Perihematomal Edema and Functional Outcomes in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Influence of Hematoma Volume and Location

Perihematomal Edema and Functional Outcomes in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Influence of Hematoma Volume and Location Santosh B. Murthy, MD, MPH; Yogesh Moradiya, MD; Jesse Dawson, MD; Kennedy R. Lees, MD; Daniel F. Hanley, MD; Wendy C. Ziai, MD, MPH; for the VISTA-ICH Collaborators* Background and Purpose Perihematomal edema (PHE) is associated with poor outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). PHE evolves in the early period after ICH, providing a therapeutic target and window for intervention. We studied the effect of PHE volume expansion in the first 72 hours (iphe) and its relationship with functional outcomes. Methods We used data contained in the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive. We included patients who presented within 6 hours of symptom onset, had baseline clinical, radiological, and laboratory data, and further computed tomographic scan data at 72 hours and 90-day functional outcomes. We calculated iphe and used logistic regression analysis to assess relationships with outcome. We adjusted for confounding variables and the primary outcome measure poor day-90 outcome (defined as modified Rankin Scale score of 3. We performed subgroup analyses by location and by volume of ICH. Results We included 596 patients with ICH. Median baseline hematoma volume was 15.0 ml (IQR, 7.9 29.2) and median baseline PHE volume was 8.7 ml (IQR, 4.5 15.5). Hematoma expansion occurred in 122 (34.9%) patients. Median iphe was 14.7 ml (IQR, 6.6 30.3). The odds of a poor outcome were greater with increasing iphe (OR, 1.78; CI, 1.12 2.64 per ml increase). Subgroup analyses showed that iphe was only related to poor functional outcomes in basal ganglia and small (<30 ml) ICH. Conclusions Absolute increase in PHE during 72 hours was associated with worse functional outcomes after ICH, particularly with basal ganglia ICH and hematomas <30 ml. (Stroke. 2015;46:3088-3092. DOI: 10.1161/ STROKEAHA.115.010054.) Key Words: basal ganglia cerebral hemorrhage edema hematoma stroke Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) continues to have poor outcomes, with a mortality rate as high as 50% in the first 30 days, and only 20% of patients having good functional outcome by the end of 6 months. 1 Although the primary injury occurring as a result of the initial hematoma can lead to mass effect, herniation and potentially early death, 2 the ensuing secondary injury has been recognized as a potential target for therapeutic interventions. 3 6 Perihematomal edema (PHE) is the radiological manifestation of secondary injury. 2 PHE is a combination of cytotoxic edema that occurs from mitochondrial failure in the first few hours, followed by vasogenic edema that evolves during the subsequent 5 to 7 days and can persist as long as a month. 7 This vasogenic edema is purported to be orchestrated by thrombin-mediated proinflammatory cytokines, and reactive oxygen species activated by heme breakdown. 8 Despite our current understanding of the pathophysiology of PHE, studies on the impact of PHE on ICH outcomes have yielded conflicting results. 9 11 This may be attributed to small single-center sample sizes, retrospective approaches, and heterogeneity in the indices used to assess PHE and limitations of these indices. For instance, absolute PHE volume at baseline is limited by the fact that it does not factor in the evolution of PHE during the course of the first few days, 9 whereas the criticism for relative PHE (PHE divided by hematoma volume [HV]), is that it does not account for the strong collinearity between PHE and HV. 12 Change in PHE early after ICH has been studied. In 1 study, a 40% increase in PHE in the first 24 hours was not associated with outcomes. 13 A pooled analysis of the Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Trials (INTERACT) 1 and 2 assessed Received May 18, 2015; final revision received August 2, 2015; accepted August 26, 2015. From the Division of Neurosciences Critical Care, Department of Neurology (S.B.M., Y.M., W.C.Z.) and Division of Brain Injury Outcomes (D.F.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.D., K.R.L.). *The Collaborators of VISTA-ICH are listed in the Appendix. Guest Editor for this article was Steven C. Cramer, MD. The online-only Data Supplement is available with this article at http://stroke.ahajournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1161/strokeaha. 115.010054/-/DC1. Correspondence to Santosh B. Murthy, MD, MPH, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St/Phipps 455, Baltimore, MD 21287. E-mail santoshbmurthy@gmail.com 2015 American Heart Association, Inc. Stroke is available at http://stroke.ahajournals.org DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.010054 3088

