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Impact factor: 3.958/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0978-7908 9 Pharma Science Monitor 7(3), Jul-Sep 2016 PHARMA SCIENCE MONITOR AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Journal home page: http://www.pharmasm.com IMPORTANCE OF HEALTHY DIETARY PATTERN W.S.R. TO DWADASHA PRAVICHARNA Sujata P. Dhoke 1*, Abdeli Bhadarva 1, Vd. Hitesh A.Vyas 2, Mahesh K. Vyas 3 1 PhD Scholar, Basic Principles Department, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. 1 Assistant Prof., Basic Principles Department, Dhanvantari Ayurveda college,koyadam. 2 Associate Professor, Basic Principles Department, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. 3 Professor and HOD, Basic Principles Department, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. ABSTRACT Diet is an essential component for living a healthy life and it referred as Mahabhaishajya by Ayurveda classics. Food imparts physical and psychological strength of body. Ayurveda Science describes several types of code and conducts of food called Dwadasha Pravicharana for promotion of health and prevention of diseases. Now a day due to change in life style humans are suffering from various life style diseases in young age. The main cause for increasing incidence rate is bad practice of food so it is mandatory to develop a health oriented life style. To revealed the different aspects of Ahara Vidhi Vidhana and its relationship with life style disorders. To support the concept mentioned above, literature review of Dwadasha Pravicharana through Ayurveda Samhita by considering different aspects, scholarly articles and information on internet has been referred. Inappropriate methods of taking food are one of the causes of life style diseases have been carried out. It is observed that improper use of Dwadasha Pravicharana leads to various lifestyle diseases on the other hand application of properdwadasha Pravicharana can play an important role in prevention of life style disorders. Hence by adapting the principles for taking food mentioned in Ayurveda texts one can definitely put a fight against the upcoming life style disorders. KEYWORDS: Food, life style, Ahara Vidhi Vidhana,healthy life etc. INTRODUCTION Health as well as diseases is dependent on various factors.among these, Ahara is the most important one.the proper diet, taken in proper manner can lead tobetter health. On the contrary, proper diet if not taken in proper manner canlead to diseases.ahara, as well as the method of its intake both have equal importance 1. Dietetic rules are described as AshtavidhaAhara

things. 3 According to Sushruta Samhita,Term Dwadasha Ashana Pravichara is twelve different Impact factor: 3.958/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0978-7908 10 Visheshayatanani in Charaka Samhita, Dwadasha PravicharanainSushruta Samhita and similarly in Ashtanga Samgraha,Saptaahara Kalpana Vishesha 2 is described for routine diet. According to Charaka Samhita, all the activities of this world, as well as efforts made for eternal emancipation depend upon diet, thus food is the greatest in the comparison of other kinds of diet pattern according to person in healthy as well as diseased condition. As Ahara(diet) is the centre of the aspect. Ahara is believed to be one of the Upastambha(Tripod) of life 4. It supports the body constantly just like the house is supported by the pillars. Types of Ahara : In Charaka Samhita, types of Ahara are described to a great extent and appreciable according to various criteria in Yajja Purushiya Adhyaya. It can be summarised as shown in the table below 5. Dwadasha Ashana Pravichara: As said earlierthese are twelve different kinds of diet pattern according to person in healthy as well as diseased condition. These twelve patterns of diet are- 1. Sheeta (cold) 2. Ushna (hot) 3. Snigdha (unctuous) 4. Ruksha (non-demulcent) 5. Drava (liquid) 6. Shushka (dry) 7. Ekkalika(once a day) 8. Dwikalika (twice a day) 9. Aushadhayukta (taken with medicine) 10. Matraheena (taken in smaller quantity) 11. Dosha prashamana(taken for the pacification of any aggravated Dosha) 12. Vruttyartha (taken for subsistence). 6 A bird view of Indication of Dwadasha Ashana Pravichara: 1. Sheeta Ahara: According to the commentary of Acharya Dalhana, word SheetaAnna indicates the articles having SheetaVeerya and also having low temperature. More over word Ahara denotes the

