Giant Salvinia in coastal Louisiana Ronny Paille U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Ecological Services Lafayette, Louisiana December 2016
Giant Salvinia Tertiary Phase
5-Mar-2013
31-Oct-2014
25-Aug-2015
6-Apr-2016
3.64 ft is almost +3.0 ft above marsh! Marsh elevation + 2.0 ft Marsh elevation + 1.5 ft
Giant Salvinia Photo: Lee Jared Eisenburg 2011 MS Thesis (LSU Dept. of Entomology)
McIlhenny Corp. marsh pond - June 8, 2016
McIlhenny Corp. marsh pond - June 8, 2016
McIlhenny Corp. marsh pond - June 8, 2016
McIlhenny Corp. marsh pond - June 8, 2016
Apache Corp. Marshes (photo courtesy of Tim Allen)
Water Hyacinth smothering along north shore of Lost Lake May 25, 2016
Water Hyacinth smothering along north shore of Lost Lake May 25, 2016
Infestation Area Summary Percent Infestati on by Marsh Type Infestation Area Water Acres Habitat Type Fresh Marsh 5,168 25.56% Intermediate Marsh 11,891 58.81% Brackish Marsh 3,162 20,221 15.64% 100.00%
Brackish Marsh Infestation Areas
6-Apr-2016
6-Apr-2016 Salvinia
6-Apr-2016
MRGO closure
Annual Growing Season Salinity Annual Year Average Salinity (ppt) (ppt) Max Salinity (ppt) 2010 2.6 2.1 6.6 Year 2011 2.5 1.4 8.5 2012 3.5 2.7 10.5 2013 3.3 2.6 8.0 2014 3.1 1.8 9.1 2015 3.7 3.1 9.8 2016* 1.5 1.3 6.2 Nov. Average Salinity (ppt) Oct. Average Salinity (ppt) 2010 2.25 4.91 2011 4.14 5.8 2012 5.83 6.26 2013 6.15 6.43 2014 5.37 6.58 2015 7.22 4.02
31-Dec-2009 Salvinia
Salvinia CRMS 190 25-Jan-2015
Hurricane Isaac
17 days 12 days 29 days 7 CRMS 190 Salinity (ppt) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 11/3/2009 12/13/2009 1/22/2010 3/3/2010 4/12/2010 5/22/2010 7/1/2010 8/10/2010 9/19/2010 10/29/2010 12/8/2010 1/17/2011 2/26/2011 4/7/2011 5/17/2011 6/26/2011 8/5/2011 9/14/2011 10/24/2011 12/3/2011 1/12/2012 2/21/2012 4/1/2012 5/11/2012 6/20/2012 7/30/2012 9/8/2012 10/18/2012 11/27/2012 1/6/2013 2/15/2013 3/27/2013 5/6/2013 6/15/2013 7/25/2013 9/3/2013 10/13/2013 11/22/2013 1/1/2014 2/10/2014 3/22/2014 5/1/2014 6/10/2014 7/20/2014 8/29/2014 10/8/2014 11/17/2014 12/27/2014 2/5/2015 3/17/2015 4/26/2015 6/5/2015 7/15/2015 8/24/2015 10/3/2015 11/12/2015 12/22/2015 1/31/2016 3/11/2016 Average salinity = 1.17 ppt
25-Aug-2016 Salvinia
6-Apr-2016
3.64 ft is almost +3.0 ft above marsh! Marsh elevation + 2.0 ft Marsh elevation + 1.5 ft
CRMS 2854 Salinity (ppt) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 123 days > 3.0 ppt? 11/22/2013 12/12/2013 1/1/2014 1/21/2014 2/10/2014 3/2/2014 3/22/2014 4/11/2014 5/1/2014 5/21/2014 6/10/2014 6/30/2014 7/20/2014 8/9/2014 8/29/2014 9/18/2014 10/8/2014 10/28/2014 11/17/2014 12/7/2014 12/27/2014 1/16/2015 2/5/2015 2/25/2015 3/17/2015 4/6/2015 4/26/2015 5/16/2015 6/5/2015 6/25/2015 7/15/2015 8/4/2015 8/24/2015 9/13/2015 10/3/2015 10/23/2015 11/12/2015 12/2/2015 12/22/2015 1/11/2016 1/31/2016 2/20/2016 Average 2014 salinity = 1.81 ppt Average 2015 salinity = 2.28 ppt
Salvinia Weevil (Cyrtobagous salviniae) Photo courtesy of LSU AgCenter: How to Rear Giant Salvinia Weevils in Outdoor Ponds (2016)
Big Burns Marshes Miami Corp., Cameron Parish, LA Photos courtesy of Dr. Rodrigo Diaz, LSU Dept. of Entomology
Big Burns Marshes Miami Corp., Cameron Parish, LA Photos courtesy of Dr. Rodrigo Diaz, LSU Dept. of Entomology
To Kill Giant Salvinia... Need 40 to 60 adult weevils/kg Salvinia at 50 adults/ft 2... Need 2,000,000 adults/acre
Water Temperature Related Aspects of Weevil Life History Egg mortality <= 19 o C (66 o F) Larvae mortality <= 17 o C (63 o F) Adult mortality increases with repeated cold events (RCE)< 4 o C Water Temperature also governs Fecundity Lifespan Mortality
Weevil Development Period under Constant Temperature Water Temp o C Water Temp o F Egg Larva Pupa Larva + Pupae Total egg to adult Days Days Days Days Days 13 55 M M M M M 17 63 M 52 37 89 M 19 66 23 41 30 71 94 21 70 18 32 24 56 74 23 73 14 25 19 44 58 27 81 8 16 12 28 36 31 88 6 14 9 23 29 Black Font values from: Sands, D.P.A., M. Schotz, and A.S. Bourne. 1986. A comparative study on the intrinsic rates of increase of Cyrtobagous singularis and C. salviniae on the water weed Salvinia molesta. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 42 (1986): Pg. 231-237. Blue Font values: extrapolated from Sands et al. 1986 M = mortality