Murthy et al Perihematomal Edema and ICH Outcomes 3089 PHE as the interval increase in absolute volume during 24 hours and reported a significant association with poor outcomes. 14 Edema growth occurs most rapidly during the first 48 hours, which suggests that a later assessment of edema expansion should better assess the relationship with outcome and in a time window where therapeutic intervention may be easier to deliver. 7 We hypothesized that increase in PHE during 72 hours (iphe) after ICH would be associated with worse functional outcome. We aimed to test this hypothesis and to explore whether there is a subset of ICH patients in whom PHE expansion is most detrimental. Methods Patient Selection We used data contained in the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive ICH (VISTA-ICH). 15 Eligibility for VISTA required the following: (1) documented entry criteria into a trial, with a minimum of 50 randomized patients with ICH; (2) documented consent or waiver of consent of local ethics board; (3) baseline assessment within 24 hours of stroke; (4) baseline assessment of neurological deficit; (5) confirmation of ICH by cerebral imaging within 7 days; (6) outcome assessment between 1 and 6 months with a validated stroke scale; and (7) data validation through monitoring. In addition, the VISTA cohort used in this study consisted of patients in the placebo-controlled arm (nonsurgical and nonintervention) presenting with Noncontrast Computed Tomography (NCCT) proven ICH within 6 hours of symptom onset, and with baseline clinical, radiological, and laboratory data. All patients had follow-up NCCT scan at 72 hours, and 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mrs) score and Barthel Index (BI) scores. Patients with early death or withdrawal of life support (<72 hours) were excluded. Demographics and ICH Characteristics Demographic variables of interest included age, sex, race, and ICH risk factors (comorbidities). All patients had admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores. Baseline clinical data obtained on admission included systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and coagulation parameters (International Normalized Ratio and partial thromboplastin time). HV and PHE volume were calculated using semiautomated planimetry and were read centrally within each specific trial by a single trial neuroradiologist. Anatomic determination of ICH location was also performed by the central neuroradiologist, who visually distinguished involvement of the basal ganglia and cortex using a detailed mapping grid to semiquantitatively score the locations involved with hematoma. In addition, when the anatomic distinction was not clear, the ICHs in the VISTA database were scored as both basal ganglia and lobar. These ICHs were few and were eliminated from the study. Hematoma expansion (HE) was defined as an increase in the absolute baseline HV by either 33% or >12.5 ml on the NCCT at 72 hours. 16 In the absence of a standardized measurement tool for PHE, we used a previously validated measure of PHE, 14 defined as the absolute increase in PHE volume from baseline to 72 hours and designated it as iphe. Outcome Measures The primary outcome measure was poor outcome at day 90 defined as an mrs score of 3. The secondary outcome was BI at day 90. Statistical Analysis Binary logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between iphe (independent variable) and poor outcome on the mrs (response variable). Similarly, we also constructed linear regression models to study the effect of iphe on BI scores (response variable) measured on a continuous scale. Our objective for using 2 different functional outcome scales was to test the consistency of our results. Covariates used for the models included age, admission GCS, baseline HV, HE, lobar location, infratentorial location, intraventricular extension, warfarin use, and time to baseline CT scan. These variables were identified based on significant relationships with outcome on the unadjusted analysis with P<0.05. We then performed 2 subgroup analyses. The first was based on the location of ICH (lobar and basal ganglia) and the second was based on baseline HV, which is a strong independent Table 1. Baseline Demographics and ICH Characteristics of Patients With ICH Demographic Variables ICH Cohort, n= 596 (%) Age, y, mean (SD) 66.0 (56.0 75.0) Sex Males 388 (65.1) Females 208 (34.9) Race Whites 476 (80.3) Blacks 27 (4.6) Asians 78 (13.2) Others 12 (2.0) Diabetes mellitus 110 (18.5) Hypertension 486 (81.5) Hyperlipidemia 124 (20.8) Atrial fibrillation 39 (6.5) Antiplatelet use 85 (14.3) Warfarin use 20 (3.4) Admission HbA1c 6.8 (5.8 8.4) ICH characteristics Admission GCS, median (IQR) 13 (12 14) GCS <9 116 (19.5) Median Baseline NIHSS (IQR) 14 (9 18) Hematoma volume at baseline (cc), median (IQR) 15.0 (7.9 29.2) Hematoma volume at 72 h (cc), median (IQR) 22.6 (10.1 44.5) Hematoma expansion 152 (25.2) PHE at baseline (cc), median (IQR) 8.7 (4.5 15.5) PHE at 72 h (cc), median (IQR) 26.4 (12.8 48.5) Lobar location of ICH 164 (27.5) Basal ganglia ICH 413 (69.3) Thalamus 156 (37.7) Caudate 34 (8.2) Putamen 223 (54.1) Infratentorial ICH 19 (3.2) Median time to initial CT scan (h, IQR) 1.9 (1.4 2.5) Admission systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), 174.0 (154.0 194.0) median (IQR) Admission diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg), 91.0 (80.0 105.0) median (IQR) Admission INR, median (IQR) 1.0 (0.9 1.2) Admission aptt, s, median (IQR) 26.8 (23.6 31.6) Mortality at 90 d 130 (21.8%) Modified Rankin Scale score 3 6 at 90 d 424 (71.1%) aptt indicates partial thromboplastin time; CT, computerized tomography; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; IQR, interquartile range; INR, International Normalized Ratio; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; and PHE, perihematomal edema.

