BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE COMPLEX น.สพ.ฐปณ ฐ สงคส ภา สถาบ นส ขภาพส ตว แห งชาต
The Most Common Causes of Death Source: Department of Agriculture s Laboratories Quarterly Surveillance Report, 2015(IRELAND) https://www.agriland.ie/farming-news/respiratory-disease-accounts-for-26-of-all-cattle-deaths/
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Economic loss Production loss (milk drop, carcass) Feeding cost & time (ADG, FCR) Treatment cost Labor cost Mortality DEAD Sick animals Production loss Subclinical signs Infection/noninfection?? BRDC IBR BVD MCF BRSV BCoV FLU Bacterial infection Mycotoxin Toxin Poor management
Enzootic Pneumonia Season effect on respiratory disease incidence Enzootic Pneumonia Youngstock and Calves 250 2005 2006 1997-2004 Number of Outbreaks 200 150 100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Source: NADIS Health Bulletin - Respiratory Disease of Adult Cattle
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Multifactorial diseases Weather changes Malnutrition VIRUS Stress BACTERIA Pen density PARASITE Weaning BREED Transportation AGE Ventilation IMMUNE Veterinary STATUS Service Biosafety
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex VIRUS BOVINE HERPESVIRUS-1 BOVINE RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS PARAINFLUENZA 3 BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA BOVINE CORONAVIRUS BOVINE INFLUENZA BOVINE ADENOVIRUS BOVINE RHINITIS BOVINE ENTEROVIRUS BOVINE REOVIRUS BACTERIA Mannheimia hemolytica Pasteurella multocida Histophilus somnus Mycoplasma bovis Mycoplasma mycoides
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcrnmphoyzs
PATHOGENESIS VIRUS Lysis of infected cells (URT; ciliated epithelium) Disrupt function of the mucocilliary escalator BACTERIA Failure to clear bacteria from the URT Colonisation of bacteria in alveolar Source: http://www.virology.ws/2009/05/21/viruses-and-the-respiratory-tract/ http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v7/n10/fig_tab/nrc2190_f2.html
PATHOGENESIS VIRUS Apoptosis of leukocytes (CD4+) Down-regulation of type 1 IFN/ IL-2 Reduced expression of MHC-1 molecules Proinflammatory cytokines Expression of the β2 integrin Bacteria Apoptosis of leukocytes Down-Regulation of type1 IFN Reduced expression of MHC-1 Source: http://www.cytokinestorm.com/
CLINICAL SIGNS FEVER NASAL/OCULAR DISCHARGE COUGH DROOLING DEPRESSION ANOREXIA INCREASED RESPIRATORY RATE INCREASED BRONCHIAL SOUNDS DYSPNEA OPEN-MOUTH BREATHING ABDOMINAL BREATHING
CLINICAL SIGNS Calf with severe dyspnea Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyixejbarpy
DIAGNOSTIC SAMPLE COLLECTION Source: National Animal Disease Information Service
DIAGNOSTIC SAMPLE COLLECTION Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8yp_cahfrq
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex VIRUS BOVINE HERPESVIRUS-1 BOVINE RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS PARAINFLUENZA 3 BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA BOVINE CORONAVIRUS BOVINE INFLUENZA BOVINE ADENOVIRUS BOVINE RHINITIS BOVINE ENTEROVIRUS BOVINE REOVIRUS BACTERIA Mannheimia hemolytica Pasteurella multocida Histophilus somnus Mycoplasma bovis Mycoplasma mycoides
Epidemiology (Thailand) BHV-1, BRSV, PI-3 : Seroprevalence in Dairy cattle farms in Upper Northen region of Thailand (unpublished) BHV-1, PI-3, BVDV : Seroprevalence in cattle farms in Lower Northeastern region of Thailand (unpublished, 2015) The prevalence of BHV-1 in the 186 herds was 61% in 2002, decreasing to 48% in 2004 (Kampa et al., 2009)
Epidemiology (Thailand) 1990- Survey in central part of Thailand (12 provinces) 558/1,780 (31.3%) serum samples were positive to BHV-1 (SN>1:2) 1990- BHV1 was isolated from nasal and vaginal swab of seropositive cow after administration of dexamethazone 1992-26/40 bulk milk samples were antibody positive to BHV-1 (37.3%) Source: Dr. Sukolrat Boonyayatra
BOVINE HERPESVIRUS-1 BHV-1.1 INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS (IBR) BHV-1.2 INFECTIOUS PUSTULAR VULVOVAGINITIS/BALANOPOSTHITIS (IPV) BHV-1.3(5) BOVINE ENCEPHALITIS RESPIRATORY/GENITAL/ABORTION/ENCEPHALITIS/CONJUNCTIVITIS Replication in epithelial cells (Rhinotracheitis) systemic cell-associated spread Family: Herpesviridae Subfamily: AlphaHerpesvirinae ds DNA virus Encephalitis Abortion
BOVINE RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS Cause of respiratory disease in young calves Bronchiolitis and Pneumonia Syncytial formation of macrophages & pulmonary epi. Family: Paramyxoviridae Genus: Pneumovirus (-) ss RNA virus
BOVINE RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS Source: http://www.pirbright.ac.uk/research/brsv/default.aspx
BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA Mannheimia hemolytica*** Pasteurella multocida Histophilus somnus Normally inhabit UTR Loving et al., 2010 Source: https://lookfordiagnosis.com/mesh_info.php?term=mannheimia+haemolytica&lang=1
MYCOPLASMAL INFECTION MYCOPLASMAL PNEUMONIA = M. Bovis CONTAGIOUS BOVINE PLEUROPNEUMONIA (CBPP) = M. Mycoides RESPIRATORY DISEASE (PNEUMONIA), POLYARTHRITIS & TENOSYNOVITIS, OTITIS Source: https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/400/400-304/400-304.html
SUMMARY Multifactorial diseases DEAD Sick animals Production loss Subclinical signs Infection/noninfection?? BRDC IBR BVD MCF BRSV BCoV FLU Bacterial infection Mycotoxin Toxin Poor management
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