EFFECT OF HIGH JUMP EXERCISES ON BOXERS ON IMPROVING EXPLOSIVE & EXTREME MUSCULAR POWER FOR LEG MUSCLES AMONG THE HASHEMITE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN JORDAN Ibrahim Mohammad Harafsheh Hashemite University, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Jordan Original scientific paper Abstract This study aimed at reconnoitring the effect of high jump exercises on boxes on improving explosive and extreme muscular power for leg-muscles, where the researcher used a group of boxes at different heights (15, 30, 45, 60 cm). And the researcher used the experimental method at the system of one group, where the antecedent scale of the sample of study, the number of which a mounting to (25) male and female students had been taken, from the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science in the Hashemite University, in what concerns the extreme muscular power for leg-muscles by the dynamometer device, and the explosive power of leg-muscles, by the vertical jump test from reliability, and after submitting the sample of study to (8) weeks of the high jumping exercises, the antecedent scale of the sample of study had been taken at the same way. The results of study had shown existence of differences with statistical indication in between the antecedent and the subsequent test, in what concerns the explosive and extreme power of legmuscles and for the interest of the subsequent test, where the discussion of study indicated to the significance of using the method of performance used, and it is the jump from land onto the boxes. And the researcher recommended the trainers to use the exercises of high jumping, especially for some of the group and individual games to grow the extreme muscular and explosive power for leg- muscles. Key words: high jump, effects, boxing, students. Introduction The methods and techniques of training the muscular power had multiplied to operate a big space in the programs of general physical preparation. Many scientific studies assure that the muscular power surpasses all constituents of physical propriety. It is the basic in the physical and motor performance. In addition, muscular power has a great effect on the rest of the different physical propriety (haste, elasticity, endurance, and elegance). Barham and Abu Namerah (1988) indicate to the existence of about (600) muscles in the human body, which are the main cause of finding movement through attracting bones due to contractions performed by them. The basic source of the muscular power in the human body is the muscular system, for the muscular power directly harmonizes with the area of the cross section of the muscle, the more the muscle size increased the most its power increased. The muscle consists of a group of muscular fibres gathered by a connective tissue, membrane, it is a group of motor units, in order that these units are connected with feeding nerves. So, the motor unit gathers between the muscular coils and the stimulator nerves of it, for power here directly harmonizes with the number of the mutual muscular fibres in the contraction, and the number of the contracted fibres depends on the sum of the nervous indication provided from the central nervous system to the muscular coils, and this is an indicator that the sum of the produced muscular power depends on the nervous incentive power (Darweesh & Hasanein, 1984). Gasem (1998) indicates that power is "the sum the muscle exerts or a muscular group of power in return for other a certain resistance", and it is clear for us that power is the extent of ability to overcome the land attraction resistance and changes that occur to the internal and external work in the muscle. Al- Namer and Alkhateeb (1996) assure that muscles consist of a group of muscular fibers- their number ranches about (10) million fibres at a medium size muscle called ( Fasciuli) including many types of muscular fibers, or the one muscular fiber, consists of many muscle fibrils, and consists of smaller parts called (protein Filaments), and theses protein filaments are divided into two types; Thick filaments called (Myosin Filaments) and thin filaments called (Actin Filaments.) these filaments with both types exist parallel with each other and connect each other by protein projections stretch from myosin filaments and connect with acting and work like (Cross Bridges). Abdel Haleem (1987) did a study aimed at reconnoitering the best techniques used to grow the distinguished power hastily for the acting muscular groups in jumping, consisted of (36) beginner players. The sample was divided into three experimental groups, including a group trained by the technique of compelling submission to the muscular action, which used the deep jumping on boxes, where results showed existence of differences with statistical indication among the three groups and for the interest of the techniques of compelling submission to the muscular action. Also Al-Ahmad (1989) prepared a study aimed at getting acquainted with the effect of the plyometric on some physical and physiological measures amongst the basketball players for the 23
