of a known issue Depends on the presence or absence of a known issue Known incident Known allegation Reason to suspect the person's involvement Event-specific 7
Diagnostic Polygraph Techniques Backster Zone Federal ZCT Utah Zone Matte QTZCT Gordon IZCT RCMP PCSOT Diagnostic Exams Instant Offense Exam Event-specific Instant Offense Investigative Exam Multi-facet Prior Allegation Exam Event-specific Prior Allegation Investigative Exam Multi-facet Instant Offense Event-specific (diagnostic) exam (Crime of Conviction) 1 st recommended ddexam when in denial il Alford & no contest pleas Generally accepted Purpose is to Break Denial Test Allegations before screening (exploratory) 8
Instant Offense Investigative Test the limits of examinee s admitted behavior Search for other behaviors or offenses against IO victim that were not included in allegation(s) of the IO victim Screening (exploratory) Prior Allegation Exam Investigate and resolve prior (before conviction) alleged sex offenses, excluding IO Event-specific (diagnostic) exam CAUTION: Do Not violate rights against selfincrimination Test Allegations before screening (exploratory) Still More Polygraph Jargon Multiple-facet (Multi-facet) Investigative (known event) polygraph RQs describes several behavioral aspects of a single known event MGQT (investigative) Multiple-issue (mixed issue) Screening RQs describe the examinee's possible involvement in several behavioral issues of concern No known events no known allegations MGQT (screening) 9
Test Results LOOKING FOR DECEPTION Positive = something found Negative = nothing found Not Sure = inconclusive Test Errors False Negative Greatest concern to the community False Positive Greatest concern to the individual Inconclusive Results Inconclusive = No Opinion A test result (professional opinion) cannot be an error when there is NO OPINION The need for resolution is NOT SATISFIED 10
Results Screening and Diagnostic Exams Screening Exam Negative result is conclusive Positive result requires further investigation before a diagnosis can be confirmed Inconclusive result requires further investigation before a diagnosis can be ruled-out Diagnostic Exam Positive result is a basis for action Negative results require no action Inconclusive results are an insufficient basis for action Polygraph Results Screening Exams Significant Reaction (SR) = Positive No Significant Reactions (NSR) = Negative Inconclusive or No Opinion = Not Sure Diagnostic Exams Deception Indicated (DI) = Positive No Deception Indicated (NDI) = Negative Inconclusive or No Opinion = Not Sure Polygraph Professional Standards APA & ASTM (International) Exam Duration (90 min. plan / execution) Number of exams annually per examinee (4) Number of exams per day (5 max. / 3 if SH) Ethical / professional roles Validated Techniques Maximum of 4 relevant questions 11
Polygraph Professional Standards Examination Issues and Questions Times and Frames of Reference for Issues/Questions Examiner responsible for exact formulation Advanced review with examinee increases possibility of test error Recording Environment Acquaintance Test Polygraph Professional Standards Instrumentation (Activity Sensor) Data Quality, Quantity and Analysis (algorithms) Purposeful Non-Cooperation Polygraph Professional Standards Post Test Interviews Negative Sanctions Reporting Results Quality Control 12
TEAMWORK Target Selection Who is the expert? Issue / Question clarification Who is the expert? Maintenance Topical Areas Sexual contact Sexual behaviors Contact with minors or past victims Masturbation issues Pornography contact Behavioral issues Sexual contacts Any form of rubbing or touching another person's sexual organs - breasts, buttocks, vagina, or penis - either over or under clothing, for the purpose of sexual arousal/stimulation, l sexual gratification, or sexual curiosity Causing or allowing others to touch or rub his private parts either over of under his clothing, for the purpose of sexual arousal/stimulation, sexual gratification, or sexual curiosity Engaging in sexual hugging and kissing activities 13
Sexual Contact Probing Questions Name Age How did you meet that person? Has your TxP and PO met the person? Any restrictions? (sxc or location) Children Felony convictions Addictions Mental health or physical disabilities Sexual activities with others Sex-play games doctor, show-me, truth or dare Sexual hugging or kissing activities Sexual flirting behaviors, sexual grooming activities, cruising for sexual partners, or sexual talk with others Initiating, encouraging, or participating in any sexual talk, sexual jokes or sexually objectifying conversations Sexual Offense Behaviors Physically forcing, restraining, threatening to harm, or coercing anyone for sexual contact Sexual contact with relatives or family members Sexual contact with underage persons Sexual contact with sleeping, unconscious or incapacitated persons Frottage Exhibitionism Voyeurism Public masturbation Theft or use of underwear/undergarments for sexual arousal Stalking following (store, aisle, parking lot, campus, community) Prostitution Sexual contact with animals 14
Sexual behaviors Pornography use (magazines, movies/video, internet, cellphone, ipod, video-game) Using non-pornographic images for masturbation Non-human objects (sex toys, fifi devices, objects not intended for sex) Computer/Internet sex-chat activities (IRC, web-chat, IM, SMS messaging) Group sex activities Same-sex partners Telephone sex lines Sexual infidelity in relationships Contact and Boundaries with Minors Contact with the victim of the IO Last time Plans for resuming any relationship Unreported incidental contact with minors Greetings Interaction Incidental physical contact Eye contact) Child Contact and Boundaries Reporting protocols Verbal (group or individual meeting) Written report Journals / Logs Telephone reporting 15
Response to Minors What to do when minors approach or attempt to interact with the offender in the community Completely ignore? Reporting requirements Masturbation Operational Definition refers to sexual stimulation of one's genitals, often, though not always, to the point of orgasm. Stimulation can be over or under clothing, either manually or through other types of bodily contact, through the use of objects or devices, or through a combination of these methods. Masturbation issues Frequency (daily, weekly, monthly) Common fantasies Masturbating when stressed, bored, or frustrated Masturbating to sleep Voluntary or involuntary thoughts of victim or other minors Thoughts of violence harm or humiliation Inflicting elf harm, pain, or injury Pornography Non-pornographic images Non-human objects Masturbating outside the bedroom, bathroom or home Masturbating while watching others Masturbating in view of others 16
Supervision issues Other forms of behavioral monitoring Cell phone (camera use / other optical devices) Computer use and monitoring Unauthorized activities (without an approved safety-plan) Travel - with or without approval (work, vacation, holiday) Un-reported police contact (arrest,citation, investigation) Contact with firearms or other weapons Use of MJ or other illegal drugs Tasting or consuming any beverage containing alcohol Misusing prescription meds, (selling, trading, giving, sniffing) Shoplifting, thefts, or other criminal activities Vehicle crimes (license, ins., hit-run, road-rage) Spending the night away from home for any reason Other violations or probation or treatment rules Internet Access to or use of the Internet Linking to or accessing any nude, pornographic or sexually explicit websites, images or online resources Obtain or dispose of any computer equipment Own, lease or administer any computer server or network Email addresses Social networking websites (MySpace, FaceBook, Plaxo, LinkedIn, others) Obtaining, possessing or disposing of any external computer storage devices (hard disk, thumb drives, DVDs) QUESTIONS 17