Proceedings of the Integrated Crop Management Conference Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference Dec 1st, 12:00 AM Fusarium root rot of soybean occurrence, impact, and relationship with soybean cyst nematode Mercedes Diaz Arias Iowa State University Gregory L. Tylka Iowa State University, gltylka@iastate.edu Alison Robertson Iowa State University, alisonr@iastate.edu Leonor Leandro Iowa State University, lleandro@iastate.edu Gary Munkvold Iowa State University, munkvold@iastate.edu Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/icm Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons Diaz Arias, Mercedes; Tylka, Gregory L.; Robertson, Alison; Leandro, Leonor; and Munkvold, Gary, "Fusarium root rot of soybean occurrence, impact, and relationship with soybean cyst nematode" (2010). Proceedings of the Integrated Crop Management Conference. 20. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/icm/2010/proceedings/20 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences and Symposia at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Integrated Crop Management Conference by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact digirep@iastate.edu.
2010 Integrated Crop Management Conference - Iowa State University 115 Fusarium root rot of soybean occurrence, impact, and relationship with soybean cyst nematode Mercedes Diaz Arias, graduate student, Seed Science Center and Plant Pathology, Iowa State University; Gregory L. Tylka, professor, Plant Pathology, Iowa State University; Alison Robertson, assistant professor, Plant Pathology, Iowa State University; Leonor Leandro, assistant professor, Plant Pathology, Iowa State University; Gary Munkvold, professor, Seed Science Center and Plant Pathology, Iowa State University Introduction Fusarium species are ubiquitous soilborne pathogens that can cause devastating and difficult-to-manage damping-off, root rot, wilt, or sudden death syndrome (SDS) in soybeans (Armstrong, 1950; French and Kennedy, 1963; Rupe, 1989). At least 12 different species of Fusarium have been reported to be associated with soybean roots (McGee, 1992); among these species and the diseases they cause, the economic impact is widely recognized only for SDS; economic impacts of Fusarium wilt and root rot are much less well documented. Fusarium root rot is widespread in US (Yang and Feng, 2001). F. oxysporum complex and F. solani complex are generally believed to be the major species causing root rot symptoms (Nelson, 1999), but other species may be pathogenic. These Fusarium species are not well identified and no comprehensive evaluations of their impact on yield have been undertaken, and their pathogenic capabilities are extremely variable. These knowledge gaps seriously hinder efforts to manage the diseases effectively. Observations suggest that there are interactions among Fusarium root rot and soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) (Nelson, 1999), but these interactions have not been verified or measured. The variable nature of Fusarium root rot occurrence may be better explained through more detailed knowledge of the important species and clarification of the importance of SCN-Fusarium interactions. Understanding this variability is an important step toward effective management of the disease. To have a better understanding of the importance of root-infecting Fusarium species in soybean productivity in Iowa, a root survey, greenhouse and field experiments were conducted in order to accomplish the following objectives, 1) characterize the frequency and aggressiveness of Fusarium species associated with symptomatic soybean roots in Iowa; 2) estimate their impact on soybean growth and yield; and 3) determine whether SCN infestation enhances Fusarium root rot in soybean. Systematic sampling of soybean roots from fields was followed by characterization of Fusarium species using morphological features and molecular approaches. Greenhouse experiments were used to assess species virulence, and field experiments were conducted to estimate yield loss caused by Fusarium root rot and assess the impact of SCN infestation on Fusarium root colonization and rot. This information is needed to guide and improve management practices for the Fusarium complex and soybean cyst nematode. The results of this study will provide crucial information on the biology, prevalence and distribution of the disease in Iowa, which can help guide management efforts and future research, including studies of the genetic diversity within species, epidemiological and ecological features of the disease, and host-pathogen interactions. Material and methods Frequency of Fusarium species In collaboration with twelve Iowa State University Extension field specialists, soybean roots were collected during three years for isolation of Fusarium species from 3 fields in 98 Iowa counties. Ten plants were collected from each field at both V2-V3 and R3-R4 growth stages. Soybean root pieces were superficially sterilized and plated onto a Fusarium spp. selective media. Fusarium colonies were transferred to carnation leaf agar (CLA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) and identified to species based on cultural and morphological characteristics. Species identities were confirmed for selected isolates by amplification and sequencing of the elongation factor gene alpha (EF1-alpha) region. Frequency and distribution of Fusarium species among locations and sampled times were documented.