secondary stage. For the sample of study consisted of (24) players, divided into two groups; the first one experimental, its individuals practiced exercises of deep jumping from (45) centimetres high, at (4) groups with (10) repetitions three times a week for six weeks, but the second group, the controlling group had practiced the activity of the regular basketball. And the results had indicated to the existence of differences with statistical indication in the vertical web distance in the dimensional scale and for the interest of the experimental group. Delphine et. al, (2003) did a study aimed at recognizing the effect of four weeks of plyometric training on performance of the vertical jumping at players of the Trampoline, the average of their ages amounts to (18.3) years, where the anterior and posterior tests of jumping were done, from the state of half folding both knees with swimming both arms and jumping through performing the skill, and measuring the time of feet touching the earth and measuring the time of feet touching the earth and measuring the explosive power. And the results of study indicated to the development in high-jumping at a rate of (5-8%). And the study also showed that plyometric training works to develop the vertical jumping amongst players of Trampoline. After informing the researcher of the previous studies and the theoretical framework, he found that most studies had used the plyometric training, but through jumping over boxes. And different heights of boxes were used. Also the researcher noticed that most of the previous studies were confined to reconnoitring the effect of the deep plyometric exercises on the explosive power of legmuscles, except for (Adams study,1984), by which the extreme power of legs was measured. And the researcher got benefit from the previous studies in specifying the method of study and specifying the duration of study, the repetitions concerning jumping, and the how of forming the training program. Problem of study and its significance The plyometric exercises are considered from the widespread exercises in the contemporary time amongst trainers of different games circulations, especially exercises of deep jumping. inspire of specialists disagreement in the field of physical training at the best technique or way of jumping, until the most appropriate height of boxes at performing the plyomatric exercises. Differences in points of view had appeared for ( Milhem, 1999) views that the best height to grow the muscular capacity is (45-75) centimeters, and (Chu, 1998) suggests that the most appropriate height is (12) inches, meanwhile (Redcliff and Farentions, 1985) view that the appropriate height to develop the muscular capacity of leg- muscles is (25-45) inches. But what the researcher did notice of most of these studies, that they employed only one method of performance, it is jumping from over boxes and at a deep form to the bottom, that is standing on the box, then making the squatting state over the box, then jumping deeply towards the earth. As a result of that light improvement appeared on developing the capacity and extreme power. But the researcher views the opposite way of performance may have a greater result on developing the extreme power of leg-muscles, if the jumping operation had been done from the squatting manner on land, then jumping on boxes from different heights as follows (15,30,45,60) centimetres. And comes the significance of study that it works on pushing trainers to variate using performance methods, and pushes them to recognize the best and most appropriate heights to perform this type of exercises. And this study was also distinguished from previous studies that they aimed at recognizing the extreme power of legmuscles, through the high jumping on boxes, for the majority of studies mentioned in the introduction of study shed light on the effect of deep jumping exercise on the muscular capacity. Objectives 1. Reconnoitring the effect of using high jumping on boxes on the extreme muscular power of leg-muscles. 2. Reconnoitring the effect of using high jumping on boxes on the extreme muscular capacity of leg-muscles. Hypothesis 1. There are differences with statistical indication between the anterior measurement and the posterior one amongst individuals of the experimental group for the interest of the posterior measurement in the variable of the extreme muscular power of both legs. 2. There are differences with statistical indication between the anterior measurement and the posterior one amongst individuals of the experimental group for the interest of the posterior measurement in the variable of the muscular capacity of both legs. Method The researcher used the experimental method by the system of the one group together with the work of the anterior and posterior measurement of it for the appropriation of the nature of study and its objectives. Sample The sample of study consisted of (25) students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science in the Hashemite University at the first year level. And the choice of the sample had been done on the purpose method, from one of sections of the subject of physical preparation, where (K 2 test) was used to make homogeneity amongst individuals of the sample of study, that is in both variables of length and weight (table No.1) clears that. Through the table No.(1) it is clear from what concerns the variable of length that the arithmetic mean amounted (175.17) and with standard deviation (6.53), meanwhile value of K 2 (5.76) and at a true of indication level (0.991), which indicates to homogeneity of sample of study individuals by 24
