NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY REFERENCE DICTIONARY FOURTH EDITION

NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY REFERENCE DICTIONARY FOURTH EDITION

NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY REFERENCE DICTIONARY FOURTH EDITION ROSALINDA T. LAGUA, M.P.S., M.N.S., R.D. NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH VIRGINIA S. CLAUDIO, Ph.D., M.N.S., R.D. CONSULTANT, RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA CHAPMAN & HALL New York Albany Bonn Boston Cincinnati Detroit. London. Madrid. Melbourne Mexico City Pacific Grove Paris San Francisco Singapore. Tokyo. Toronto. Washington

Copyright 1996 By Chapman & Hall For more information, contact: Chapman & Hall 115 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10003 Thomas Nelson Australia 102 Dodds Street South Melbourne, 3205 Victoria, Austrailia Nelson Canada 1120 Birchmount Road Scarborough, Ontario Canada M 1 K 5G4 International Thomson Edltores Campos Eliseos 385, Piso 7 Col. Polanco 11560 Mexico D. F. Mexico Chapman & Hall 2-6 Boundary Row London SEI 8HN England Chapman & Hall GmbH Postfach 100 263 D-69442 Weinheim Germany International Thomson Publishing Asia 221 Henderson Road #05-10 Henderson Building Singapore 0315 International Thomson Publishing - Japan Hlrakawacho-cho Kyowa Building. 3F 1-2-1 Hlrakawacho-cho Chiyoda-ku, 102 Tokyo Japan All rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used In any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems-without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer. Extreme care has been taken in preparation of this work. However, author and publisher make no warranty or representation, expressed or Implied, with respect to accuracy, completeness, or utility of the information contained in this document; nor do the authors or publisher assume any flab/my with respect to the use of or reliance upon, or for damages resulting from the use of or reliance upon, any information, procedure, conclusion, or opinion contained in this document. Mention of products, companies, and services in this book is informational and not an endorsement by authors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 XXX 01 00 99 98 97 96 95 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lagua, Rosalinda T., 1937- Nutrition and diet therapy reference dictionary / Rosalinda T. Lagua, Virginia S. Claudio. --4th ed.. p. cm. Rev. ed. of, Nutrition and diet therapy dictionary, 1991, with authors' names reversed. Includes bibliographical references and Index. ISBN-13: 978-94-011-6880-9 e-isbn-13: 978-94-011-6878-6 001: 10.1007/978-94-011-6878-6 1. Diet therapy--dictionarles. 2. Nutrltion--Dictlonaries. 1. Claudio, Virginia Serrao, 1932- II. Title RM217.L34 1995 613.2' 03--dc20 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data available 95-14630 CIP To order for this or any other Chapman & Hall book, please contact International Thomson Publishing, 7625 Empire Drive, Florence, KY 41042_ Phone, (606) 525-6600 or 1-800-842-3636. Fax, (606) 525-7778. e-mail, order@chaphall.com. For a complete listing of Chapman & Hall's titles, send your request to Chapman & Hall, Dept. BC, 115 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003.

Contents Preface... ix Guide to the Use of the Dictionary... x Dictionary Terms... 1-376 Appendices.... Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences National Research Council Recommended Dietary Allowances, Revised 1989... 377 2 Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes of Selected Vitamins and Minerals... 378 3 Recommended Dietary Standards for Adults in Selected Countries and FAD/WHO... 379 4 The Food Guide Pyramid (USA)... 385 5 Nutrition Labeling (USA)... 387 6 U.S. Daily Values for Nutrition Labeling... 390 7 A Dietary Guidelines for All Healthy Americans over 2 Years Old... 391 7B National Nutrition Objectives for the Year 2000... 392 8 Classification of Carbohydrates... 394 9 Classification of Proteins... 396 10 Classification of Lipids... 398 11A Summary of Digestive Enzymes... 400 11 B Summary of Selected Hormones... 401 12 Utilization of Carbohydrates... 403 13 Utilization of Proteins... 404 14 Utilization of Fats... 405 15 Interrelationship of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat.... 406 v