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 1-Jan 6-Jan 11-Jan 16-Jan 21-Jan 26-Jan 31-Jan 5-Feb 10-Feb 15-Feb 20-Feb 25-Feb 2-Mar 7-Mar 12-Mar 17-Mar 22-Mar 27-Mar 1-Apr 6-Apr 11-Apr 16-Apr 21-Apr 26-Apr 1-May 6-May 11-May 16-May 21-May 26-May 31-May 5-Jun 10-Jun 15-Jun 20-Jun 25-Jun 30-Jun 5-Jul 10-Jul 15-Jul 20-Jul 25-Jul 30-Jul 4-Aug 9-Aug 14-Aug 19-Aug 24-Aug 29-Aug 3-Sep 8-Sep 13-Sep 18-Sep 23-Sep 28-Sep 3-Oct 8-Oct 13-Oct 18-Oct 23-Oct 28-Oct 2-Nov 7-Nov 12-Nov 17-Nov 22-Nov 27-Nov 2-Dec 7-Dec 12-Dec 17-Dec 22-Dec 27-Dec 1-Jan 2011 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 1-Jan 6-Jan 11-Jan 16-Jan 21-Jan 26-Jan 31-Jan 5-Feb 10-Feb 15-Feb 20-Feb 25-Feb 2-Mar 7-Mar 12-Mar 17-Mar 22-Mar 27-Mar 1-Apr 6-Apr 11-Apr 16-Apr 21-Apr 26-Apr 1-May 6-May 11-May 16-May 21-May 26-May 31-May 5-Jun 10-Jun 15-Jun 20-Jun 25-Jun 30-Jun 5-Jul 10-Jul 15-Jul 20-Jul 25-Jul 30-Jul 4-Aug 9-Aug 14-Aug 19-Aug 24-Aug 29-Aug 3-Sep 8-Sep 13-Sep 18-Sep 23-Sep 28-Sep 3-Oct 8-Oct 13-Oct 18-Oct 23-Oct 28-Oct 2-Nov 7-Nov 12-Nov 17-Nov 22-Nov 27-Nov 2-Dec 7-Dec 12-Dec 17-Dec 22-Dec 27-Dec 1-Jan 6-Jan 2015 Reproductive Season Reproductive Season Egg Mortality Water Temperature o C Water Temperature o C
Winter Season is Critical! Long Winter (only adults survive winter) Fewer adults survive till spring RCEs increase adult mortality Long Summer More adults survive till spring More generations occur concurrently
2007 Cold Event Durations (hours) 2008 Cold Event Durations (hours) 2009 Cold Event Durations (hours) 2010 Cold Event Durations (hours) 2011 Cold Event Durations (hours) 2012 Cold Event Durations (hours) 2013 Cold Event Durations (hours) 2014 Cold Event Durations (hours) 2015 Cold Event Durations (hours) 7 6 1 19 20 none none 23 2 5 15 15 12 10 15 9 10 8 4 4 3 2 1 2 # Cold Events >= 6 hrs 1 1 0 4 4 0 0 3 0 Nov - Feb Mortality 0.283 0.283 0.150 0.733 0.733 0.150 0.150 0.583 0.150 Reprod. Season (wks) 21 22 20 19 18 22 21 21 24 Acres Cleared in Yr 4 37 1,679 226 0 0 849 1,159 1 16,378 Acres Cleared in Yr 3 14 197 33 0 0 27 60 1 419 Weevil Population Model Results
2007 2010 Weevil Population Model 80,000 Gen. 1 70,000 Gen. 2 Gen. 3 Non-Reproductive Season 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 208 Adult Weevil Population Cumulative Weeks
2007 2010 Weevil Population Model 180,000 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 208 Adult Weevil Population Gen. 1 Gen. 2 Gen. 3 Gen. 4 Cumulative Weeks
2007 2010 Weevil Population Model 400,000 360,000 320,000 280,000 240,000 200,000 160,000 120,000 80,000 40,000 0 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 208 Adult Weevil Population Gen. 1 Gen. 2 Gen. 3 Gen. 4 Gen. 5 Cumulative Weeks
2007 2010 Weevil Population Model 8,000,000 7,500,000 Gen. 3 Adult Weevil Population 7,000,000 6,500,000 6,000,000 5,500,000 5,000,000 4,500,000 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 208 Gen. 4 Gen. 5 Gen. 6 Gen. 7 1 acre cleared* Cumulative Weeks * 12-week average clearing during reproductive season
2007 2010 Weevil Population Model Adult Weevil Population 300,000,000 280,000,000 260,000,000 240,000,000 220,000,000 200,000,000 180,000,000 160,000,000 140,000,000 120,000,000 100,000,000 80,000,000 60,000,000 40,000,000 20,000,000 Gen. 6 Gen. 7 Gen. 8 Gen. 9 Gen. 10 Gen. 11 0 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 208 102 acres cleared 83 acres cleared* Cumulative Weeks * 12-week average clearing during reproductive season
Big Burns marsh pond June 2016 Photo courtesy: Roy Kron and Kevin Savoie, LSU Sea Grant
Big Burns marsh pond October 2016 Photo courtesy: Roy Kron and Kevin Savoie, LSU Sea Grant
The End