length. But what concerns weight, the value of the arithmetic mean had amounted to (69.76) and a standard deviation (12.25), meanwhile the value of K 2 (4.34) and at a true of indication level (0.998), that indicates to homogeneity of sample at the level of weight. Table 1. K 2 test for homogeneity of the sample in both variables of length and weight Variables Arithmeti c Mean Standard Deviation K 2 Value True level of Indicat ion Length 175.17 6.53 5.76 0.991 Weight 69.76 12.25 7.34 0.998 Indication Unindicative Un- Indicative Instruments The researcher employed a group of instruments and devices in this study, they are: Wooden boxes of jumping with different heights (15,30,45,60)e centimeters, a length (1 meter) and breath (1 meter); A sponge roll of (10) centimeters thick to envelop boxes from the outside to save the factor of safety to the players; device for measuring length; A Medical balance for measuring weight; A dynamometer device for measuring the extreme power of leg-muscles, type (Taki, Typez); Wall measuring type to measure the vertical jumping from constancy (Aalawi & Radwan, 1994); Electronic stopwatch. Scientific coefficients for tests Validity of the test Validity of tests had been assured, that is through the validity of content done through tests show on arbitrators, and their arbitration and selection of the best tests indicated by the researcher in the item (Instruments & Devices of Study) Reliability of the test Reliability of test was extracted through a method of application and reapplication of tests, for initial tests application had been done on an exploratory sample, its number amounted to (25) students from outside the sample of study. And after two weeks reapplication of tests had been done on them under the same circumstances, and we got the constancy coefficients by employing Spareman Equation for comparison of the extent of connection between the anterior measurement and the posterior one. And results showed a connection amounting (0.83) for testing the extreme power of both legs, and (0.98) in the test of the vertical jumping. Table (No.2) clears that. Table 2. Clears Reliability Coefficients for tests Measured Test Connection True level of Coefficient Indication Indication Extreme power for Both Legs 0.836 0.0001 Static Vertical Jumping 0.983 0.0001 static Steps of applying the study The researcher explored books, scientific references, and previous studies related to plyomatric training, and also explored employed methods of measurement to measure the muscular power in addition to the how of performing such type of plyomatric exercise. Due to what had preceded, the preliminary picture of the suggested training program, concerning the plyomatric training, which the researcher will employ in his study. And to specify the sample of study the researcher chose a group of the preparation course students and their number is (25) students, their ages amounted between (18-19) years. The researcher personally supervises them, where he assured through their studying programs emptiness of any subject except for the subject of physical preparation, given at an average of (3) practical hours a week, distributed on days of (Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday). The researcher also assured students participating in the study, never to participate in any other training programs all along period of studying. The researcher paraphrased the training program employed in this study for the participants, that is related with the plyometric trainings by employing boxes and the how of performing it correctly. The researcher united the duration of the program for eight weeks, beginning the program with warming, counting the groups at each training unit, counting repetitions, and periods of rest between groups and the final activity. The researcher accredited the following heights for boxes (15,30,40,60) centimetres, which have been organized at application from the lower height to the upper height successively. The researcher used sponge rolls to envelop boxes from all sides, till the participants do not expose to any befalling, caused by the high jumping over boxes. The researcher supervised the training operation personally and individually, and the rate of absence did not exceed (%3) amongst students. The researcher observed the necessity