vi Contents 16 Summary of Vitamins... 407 17 Summary of Minerals... 409 18 Median Weights and Heights for Children from Birth to 18 Years....4ll 19 Average Weights for Men and Women Aged 18-74 Years... 412 20A Acceptable Weights for Men and Women... 413 20B 1983 Metropolitan Height-Weight Tables... 414 21 Estimation of Frame Size and Stature... 415 22 Reference Values for Triceps Skinfold Thickness... 416 23 Reference Values for Midarm Muscle Circumference... 417 24 Estimation of Energy and Protein Requirements... 418 25 Interpretations and Equations for Assessing Nutritional Status... 421 26 Physical Assessment of Nutritional Status... 424 27 Biochemical Assessment of Nutritional Status... 426 28 Reference Values for Blood Lipids... 428 29 Expected 24-Hour Urinary Creatinine Excretion... 429 30 Reference Values for Normal Blood Constituents... 430 31 Normal Reference Values for Urine... 437 32 Dietary Fiber in Selected Foods... 439 33 Alcohol and Caloric Content of Alcoholic Beverages... 440 34 Cholesterol and Fatty Acid Content of Selected Foods (per 100 g of edible portion)... 441 35 Average Caffeine Content of Selected Foods (mg)... 444 36 Salt, Salt Substitutes, and Seasonings: Sodium and Potassium Contents... 445 37 Composition of Milk and Selected Formulas for Infant Feeding... 446 38 Composition of Oral and Intravenous Electrolyte Solutions... 447 39 Proprietary Formulas for Enteral Nutrition... 448 40 Selected Amino Acid Solutions for Parenteral Nutrition... 453 41 Intravenous Fat Emulsions... 455 42 Suggested Intravenous Multivitamin Formulation... 456

Contents vii 43 Caloric Values and Osmolarities of Intravenous Dextrose Solutions... 457 44 Nutrition Therapy in Inborn Errors of Metabolism... 458 45 Common Prefixes, Suffixes, and Symbols... 462 46 Common Abbreviations in Nutrition and the Medical Records... 463 47A Cultural Food Practices... 470 47B Religious Food Practices... 472 48 Public Health Nutrition Programs and Surveys (USA)... 473 49 Agencies and Organizations with Nutrition-Related Activities... 476 50 Sources of Nutrition Information... 483

Preface This new fourth edition of the Nutrition and Diet Therapy Reference Dictionary covers all aspects of nutrition, including assessment of drug-nutrient interactions, laboratory interpretations, enteral and parenteral nutrition support, community and public health nutrition programs, nutrition throughout the life cycle, and such topics as nutrition and the immune system, nutrition labeling, chemical dependency, AIDS, and organ transplantation. Special features of the Dictionary are entries on 130 different diets (listed under D); nutrition therapy for more than 350 disorders, including inborn errors of metabolism; 145 drugs and their effects on nutrition; and more than 150 nutritional products with their main uses and composition. Of particular importance are topics of public health concerns for the 1990s and the year 2000, and dietary recommendations for prevention of major degenerative diseases such as obesity, coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. With more than 3000 carefully selected entries, the new Fourth Edition includes 380 new terms and more than 600 revised and expanded definitions. In choosing the words to be entered and defined, the authors used as their criterion the frequency of use or importance of a term in relation to nutrition. Definitions are cross-referenced to other word entries and the materials found in the Appendix to provide further details and information. All practitioners in the fields of nutrition and dietetics, as well as educators, students, and others interested in nutrition will find this handy desk reference particularly useful. It is easy-to-use and provides instant access to nutrition information. Rosalinda T. Lagua Virginia S. Claudio ix

GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DICTIONARY Word entry. The word or term to be defined is set in boldface. All entries, including abbreviations and compounds of two or more words, have been entered in strict alphabetical order, regardless of any space or hyphens that may occur between them. If two or more variant spellings of a single word exist, the one most frequently used is entered in boldface and the variants are given in the definition. When usage is about evenly divided, both spellings are entered in boldface. Subentries. Groups or classes of definitions related by a common root term appear under that term: anemia, amino acid, dietitian, etc. The series is slightly indented, and each subentry is set in the same boldface type as the main word entry. Definitions. Innumerable definitions have been scrutinized, redefined, or expanded to conform to changing concepts of present-day knowledge. The definitions of a term are numbered when there is more than one distinct meaning or use. The most inclusive definition is presented first, followed by the more restricted meanings. Definitions restricted to specialized fields are preceded by field labels such as "In nutrition," "In medicine," and so on. Advertently omitted are definitions in certain specialized fields that do not have any application in the field of nutrition. A semicolon after a definition generally means that the material that follows is not part of the definition proper but is additional information enlarging on the factual content. Abbreviations. Abbreviations with nutritional significance appear in their proper alphabetical sequence in the dictionary. They are defined in full in word entries for which such abbreviations stand. Cross-references. The user is directed to additional or fuller information by such cross-reference terms as see or see under. Cross-references to related information are identified by the words see also. The word entry to which the user is directed is italicized; when a cross-reference appears under a group entry, the user is instructed to look for the subentry under the word entry for the definition of the specific term. Cross-references to the appendices are not italicized but presented in the same typeface as the definition; the user, however, is clearly directed to the appendices for additional information. Italics. Some words are italicized to indicate to users that such words, in case they are not known to them, are defined elsewhere in the text. Cross-referenced words are also italicized. Nutrient requirements. Unless specified otherwise, nutrient requirements stated are for adults. xi