116 2010 Integrated Crop Management Conference - Iowa State University Pathogenicity test Representative isolates from the predominant Fusarium species found during the root survey were tested in greenhouse conditions on soybean. Soybean seeds of AG2306 variety were planted in sterile soil infested with each Fusarium isolate and maintained at greenhouse conditions in water baths at ± 18ºC. Root rot severity, shoot dry weight and root dry weight were measured at V3 stage. The effect of Fusarium isolates on root growth was assessed using a root scanner (Epson Perfection V700 photo) that determines length, diameter and root discoloration or rotted area. Microplots field experiments Two-year microplot experiments were established at the ISU Horticulture Research Farm and the ISU Hinds Farm near Ames, Iowa, to estimate potential yield loss caused by some Fusarium species isolates used at the greenhouse pathogenicity test. Microplots consisted of rectangular plots containing a single row of soybean plants. Inoculum was prepared by inoculating sorghum seed with most frequent Fusarium isolates from soybean roots. Plots were infested with isolates from seven Fusarium species (F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. graminearum, F. acuminatum, F. semitectum, F. equiseti and F. sporotrichioides). At growth stage R1, a subsample of soybean plants was removed from each microplot to evaluate root rot symptoms, root dry weight and shoot dry weight. The effect of Fusarium isolates on root growth was evaluated using the root scanner. At harvest, yield and seed moisture content and size were measured. SCN -Fusarium interaction In order to test the interaction between SCN and Fusarium in greenhouse conditions, 16 Fusarium isolates from 8 Fusarium species were used. A factorial experiment combined two soybean lines (susceptible Pioneer 92M91 and SCN-resistant Pioneer 92M54) grown in soil inoculated with Fusarium alone, SCN alone, and a combination of both pathogens. Number of SCN females, root rot severity, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and root length, discoloration and biomass were measured after 6 weeks. Experiment was maintained in water bath conditions at 24ºC. Results and discussion Frequency of Fusarium species and microplots experiments A total of 11 Fusarium species have being isolated from soybean roots in Iowa. In general, the most frequent and widespread species were the F. oxysporum complex, F. solani complex, F. acuminatum, and F. graminearum, each recovered from 5%-30% of root samples (Fig. 1). Other species such as F. semitectum, F. equiseti, F. sporotrichioides, F. proliferatum, F. virguliforme, F. subglutinans, F. verticillioides and unknown Fusarium spp. were less frequent. Species prevalence among fields differed regionally (Table 1). Some species (F. virguliforme, F. subglutinans and F. verticilloides) were recovered from a low percentage of fields and found in less than 5 counties. Most of the species have been reported previously, but several (F. subglutinans, F. sporotrichioides, F. semitectum) have not previously been associated with soybean roots. Differences in species frequency by growth stage were found, higher amount of species were recovered from roots at V2-V3 stage, and lower amount from root at R3-R4 stages (Fig.2) Pathogenicity test and microplots field experiments Greenhouse assay experiments were conducted using 49 Fusarium isolates, in order to determine the aggressiveness of Fusarium species isolated from Iowa soybeans. Soybean seeds were planted in sterile sand soil (2:1) inoculated with fungus and maintained in water baths at 18±1C in the greenhouse. Root rot severity, shoot dry weight and root dry weight were measured at stage V3. In general, pathogenicity tests showed differences in aggressiveness among Fusarium isolates (Fig. 3). Root rot severity differed among isolates with F. graminearum isolates causing the most severe root rot symptoms; followed by F. proliferatum, F. sporotrichioides and F. virguloforme isolates. Significant variation in aggressiveness was observed among F. oxysporum isolates and F solani isolates. On the other hand, microplot experiments results show that inoculation with Fusarium isolates affected shoot dry weight and root dry weight in all locations. However, there were no significant differences among Fusarium isolates in terms of yield, seed size and seed moisture in general. Nevertheless, regression analysis by isolate showed that there is an interaction between root rot severity and yield and, between root rot severity and seed size, and root severity and root dry weight in some of the Fusarium isolates tested at two different locations (Fig 4.)