Impact factor: 3.958/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0978-7908 11 drinkables too. Thus a person of above mentioned conditions can use foods and drinks which are cold in nature and in touch. These are specially used where Pitta Dosha is in aggravated stage like Trishna and Rakta pitta.pitta is of Ushna, Tikshna, Drava, Katu rasa etc. properties which are opposite to the Sheeta Guna and because of this Sheeta Annapana is useful in these conditions. 7 2. Ushna Ahara: Ushna Ahara is indicated for those who are suffering from Kaphaja and Vataja Vyadhi patients undergone Snehana, Shodhana therapy and who are free from Kleda (physical moisture). 8 3. Snigdha Ahara: Persons suffering from the aggravation of bodily Vayu and from a parched (Ruksha) condition of the body as well as those suffering from the effects of sexual excess and those accustomed to physical exercise shouldbe treated with Snigdha food (and drink). Persons who are havingvatika Prakruti and suffering from Vata Vyadhi should take Snigdha Ahara. As described persons diet should be opposite to hisprakruti, so by taking unctuous food, Vata Prakruti persons sustain their health. All the patients suffering from disease caused by Vayu should be continuously given diet containing ingredients which are sweet, sour, saline and unctuous. 9 4. Ruksha Ahara: Persons with an excess of bodily Medaand Kapha as well as those suffering from Meha and those with Snigdha body should be treated with Ruksha (or non-demulcent) food and drink. 10 5. DravaAhara: Drava Ahara is indicated in those persons who are debilitated, suffering from thirst and those who are weak 11. According to Acharya Sushruta, Food should be abounding in fluid components because it is digested without creating Adosha(any troubles) 12. Liquid food, or that which abounds in liquid substances should not be taken in large quantity 13. Dry articles of food taken in combination with a large number of other substances (liquid) fail to do any injury to the stomach. Dry food (ShushkaAnna) taken alone cannot be completely digested. It is transformed into lumps in the stomach, is irregularly chymed, and produces deficient gastric digestion followed by a reactionary acidity (Vidaha) 14.Dry foods tend to impair the Agni (digestive functions) 15. 6. Shushka Ahara:

Impact factor: 3.958/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0978-7908 12 Shushka Ahara should be advised to take in those who are suffering from Meha, wound, and whose bodies are full of Kleda 16. 7. Ekakalika Ahara: Persons with impaired digestion should be given only one meal every day, so that the Jatharagni may increase. According to commentator Dalhana, in one time meal, quantity should also be decreased so that less amount of food can easily be digested by Agni. Durbalagni is caused by weakness of body in the course of any disease. During convalescence period of any disease, there is always weak digestive power which cannot digest food which is consumed routinely. So, one time meal is advised 17. 8. Dwikalika Ahara: Persons with Samagni (good digestive power) should be given two meals a day. Samagni will not cause diseases until it is not disturbed by inappropriate regimen by person 18. So, the person with Samagni should maintain its Agni by giving proper care and should eat meal on time and according to need. Diet of a person varies accordingly its work, age and other factors. A person with Samagni should take his meal two times 19. 9. Aushadhayukta Ahara: When the patient dislikes taking the drug, it should be mixed with food. Most of the drugs cause disliking, choking sensation in the throat, nausea and vomiting due to their unpleasant smell and taste 20. Children face these problems more. These drugs can be easily taken if they mixed up with the one s delicious food. It is also a kind of drug administration viz. Sabhakta. It is indicated for women, the weak, elderly people and children; also advisable for those who dislikes taking drugs. 10. Matraheena Ahara: Small quantity of food should be given to patients with weak digestion and in various disorders. Diseases are mostly due to weak Mandagni (digestive power) 21. As small quantity of food is easy to digest, it is preferable so that it doesn t hurt Agni more. Not only small quantity but also food which is Laghu (easily digestible) should be prescribed 22. As Agni is not capable to digest Doshaso that disease gets manifested. If further much food is given to that patient, it will vitiate Agni more, so disease gets worsen. 11. Doshaprashamana Ahara: Food and drinks administered with due regard to the state of Dosha according to season is called Doshaprashamana Ashana. Dosha get perturbed by dramatic change in seasons and demand adequate measures to counter the perturbations 23. According to season special diet is

