The Massachusetts General Hospital Handbook of Pain Management Third Edition Editor Jane C. Ballantyne, MD, FRCA Associate Professor Department of Anesthesia Harvard Medical School Chief, Division of Pain Medicine Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Foreword by Howard L. Fields, MD, PhD LippiNCOTT WILLIAMS 6 WILKINS A Wolters Kluwer Company Philadelphia Baltimore New York London Buenos Aires Hong Kong Sydney Tokyo
Contents Contributing Authors Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Definitions and Abbrevations ix xv xvii xix xxi I. General Considerations 1. Neurophysiologic Basis of Pain 3 Gary Jay Brenner 2. Pain Mechanisms and Their Importance in Clinical Practice and Research 19 Isabelle Decosterd and Clifford J. Woolf 3. The Placebo Effect 28 Eija Kalso II. Diagnosis of Pain 4. The History and Clinical Examination 37 Jan Slezak and Asteghik Hacobian 5. Diagnostic Imaging and Pain Management 47 Onassis A. Caneris 6. Assessment of Pain 58 Alyssa A. LeBel 7. Neurophysiologic Testing in Pain Management 76 Annabel D. Edwards and Lisa S. Krivickas III. Therapeutic Options: Pharmacolgic Approaches 8. Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs 89 Jane C. Ballantyne and Steven A. Barna 9. Opioids 104 Jeffrey Uppington 10. Adjuvant Treatments 127 Karla Hayes 11. Psychopharmacology for the Pain Specialist 141 Daniel M. Rockers and Karla Hayes
vi Contents IV. Therapeutic Options: Nonpharmacolgic Approaches 12. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Pain Management 157 Milan P. Stojanovic 13. Neuromodulation Techniques for the Treatment of Pain 193 Milan P. Stojanovic 14. Neurosurgical Pain Management 204 Ramin Amirnovin, G. Rees Cosgrove, and Emad N. Eskandar 15. Psychological Assessment and Behavioral Treatment of Chronic Pain 213 Ronald J. Kulich and Lainie Andrew 16. Physical Therapy 227 Theresa H. Michel and Harriet Wittink 17. Physiatric Treatment of Pain 236 Joseph F. Audette and Allison Bailey 18. Acupuncture 248 Jasmin M. Field, Lucy L. Chen, and May C. M. Pian-Smith 19. Chronic Pain Rehabilitation 256 Elizabeth Loder and Patricia W. McAlary 20. Radiotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals for Cancer Pain 267 Thomas F. DeLaney V. Acute Pain 21. Postoperative Pain in Adults 279 Jane C. Ballantyne and Elizabeth Ryder 22. Postoperative Pain in Children 302 Lucy L. Chen and Jane C. Ballantyne 23. Pain in Burn Patients 317 Salahadin Abdi and Bucknam McPeek 24. Pain Management in Sickle Cell Disease 323 Jatinder Gill VI. Chronic Pain 25. Neuropathic Pain Syndromes 335 Dennis Dey and Anne Louise Oaklander
Contents vii 26. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome 354 Eugenia-Daniela Hord 27. Low Back Pain 366 James P. Rathmell, Thomas T. Simopoulos, Zahid H. Bajwa, and Shihab U. Ahmed 28. Headache 391 Fred Michael Cutrer and David F. Black 29. Orofacial Pain 413 Alexandre F. M. DaSilva and Martin Andrew Acquadro 30. Opioids in Chronic Nonterminal Pain 436 Jane C. Ballantyne 31. Pain in Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 446 S. Jane Marshall, Sarah Cox, and Andrew S. C. Rice VII. Pain Due to Cancer 32. Pain in Adults with Cancer 463 Eugenia-Daniela Hord, Jeffrey A. Norton, and Annabel D. Edwards 33. Control of Pain in Children with Chronic and Terminal Disease 481 Alyssa A. LeBel 34. Palliative Medicine 491 Constance M. Dahlin, Andrew Tyler Putnam, and J. Andrew Billings VIII. Special Situtations 35. Long-term Opioid Therapy, Drug Abuse, and Addiction 509 Barth L. Wilsey and Scott Fishman 36. Pain and Affective Disorders 525 Daniel M. Rockers and Scott Fishman 37. Emergencies in the Pain Clinic 533 Asteghik Hacobian and Milan P. Stojanovic Appendices I. Dermatomes and Nerve Distribution 541 II. Useful Addresses and Websites 545
viii Contents III. Standards of Treatment: The American Pain Society's Quality Assurance Standards for Relief of Acute and Cancer Pain 555 IV. Massachusetts General Hospital Pain Center Guidelines on Prescribing Controlled Substances for Patients with Nonmalignant Chronic Disease... 559 V. Drug Enforcement Administration Prescription Guidelines 561 VI. U.S. Food and Drug Administration State Drug Schedules 563 VII. Drugs Commonly Used in Pain Practice 565 Delbert R. Black, Gary Jay Brenner, Salahadin Abdi, and Jatinder Gill Subject Index 589