2010 Integrated Crop Management Conference - Iowa State University 117 Figures 4a, 4c and 4e illustrate the relationship between disease severity and yield (ka/ha) for different Fusarium isolates. Results indicated F. acuminatum (FA3) has the best relation to yield. Variable severity for this sampling unit explained 92.98% of the variation in yield (kg/ha). Isolate with less relationship with yield was F. equiseti (FE1), root rot severity for this sampling unite explained 44.79% of the variation in yield. On the other hand, only isolates FA1 and FE1 showed a relationship between root rot severity and seed size and only root rot severity caused by FA3 explained variation in root dry weight. SCN -Fusarium interaction Greenhouse studies suggest that there may be a significant interaction between SCN and some Fusarium isolates causing root rot. Root rot severity, shoot dry weight and root dry weight differed among Fusarium isolates (table 2). In general means for root rot severity were greater on plants co-inoculated with Fusarium and SCN, than on plants inoculated with Fusarium alone. There was a significant interaction between SCN and Fusarium isolates in root rot and root dry weight (table 2). Co-inoculation with SCN resulted in greater root rot severity on plants inoculated with only seven Fusarium isolates (FG2, FO1, FO2 FS2, FSE1 FSP1 and FSP2) for both soybean varieties (Fig. 5). Results also showed there is an interaction between SCN and Fusarium oxysporum isolates, due to presence of nematode increase disease severity in roots. In general, it was observed a greater effect of nematode co-inoculation with Fusarium in root rot (P=0.0004), and shoot dry weight (0.0166) in resistant than in susceptible soybeans. References Armstrong, G.M., and Armstrong, J.K. 1950. Biological races of the Fusarium causing wilt of cowpeas and soybeans. Phytopathology 40:181-193. French, E.R., and Kennedy, B.W. 1963. The role of Fusarium in the root rot complex of soybean in Minnesota. Plant Dis. Reptr. 47:672-676. McGee, D.C. 1992. Fusarium root rot. Pp. 74-77 in Soybean diseases: a Reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN. Nelson, B.D. 1999. Fusarium blight or wilt, root rot, and pod and collar rot. Pp. 35-36 in Compendium of Soybean Diseases. 3rd Ed. APS Press, St. Paul, MN. Rupe JC, 1989. Frequency and pathogenicity of Fusarium solani recovered from soybeans with sudden death syndrome. Plant Dis. 73:581 4. Yang, X.B., and Feng, F. 2001. Ranges and diversity of soybean fungal diseases in North America. Phytopathology 91:769-775. Table 1. Prevalence and incidence of Fusarium species in 55 fields located in 50 counties in Iowa, 2007 Species Prevalence (%) Incidence (%) F. oxysporum 56.4 28.4 F. solani 56.4 23.7 F. acuminatum 50.9 20.5 F. graminearum 34.5 16.1 F. semitectum 20 3.8 F. equiseti 9.1 2 F. proliferatum 9.1 2 F. soporotrichoides 5.4 0.9 F. subglutinans 7.3 1.2 F.virguliforme 5.4 1.5
118 2010 Integrated Crop Management Conference - Iowa State University Table 2. P values for effects of Fusarium isolates, varieties, SCN inoculation and their interactions on root rot severity, root dry weight, shoot dry weight in soybeans. Root dry weight (g) Shoot dry weight (g) Repetition 0.2604 0.3412 0.8394 Isolate (Iso) <.0001* <.0001* <.0001* SCN 0.4418 <.0001* 0.0003* Iso* SCN <.0001* 0.0328* 0.0053* Variety (Var) 0.1078 <.0001* 0.0013* Iso * Var 0.0388* 0.0097* 0.3173* SCN*Var 0.2726 0.0097* <.0001* Values are based on one experiment with 5 replicates of each isolate per each cultivar *: significant differences at 0.05 level
2010 Integrated Crop Management Conference - Iowa State University 119 F. virguliforme F. subglutinans F. proliferatum n=426 isolates Year: 2007 F. equiseti F. sporotrichioides F. semitectum F. graminearum F. solani F. acuminatum F. oxysporum Fusarium spp. F. verticilloides F. proliferatum n= 167 isolates Year: 2008 F. equiseti F. sporotrichioides F. graminearum F. solani F. acuminatum F. oxysporum Fusarium spp. F. subglutinans F. proliferatum n= 252 isolates Year: 2009 F. equiseti F. sporotrichioides F. graminearum F. solani F. acuminatum F. oxysporum 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Porcentage of isolates (%) Figure 1. Frequency of Fusarium species associated with soybean roots in Iowa in 3 year root survey in Iowa.