Impact factor: 3.958/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0978-7908 13 advised which pacifies Dosha which are accumulated in those seasons. Particular diet is advised in those seasons for healthy persons so that persons remain healthy. 12. Vruttyartha Ahara: A diet which contains all the tastes (Rasa) is advised to maintain the body in healthy state. While any kind of food and drink taken for the preservation of life by a healthy person would be called Vruttyartha food and drink. A person with uniformly healthy digestion and whose Dosha are in a state of equilibrium, and in whom the fundamental vital fluids course in their normal state and quantity, accompanied by the normal processes of secretion, organic function, and intellection, is said to be a healthy person. To maintain these vital functions in normal state, a healthy person should consume diet which has all the Rasa 24. Regular use of Sarvarasa Ahara is best among bringing strength in the body 25. Discussion-Ahara and the dietetic rules arebasic factors among the causes for disease. So it obviously becomes animportant part of the treatment by avoiding the causative factors. May be because of this reason Acharya Kashyapa has described Ahara as the Mahabhaishajya i.e. the great medicine.one cannot sustain life without diet even of endowed with medicine that is why the diet is said to be the great medicament by physician 26. Samanya- Vishesha Siddhanta is important principle of Ayurveda for its application in both the fields of medicine and dietetics. According to Samanya-Vishesha principle, Samanya is the cause for every kind of augmentation (Vrudhhi), and Vishesha is the cause of every kind of diminution (Hrasa). This principle is applied by taking into consideration Rasa, Guna etc. and similar other factors of the drug or dietary articles being used to attain the expected level of body constituents 27. Here in Dwaadasha Ashana Pravichara this principle is caught up. This is implicated by using various types of Guna (property) of food in various disease conditions as well as to prevent the health. Particularly the Vishesha Padarth has been used for treating disease and maintaining healthy living. 1) Effects of Sheeta Property: Justification behind use of Sheet Anna in above mentioned conditions may be thought as mentioned below. Here it should be remembered that properties inherent in substances bring about effects in the body and therefore properties can be inferred by observing their effects 28. 2) Effects of Ushna Property: Ushna is just opposite to Sheeta property, so it causesflow through passages, unpleasant and causes fainting, thirst, sweating and burning sensation and stimulates digestion. It is useful in

Impact factor: 3.958/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0978-7908 14 Pachana of Vrana (wound). It greatly helps to set in the process of suppuration in boils and abscesses. Substances that have ability to cure stiffness, heaviness and coldness (of the body) and causes perspirationare Ushna 29. 3) Effects of Snigdha Property: Snigdha guna gives lubricity, softness; improves strength and complexion. Guna which is capable to produce Kleda in the body is Snigdha 30,31. In six factors described for the transformation (digestion, assimilation and metabolism- Ahara Parinamakara Bhava) of food, Sneha is one important factor which softens the food particles by which it gets easily digested in appropriate time 32. 4) Effects of Ruksha Property: According to Hemadri, the Guna which is capable to Shoshana (of dhatu) in the body is Ruksha 33. Ruksha is the opposite of Sneha (oleaginousness); produces stypsis (arrests flow through passages e.g. diarrhoea) and makes a thing rough to tactual perception 34. Intake of Katu (pungent), Tikta (bitter), Kashaya (astringent) substances, oil cake of Sarshapa and Tila, honey, etc. and sexual indulgence constitute drying therapy 35. 5) Effects of Drava property: Drava Guna (property) causes Kleda (increase fluid) and moistening of the body 36. Due to DravaGuna, substance easily spreads in the body. When body is deprived of water or fluid part in the body due to any internal or external cause, it leads to abnormalities of Udakavaha srotas which leads to dryness of oral cavity, throat, tongue and palate and finally death 37. Drava pradhana ahara should be advised in these conditions. 6) Effects of Shushkaproperty: Shushka(dryness) is the opposite of Drava. It decreases the Kleda from the body and takes long time to spread in the body 38. So, whenever there is increase part of Kleda in the body, ShushkaAhara should be prescribed.in patients of vomiting, dry, easily digestible and desired diet should be prescribed. Chhardi is Amashayodbhava Vyadhi 39. As Amashaya is the main seat of Kapha, it is also vitiated. So, diet which is not increasing Kapha is advisable to patient. More liquid diet will increase Kapha and Kleda in the body 40. 7) Effects of Ekakalika Ahara- There is another indication given by AcharyaSushruta for one time meal. A second meal should not be eaten on the same day in the event of the appetite having become dulled by a previous meal. Eating with a previous meal only partially digested (Vidagdha) seriously impairs