of applying the high jumping exercises as quickly as possible after landing on the box by the individuals of the sample of study, and transferring from the first box into the following one in height. The researcher did the gradual increase to an extent of bearing every week by increasing one group, and increasing power by adding two repetitions for each group. Application of the training program The program starts with warming, which includes place-running, exercises of light jumping in place, or elongation exercises for all muscles of the body, with concentration on leg-muscles, where warming does not exceed (5) minutes and after finishing warming, every participant is demanded to be ready for jumping on the four boxes successively. That is, by standing in front of the box and taking the manner of squatting (means making contraction of muscular elongation, then the high jumping on the first box, and after that transferring to the second box, the third and the fourth, where 25
the second participant takes the manner of squatting directly after his colleague finishes from the first box, then the third participant follows him until the last of participants. Table 3. clears the training program. After finishing the main section, comes the final section, which covers exercises of relaxation, and elongation of the body muscles with concentration on leg-muscles. And the researcher observed the existence of the second section at all training units. Table 3. The table clears the main section of the program on eight weeks Date 1 st. Week 2nd. Week 3rd Week 4th Week 5th. Week 6th. Week 7th. Week 8th. Week Size & Power of Training No. of No. of Groups Repetitions Time Intensity (Period of Rest) (2) Repetitions (2) Groups Two Minutes (4) Repetitions (3) Groups Two Minutes (6) Repetitions (4) Groups Two Minutes (8) Repetitions (5) Groups Two Minutes (10) Repetitions (6) Groups Two Minutes & Half (12) Repetitions (7) Groups Two Minutes & Half (14) Repetitions (8) Groups Two Minutes & Half (16) Repetitions (9) Groups Three Minutes Results First: to achieve the first objective (T-test) was used for the connected samples, as it is illustrated in the table No. (4). Secondly: to achieve the Second objective (T-test) was used for connected samples was used, as it is illustrated in the table No. (5). It is clear from No.(4) in what concerns the variable of extreme power for leg-muscles in the anterior test that the arithmetic mean amounted to (176.8) and the standard deviation (43.72), meanwhile the arithmetic mean in the posterior test amounted to (200.8) and a standard deviation (30.77), meanwhile the value of settings differences amounted (24-) between both tests, and the counted (T) value amounted (10.15) at a true indication level (0.001), which indicates to the existence of difference, statistically indicative between both tests and for the interest of the posterior test in the variable of the extreme muscular power for leg-muscles. It is clear from table No. (5) in what concerns the explosive power of leg-muscles in the anterior test that the arithmetic mean amounted to (2.82) and a standard deviation (143), meanwhile the arithmetic mean in the posterior (2.90) and a standard deviation (0.053), meanwhile the value of settings difference between both tests amounted (0.08-) and the value of counted (T) amounted (2.87) at the level of true indication (0.01), that indicates to the existence of differences, statistically indicative between both tests, and for the interest of posterior test in the variable of explosive power for legmuscles. Table 4. Arithmetic means, standard deviations, the value and indication of T-Test for connected samples of the extreme power for leg-muscles (N=25). The Variable Anterior Test Standard Deviation Posterior Test Standard Deviation Difference among setting Counted (T) Value True Indication Level Statistical Indication Extreme Power of leg Muscles 176.8 43.72 200.8 30.77 24-10.15 0.0001 Statistically Indicative 26
Table 5. Arithmetic means, standard deviations, value and (T-Test) indication for connected samples of the explosive power for leg-muscles The Variable Anterior Test Standard Deviation Posterior Test Standard Deviation Difference between settings Counted (T) Value True Indication Level Statistical Indication Explosive Power of Leg-Muscles 2.82 0.143 20.9 0.053 0.08-2.87 0.010 Statistically Indicative Discussion and conclusion It is clear through results show in table No (4) the existence of differences with statistical indication between both tests, the anterior and the posterior and for the interest of the posterior test in what concerns the extreme muscular power of legmuscles. And the researcher ascribes that to the method of performance he used, and it is the high jumping on boxes, opposite to methods of performance, which had been used in the previous studies, it is the method of deep jumping from over boxes then on earth. And the researcher also ascribes the increase of extreme power to the need of leg-muscles to the increase of the energy sources, especially the rubber like energy resulted in distance of action filaments from myosin filaments, caused by the elongation of muscular contraction. The result of study agrees with Adams study (1984) and Milhem (1999), observing the change of performance method, which the researcher used. And also it is clear from table No.