T-TUBE DRAINAGE VERSUS PRIMARY COMMON BILE DUCT CLOSURE AFTER OPEN CHOLEDOCHOTOMY

T-TUBE DRAINAGE VERSUS PRIMARY COMMON BILE DUCT CLOSURE AFTER OPEN CHOLEDOCHOTOMY Khaled Ahmed El- Dabee, Abd Al-Lateif Ahmed, Mohamed Abdel Aziz Abdel Jawad, Taha Bahgat Salam, Ahmed Eisa Ahmed* and Saed Rizk EL-Gebaly** Departments of General Surgery (Al-Azhar and Sohag* universities) and Radiology department** Faculty of Medicine Al-Azhar University ABSTRACT Closure of the common bile duct over T-tube after exploration is a widely practiced traditional method. However, its use may give rise to many complications. We do primary closure of common bile duct after exploration. Aim of the study is to see the efficacy and safety of the primary closure. T-tube drainage used to be standard practice after surgical choledochotomy, but there is now a tendency in some centers to close the common bile duct primarily. This study was designed to compare the clinical results of primary closure with T- tube drainage after open choledocotomy and assess the safety of primary closure for future application. Methods: This study was conducted at surgical departments of both faculty of medicines in both Al Azhar university Assuite branch and sohag university, from January 2011 to April 2012.Forty patients were included in this study out of which 20 underwent primary closure and 20 T tube placements. It was Quasi-experimental, non-probability, purposive sampling. Main outcome measures were operating time, duration of hospital stay, and postoperative complications. SPSS-10 (one the best smart processing statistical software which is more suitable for such study) was used for data analysis. Results: The age of patients in the study ranged from 28 82 years. There were 3 male while 37 female patients. Group-1 consisted of 20 patients 125

Khaled Ahmed El- Dabee et al underwent primary closure after choledocotomy, while Group-2 also consisted of 20 patients underwent T-tube drainage after duct exploration. Mean hospital stay in Group-1 patients was 7.63 days while in group 2 it was 13.6 days.overall complication rate in group 1 was 15%, biliary leakage in 1 (5%), jaundice in 1 (5%), wound infection in 1 (5%). No re-exploration was required in Group-1. In Group-2 overall complication rate was 30%, biliary leakage in 2 (2%), jaundice in 1 (5%), dislodgement of T-tube in 1 (5%), wound infection in 1 (5%), and sepsis in 1 (5%) patients. Re-exploration was done in one patient. Conclusion: Primary closure of Common Bile Duct (CBD) is a safe and costeffective alternative procedure to routine T-tube drainage after open choledocotomy. Also, safe and it helps to avoid the morbidities related to T- tube. Key words: Common bile duct, Choledochotomy, Choledocholithiasis. T Tube Correspondence to: Khaled Ahmed, Email: khaledsamir@yahoo.com mobile 01229666890 BACKGROUND Choledocholithiasis is the common problem that necessitates surgical intervention. It is managed either by endoscopic sphincterotomy or surgical exploration i.e. choledochotomy.1 Traditionally, common bile duct (CBD) is closed over T-tube but potential of complications exists with this therapeutic modality.2 These include bacteremia, dislodgement of tube, obstruction and/or fracture of tube.3 Furthermore, leakage of bile may be encountered after removal.4 Patient may have to carry it for several weeks before removal.5 All of these lead to prolong length of hospital stay.6 Currently, primary closure of CBD has been described in literature to overcome these adverse consequences of T-tube.7, 8 This study was designed to assess the outcome of primary repair of CBD in terms of operating time, duration of hospital stay and postoperative complications.

MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was conducted at surgical departments of both faculty of medicins in both Al Az-hary university Assuite branch and sohag university, from January 2011 to April 2012. A written concent from all patients subjected to the study. Forty patients having obstructive jaundice, choledocholithiasis suggested by ultrasound, or the presence of stones in the duct palpated preoperatively were included in the study. Patients with pancreatitis, cholangitis or malignancy were excluded from our study. All patients were evaluated with routine investigations.all patients included in study had undergone preoperative investigation complete blood count (CBC), Renal function test (RFT), Liver function test (LFT), Chest X-ray and repeat Ultrasonography before surgery. After taking informed consent they were allocated to two groups, Group-1 for primary closure and Group-2 for T-tube insertion. All patients were given antibiotic 1 hour before induction of anaesthesia. The CBD was opened through a supra-duodenal vertical incision between stay sutures. Stones were taken out and saline flushing followed to ensure patency. after after that the patients of Group-1 CBD was primarily closed with interrupted Vicryl 3/0 and in Group-2 patients T-tube were inserted. Sub-hepatic drain was placed in all patients. T-tube cholangiography was done on the 7t h day in Group-2 patients. Once patency was confirmed intermittent clamping of T-tube was done and removed on 12t h postoperative day. Postoperative complications were compared and hospital stay of the two groups was recorded. Ultrasound and liver function test were done. Bile leakage was defined as any yellow bile-like fluid coming out of the subhepatic drain or after its removal. Ultrasound was done to detect any collection in subhepatic peritoneal space.data were analysed using SPSS-10. Results were represented in tables. 127