Impact factor: 3.958/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0978-7908 15 the digestivefunctions. So, whenever there is impaired digestive function due to any cause, wise person should avoid second meal 41. 8) Effects of Dwikalika Bhojana- Kala is also one of the important Ahara parinamakara bhava described by Acharya Charaka 42. Time bring about the maturity of the process of digestion 43. Chakrapani commented that even in the presence of all other factors digestion requires time for completion of the process; hence time is described to bring about maturity of the process 44. Food takes its time for proper digestion and absorption in the body according to the strength of Agni of an individual. Ashtanga Samgraha has described time for digestion of food for Samagni that is four Yama 45. 9) Effects of Aushadhayukta Bhojana- Except Indu, all the commentators agree that Bheshaja should be consumed along with food. Indu specifies that Bheshaja may be processed or cooked with food or it is given along with food. Conditions in which this type of administration of food is indicated are as follows. 1)Disease afflicted is the determinant: Sabhakta Kala is employed in Arochaka,Aruchi and in Sarvangasamshritavyadhi. 2)Type of patient involved is the determinant:in women, old, children,debilitated patients, delicate and patients who exhibit unpalatablity to certainmedicinal formulations are to be given Bheshaja at the Sabhakta Kala. 3)To maintain the integrity of Bala and Agni: The SabhaktaKala is indicated. 10) Effects ofmatraheena Ahara- In Matra, total quantity as well as quantity of different items isconsidered. The former is known as Sarvagraha (consideration of thewhole) and the latter as Parigraha (consideration item wise). This is veryimportant from the view of the concept of balanced diet because each itemis considered with regard to the requirement of the body. 11) Effects ofdoshaprashamana Ahara- Whenever there is Doshika imbalance in some condition or particular disease as in some season, diet regimen can be followed according to that season may be applied. According to the principle of Ritucharya, the aggravated Dosha may be pacified and disease may be treated. A person who lives according to the code of conduct and in harmony with seasons would be free from seasonal ailments. As motto of Ayurveda is to help in maintaining the health of healthy person and cure the diseased conditions. So, dietary advices for the healthy persons to maintain their health had been given in Ritucharya. 12)Effects ofvruttyartha Ahara-

Impact factor: 3.958/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0978-7908 16 The prescription of diets consisting of all Rasa in proper (same) quantity for individuals of Samaprakriti (having equipoise state of Dosha) needs further explanation. It is not that all the Rasa are intended to be taken in equal quantity. No healthy person will like as much of pungent food as of sweet dishes. It will also not be useful for the maintenance of health in the healthy person so the proportion of Rasa is to be determined according to the individual's taste and food value. A Vata Prakriti man may require more of diets having Madhura (sweet), Amla (sour) and Lavana (salt) taste during winter, whereas for a Sama-prakriti man, diets having all the tastes specially Amla (sour) and Lavana (salt) tastes are prescribed. Thus, the proportion of Rasa is to be determined according to the bodily constitution (Prakriti),season, and dietetic property. CONCLUSION Diet play a vital role in maintaining health and treating diseases by some modification and alteration according to need in both condition. These modifications are described under heading of Dwaadasha Ashana Pravicharain Sushruta Samhita.Dwadasha Pravicharana are the dietetic regulations and procedure for those, who arehealthy as well as for certain types of patients. In the absence of a sound understanding of food, its varieties, preparation and functions, physicians would neither be able to maintain the health of the healthy nor control the disorders of the ill. Physicians must have knowledge of Dravya (articles of food),rasa(taste), Guna (properties), Veerya (potency), Vipaka (taste after digestion) andkarma (action) of each one of them separately, which are prepared in the form of eatables, drinkables, likable and chewable, by the combination of many substances, adopting many processes and possessing different special effects. Without such knowledge they will not be able to advise others on maintenance of health and prevention of diseases, because all living beings are dependent on food. A detailed knowledge of food and drinks is therefore essential for the physicians. REFERENCES 1. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita with Nibandha Sangraha teeka of Dalhana,Sutrasthana Adhyaya 46/9,edited by Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamaji, Reprint Ed. Choukhamba Surbharati Prakashana,2008; 214. 2. Dr.Jyotimitra Acharya, Astangasamgraha of vagbhata with the Shashilekha Sanskrit commentary by Indu,SutrasthanaAdhyaya 10/3 edited by ShivprasadSharma,Reprint Edi.,Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series office,varanasi 2008;102. 3. Agnivesha,Charaka,Dridhabala,Charaka Samhita with Ayurvedadipika Commentary of Chakrapani Datta,, Sutrasthana Adhyaya, 27/349-350edited by Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamji,Reprint ed. Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthana Prakashan,Varanasi, 2011; 174.