(5) the existence of differences with statistical indication between both tests; the anterior and the posterior, for the interest of the posterior test in what concerns the explosive power of leg-muscles. and the researcher ascribes that to the method of performance, which he used, in addition to the haste of performance through transference from the lowest-height box to the highest- height box. And also the researcher ascribes the increase in the explosive power to the leg-muscles capacity on recruiting additional motor units. And that simultaneously occurs because of the high concentration, which should be available at individuals of the sample of study and so, the sharing of the nervous system in recruiting the additional motor units. Deductions Through the results of this study the researcher deduced the following: (a) Exercises of high jumping have a positive effect, noticed on improving the extreme muscular power of legmuscles; (b) Exercises of the high jumping have a positive effect noticed improving the explosive power of leg-muscles; and (c) Using various heights for boxes, shares in improving the extreme power and the explosive power of leg-muscles. Recommendations The researcher, due to deductions of the study, recommends the following: (a) Necessity of trainers of some team-work games, who use movement of vertical jumping and horizontal jumping, or deep jumping, concern about the plyomatric exercises; (b) Using the method of performing jump, used by the researcher in his study; (c) using various heights for boxes; and (d) Doing similar studies on players of the team sport games and the individual games. References Barham, A., Abdel, M. & Namerah, M.A. (1988). Encyclopedia of Sports Exercises, Part one, Amman: Jordan, University of Jordan Darweesh, K. &, Hasanein, M. (1984). The Circular Training, Cairo: Darel Fikrel Arabi. Gasem Hasan, H. (1998). Learning Rules of Physical Propriety, Cairo: Darel Fikrel For Printing, Publication and Distribution An-Namer, A. & Al-Khateb, N. (1996). Weight Training, Power Programs Designing, and Planning the Training Average, New Egypt: Center For Book Publication,. Ar-Rabadi, K. (2001). Sport- Training for the Twenty-First Century with support from the University of Jordan, Amman: University of Jordan. Milhem, A. (1999). Sport & Physiological Medicine: Contemporary Issues & Problems, Hamadah Association for Services and University Studies, Irbid: University of Jordan. Abdel, H.M. (1987). Influence of Growing the Distinguished Power with Haste by different Techniques at the Digital Level in Long Jumping for Beginners Below (15) years, Amman: University of Jordan 27
Aadel, I. (1993). Influence of Using two Models of Plyomatric Training on Improving the Performance of Vertical Jumping and Squatting amongst Females, Studies of Humanties, 20, 141. Aa lawi, M. & Radwan, M. (2002). Tests of Motor Performance, Third Edition, Cairo: Darel Fikrel Arabi. UČINAK VJEŽBI SKOKA U VIS NA BOKSAČE VEZANO ZA POBOLJŠAVANJE EKSPLOZIVNE I EKSTREMNE MIŠIĆNE SNAGE MIŠIĆA NOGU MEĐU STUDENTIMA HAŠEMITSKOG SVEUČILIŠTA U JORDANU Sažetak Ovo istraživanje je ciljalo na analizu učinaka vježbi skoka u vis na kutijama na poboljšanje eksplozivne i ekstremne mišićne snage za mišiće nogu, gdje je istraživač koristio grupu kutija na različitim visinama (15, 30, 45, 60 cm). Istraživač je koristio eksperimentalnu metodu u sustavu jedne skupine, gdje je prethodna ljestvica uzorka studija, čiji broj iznosi 25 studenata i studentica, na Fakultetu za fizičku kulturu i znanost o sportu na Hašemitskom Sveučilištu, u onome što se odnosi na ekstremnu mišićnu snagu za mišiće nogu pomoću dinamometra, te eksplozivne snage mišića nogu, okomiti skok test za pouzdanost, a nakon podnošenja uzorka istraživanja nakon 8 tjedana vježbi skoka u vis je prethodna ljestvica uzorka bila izmjerena na isti način. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali postojanje razlika u odnosu na statističke naznakom između odnosa i naknadnog testiranja, u ono što se odnosi na eksplozivnu i ekstremnu snagu za mišiće nogu i za interes naknadnog ispitivanja, gdje je u raspravi o istraživanju naznačen značaj primjenom metode izvedbe koristi, a to je skok s tla na kutije. Istraživač preporučuje trenerima da koriste vježbe skoka u vis, pogotovo za neke grupe i pojedine igre za rast ekstremne mišićne i eksplozivne snage za mišiće nogu. Ključne riječi: skok u vis, efekti, boks, studenti. Received: July 23, 2016 Accepted: December 15, 2016 Correspondence to: Ibrahim Mohammad Harafsheh Hashemite University, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Zarqa 13133, Jordan Tel : +962 (5) 3903333 Fax : +962 (5) 3826613 E-mail : huniv@hu.edu.jo 28