Khaled Ahmed El- Dabee et al RESULTS Common Bile Duct (CBD) stones exploration was performed in 40 patients, 3 were men and 37 were women. Twenty patients underwent primary closure while other 20 had T-tube insertion. The age distribution of patients is presented in Figure-1. Figure-1 : Age distribution of patients Thirty-five patients presented with biliary colic, other presentations were obstructive jaundice in 3 patients and acute cholecystitis in 2 patients. The mean postoperative hospital stay in group-1 patient was 7.63±1.63 days while in Group-2 it was 13.6±2.3 days.complications in Group-1 were biliary leak in 1 (5%) patient, postoperative jaundice in 1 (5%) patient, wound infection in 1 (5%) patient with overall complication rate of (15%). In Group-2, 2 (10%) patients had biliary leak, postoperative jaundice developed in 1 (5%), sepsis in 1 (5%), dislodgement of tube in 1 (5%), and wound infection in 1 (5%) patient. Over all complication rate was 30%. All patients with biliary leakage conservatively managed with closed external biliary suction while patient with dislodgement required reoperation.patients with sepsis and infection were treated with antibiotics. Drains were removed between 3 to 6 days and follow-up was done of all patients till 4 months. Hospital stay and postoperative complications are given in Table-1.

Table-1: Hospital stay and postoperative complications in the 2 groups Group -1 ( n=20) Group -2 (n=20) Hospital stay (Days) 7.63 + 1.63 13.6 + 2.3 Jaundice 1 (5%) 1 (5%) Biliary leakage 1 (5%) 2 (10%) Sepsis 0 1 (5%) Wound infection 1 (5%) 1 (5%) Tube dislodgment 0 1 (5%) DISCUSSION In the modern minimally invasive approach era, the current standard protocol for the treatment of CBD stones is to clear and drain the CBD by ERCP, followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, these minimally invasive approaches are not widely practised in many developing countries due to the lack of equipment and trained endoscopists. As mentioned earlier, even in the developed world, in rural settings, there is lack of equipment for these techniques ( Ahmad et al, 2008 ). In Trinidad, the few endoscopists trained in ERCP are not available in the public healthcare system; Hence surgeons are often left with no option other than to continue the practice of open CBD exploration. Furthermore, a Cochrane database review published in 2006 has suggested that ERCP was less successful than open surgery in CBD stone clearance and was associated with a higher mortality (Kharbutli et al,2008). There is also an increased recurrence rate of CBD stones following endoscopic removal (Gurusamy KS, et al, 2010). Many experienced surgeons traditionally choose open biliary surgery and perform this technique with excellent results. Regardless of the technique, the practice of using T-tubes versus primary closure of the bile duct is a subject of dispute, although the trend is towards primary closure (Isla AM et al 2009). Many authors have advocated primary 129

Khaled Ahmed El- Dabee et al closure of the CBD following stone removal (Wills VL, et al, 2010 ) Primary closure without a T-tube is safe and associated with a lower complication rate (Cuschieri et al, 2009 ). However insertion of T-tubes is still routinely practiced in some centres. Choledocholithiasis is a complex procedure with appreciable morbidity and mortality. The mean hospital stay in our study for T-Tube insertion group was much longer (13.6 days) While for primary repair it was only 7.63 days which is in agreement with studies conducted by Ahmad et al 2008, Ambreen et al 2009, Zhang et al, 2010. Another study conducted by Makinen et al, showed shorter hospital stay in T-tube group (not statistically important). The use of a T-tube allows spasm or oedema of sphincter of Oddi to settle after the trauma of exploration. Failure to drain the duct may result in buildup of pressure in the extra hepatic ductal system, leading to leakage or disruption of duct closure with biliary peritonitis. Also it is used for detection and removal of retained stones through tube tract (Boerma Det al, 2010). Despite these potential advantages, morbidity rates are high as depicted in our study. Accidental displacement of T-tube is reported in 1 case in our study. Irfan et al, 2008 required re-exploration in 2 of their cases. Biliary leakage, persistent biliary fistula, excoriation of skin and cholangitis caused by migration of micro-organisms may prolong the hospital stay and delay recovery. Indwelling T-tubes are uncomfortable, require continuous management and restrict the patient s activity because of the risk of dislodgment (Alhamdani A, et al, 2011). Patients on free drainage with T-tubes are at risk of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Postoperative complication rates (Jennifer E, et al 2008 ). Are higher in patients in Group-1 while patients who underwent primary closure had fewer and minor complications which did not require re-operation.

There was no mortality in either group during study and follow-up period. Postoperative complications reported. in other literature and Jameel M, et al,2008 showed that 6 patients had bile leak who underwent primary closure, 2 of them required re-exploration. However in our study 3 out of 20 patients who underwent primary closure, and 4 patients with T-tube had minor biliary leak, but none of these patients required operative measures. Makinen AM et al,2010 reported biliay leak in 10.5% in T-tube group while 6.3% in primary closure group, all managed conservatively. CONCLUSION Primary closure of the common bile duct is safe and effective method and it helps to reduce the morbidity related to T-tube use. It reduces the hospital stay and overall cost and it can be done in most of the cases. 131

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