120 2010 Integrated Crop Management Conference - Iowa State University F. sporotrichioides 3% F. semitectum 4% F. equiseti 3% F. proliferatum 3% F. virguliforme 4% F. oxysporum 33% F. graminearum 14% V2-V3 stages F. acuminatum 18% F. solani 18% F. graminearum 15% F. sporotrichioides 1% F. subglutinans 1% F. oxysporum 27% R3-R4 stages F. solani 28% F. acuminatum 28% Figure 2. Frequency of Fusarium species at two soybean stages in 2007 in Iowa.
2010 Integrated Crop Management Conference - Iowa State University 121 100 80 P<0.0001 60 40 20 FG1 FG2 FG3 FG4 FG5 FS6 FS7 FS8 FS9 FS10 FS11 FS12 FS13 FS14 FS15 FA16 FA17 FA18 FA19 FA20 FA21 FA22 FA23 FV24 FE25 FE26 FSP28 FSP29 FSP30 FSP31 FP32 FP33 FP34 FP35 FO36 FO37 FO38 FO39 FO40 FO41 FO42 FO43 FO44 FO45 FO46 FO47 FO48 FO49 FSE50 FSE51 Control 0 F. graminearum (FG) F. solani (FS) F. acuminatum (FA) F. virguliforme (FV) F. equiseti (FE) F. sporotrichioides (FSP) F. proliferatum (FP) F. oxysporum (FO) F. semitectum (FSE) Control. Figure 3. on soybean roots inoculated with 49 Fusarium isolates at greenhouse conditions.
122 2010 Integrated Crop Management Conference - Iowa State University 11000 Fusarium acuminatum (FA3) 1.7 Fusarium acuminatum (FA3) Yield (Kag/ha) 10000 9000 8000 7000 A 6000 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 Root dry weight (g) 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 B 0.9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Yield (Kg/ha) 8500 8000 7500 7000 6500 6000 C Fusarium equiseti (FE1) 5500 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Seed size (number of seeds/kg) 7200 7000 6800 6600 6400 6200 6000 5800 5600 5400 5200 D Fusarium equiseti (FE1) 5000 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Yield (Kg/ha) 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 Fusarium acuminatum (FA1) E 2000 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Seed size (number of seed /Kg) 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 Fusarium acuminatum (FA1) F 400 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Figure 4. Relationship between root rot severity (%) with yield (kg/ha) and seed size in soybean plants inoculated with different Fusarium isolates in micrplots experiments at different locations in Iowa. A and B. Fusarium acuminatum (FA3) isolate at Horticulture Farm, Gilbert, IA, C and D Fusarium equiseti (FE1) at Hinds Farm, E and F. Fusarium acuminatum (FA1) at Horticulture Farm, Gilbert, IA.
2010 Integrated Crop Management Conference - Iowa State University 123 100 Resistant -SCN Resistan +SCN Susceptible -SCN Susceptible +SCN 80 60 40 20 0 CO FA1 FA2 FE1 FE2 FG1 FG2 FO1 Fusarium isolate FO2 FP1 FP2 FS1 FS2 FSE1 FSE2 FSP1 FSP2 F. graminearum (FG) F. solani (FS) F. acuminatum (FA) F. equiseti (FE) F. sporotrichioides (FSP) F. proliferatum (FP) F. oxysporum (FO) F. semitectum (FSE) Control. Figure 5. Root rot severity caused by Fusarium isolates alone or in combination with SCN, on resistant (Pioneer 92M54) and susceptible (Pioneer 92M91) soybeans.