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Impact factor: 3.958/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0978-7908 18 14. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita with Nibandha Sangraha teeka of Dalhana,Sutrasthana Adhyaya 46/496-497,edited by Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamaji, Reprint Ed. Choukhamba Surbharati Prakashana,2008; 250. 15. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita with Nibandha Sangraha teeka of Dalhana,Sutrasthana Adhyaya 46/498,edited by Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamaji, Reprint Ed. Choukhamba Surbharati Prakashana,2008; 250. 16. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita with Nibandha Sangraha teeka of Dalhana,Uttartantra Adhyaya 64/61,edited by Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamaji, Reprint Ed. Choukhamba 17. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita with Nibandha Sangraha teeka of Dalhana,Uttartantra Adhyaya 64/62,edited by Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamaji, Reprint Ed. Choukhamba 18. Agnivesha,Charaka,Dridhabala,Charaka Samhita with Ayurvedadipika Commentary of Chakrapani Datta,, Vimanastahna Adhyaya, 6/12,edited by Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamji,Reprint ed. Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthana Prakashan,Varanasi, 2011;255. 19. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita with Nibandha Sangraha teeka of Dalhana,Uttartantra Adhyaya 64/62,edited by Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamaji, Reprint Ed. Choukhamba 20. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita with Nibandha Sangraha teeka of Dalhana,Uttartantra Adhyaya 64/63,edited by Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamaji, Reprint Ed. Choukhamba 21. Vagabhata, Ashtanga Hridaya, Sarvanga Sundara commentary by Arundatta and Ayurveda Rasayan commentary by Hemadri, Paradkar H.S.S., Varanasi, Nidanasthana,12/1, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Reprint ed.2011,513. 22. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita with Nibandha Sangraha teeka of Dalhana,Uttaratantra Adhyaya 64/63,edited by Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamaji, Reprint Ed. Choukhamba Surbharati Prakashana,2008; 813. 23. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita with Nibandha Sangraha teeka of Dalhana,Uttaratantra Adhyaya 64/63,edited by Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamaji, Reprint Ed. Choukhamba Surbharati Prakashana,2008;813. 24. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita with Nibandha Sangraha teeka of Dalhana,Uttaratantra Adhyaya 64/66,edited by Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamaji, Reprint Ed. Choukhamba Surbharati Prakashana,2008;813.

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Impact factor: 3.958/ICV: 4.10 ISSN: 0978-7908 20 36. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita with Nibandha Sangraha teeka of Dalhana,Sutrasthana Adhyaya 46/520,edited by Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamaji, Reprint Ed. Choukhamba Surbharati Prakashana,2008;252. 37. Bhavmishra, Bhavprakash Nighantu, he Vidyotani Hindi Commentary,Bha.Pra.Pu.6/210,edited by Pandit shri Bhramha Shankar Mishra,11 th edition,, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan,Varanasi,2004. 38. Bhavmishra, Bhavprakash Nighantu, he Vidyotani Hindi Commentary,Bha.Pra.Pu.6/210,edited by Pandit shri Bhramha Shankar Mishra,11 th edition,, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan,Varanasi,2004. 39. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita with Nibandha Sangraha teeka of Dalhana,Uttaratantra Adhyaya 49/17,edited by Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamaji, Reprint Ed. Choukhamba Surbharati Prakashana,2008; 756. 40. Agnivesha,Charaka,Dridhabala,Charaka Samhita with Ayurvedadipika Commentary of Chakrapani Datta,Chikitsastana Adhyaya, 20/22, edited by Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamji,Reprint ed. Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthana Prakashan,Varanasi, 2011; 556. 41. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita with Nibandha Sangraha teeka of Dalhana,Sutrasthana Adhyaya 46/492-493,edited by Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamaji, Reprint Ed. Choukhamba Surbharati Prakashana,2008;250. 42. Agnivesha,Charaka,Dridhabala,Charaka Samhita with Ayurvedadipika Commentary of Chakrapani Datta,Sharirasthana Adhyaya,6/14,edited by Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamji,Reprint ed. Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthana Prakashan,Varanasi, 2011;332. 43. Agnivesha,Charaka,Dridhabala,Charaka Samhita with Ayurvedadipika Commentary of Chakrapani Datta,, Sharirasthana Adhyaya,6/14,edited by Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamji,Reprint ed. Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthana Prakashan,Varanasi, 2011; 332. 44. Agnivesha,Charaka,Dridhabala,Charaka Samhita with Ayurvedadipika Commentary of Chakrapani Datta,Sharirasthana Adhyaya,6/14, 15/3-4,edited by Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamji,Reprint ed. Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthana Prakashan,Varanasi, 2011;332. 45. Dr.Jyotimitra Acharya, Astangasamgraha of vagbhata with the Shashilekha Sanskrit commentary by Indu,SutrasthanaAdhyaya,11/53 edited by ShivprasadSharma,Reprint Edi.,Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series office,varanasi 2008;115