3090 Stroke November 2015 Table 2. Multivariate Analysis of PHE on Functional Outcomes in Patients With ICH Covariates mrs 3 6 at 90 d Barthel Index at 90 d Adj. OR (95% CI) P Value β (SE) P Value Increase in absolute PHE volume 1.78 (1.12 2.64) 0.011* 0.10 (0.09) 0.035* during 72 h (iphe) Age, per year 1.33 (1.10 1.71) <0.001* 0.32 (0.12) <0.001* Hematoma volume, per ml 1.22 (1.05 1.52) 0.045* 0.16 (0.09) <0.001* Admission GCS, per point 0.78 (0.66 0.92) 0.004* 0.26 (0.79) <0.001* Hematoma expansion 2.82 (1.27 6.25) 0.011* 0.23 (4.20) <0.001* Infratentorial location 5.22 (1.39 15.96) 0.016* 0.14 (7.41) <0.001* Intraventricular extension 2.52 (1.46 4.32) 0.001* 0.13 (3.09) <0.001* Warfarin use 3.19 (0.36 27.92) 0.644 0.53 (4.55) 0.595 Time to baseline CT scan 0.94 (0.74 1.35) 0.354 0.05 (1.49) 0.143 CI indicates confidence interval; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; iphe, increase in perihematomal edema; OR, odds ratio; and mrs, modified Rankin Scale. *Indicates P value <0.05. predictor of ICH outcomes and has also been shown to influence PHE. 7,17 We controlled for this confounding effect in a 2-fold manner: (1) by subdividing the population based on HV and (2) by using HV as a covariate in the multivariate model for each subgroup. The study population was divided into 2 groups using a baseline HV cutoff threshold of 30 ml, which has been used in previous studies. 9,18 The effect of iphe on outcomes was assessed separately in each of these subgroups using logistic regression. Covariates included in the primary analyses were used in these models. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (version 21.0, Chicago, IL). All analyses were 2 tailed, and significance level was determined by P<0.05. Results We identified a total of 685 patients with spontaneous ICH. Withdrawal of care and early death (<72 hours) occurred in 89 patients, leaving 596 patients with ICH who were included in the study. The demographics and comorbidities of the study cohort are shown in Table 1. The mean age was 66.0 years with predominantly males (65.1% versus 34.9% females) and white population (80.3% versus other ethnicities). Among comorbidities, hypertension had the highest prevalence (81.5%) followed by diabetes mellitus (18.5%) and hyperlipidemia (20.8%). At baseline, the median HV was 15.0 ml (IQR, 7.9 29.2), whereas the median PHE volume was 8.7 ml (IQR, 4.5 15.5). HE was observed in 122 (34.9%) patients. At 72 hours, the median HV was 22.6 ml (IQR, 10.1 44.5) and the median PHE volume was 26.4 ml (IQR, 12.8 48.5). The median iphe was 14.7 ml (IQR, 6.6 30.3). Death occurred in 130 patients (21.8%), and poor outcome (mrs, 3 6) occurred in 424 patients (71.1%). We assessed the effect of iphe on functional outcome using logistic regression (Table 2). iphe was associated with significantly greater odds of poor outcome (OR, 1.78; CI, 1.12 2.64; P=0.011 per 1 ml increase) after adjustment for confounding variables. It was also associated with 90-day BI (β, 0.10; SE, 0.09; P=0.035). iphe correlated with mrs 3 to 6 (OR, 1.78; CI, 1.12 2.64; P=0.011) and with 90-day BI (β, 0.10; SE, 0.09; P=0.035). In the subgroup analysis based on ICH location, iphe was significantly associated with functional outcome in basal ganglia ICHs. There was no relationship between iphe and outcomes in lobar ICH patients. The differences in baseline ICH characteristics in the basal ganglia and lobar subgroups are shown in Table I in the online-only Data Supplement. In the subgroup analyses based Table 3. Multivariate analysis of iphe on Functional Outcomes in Different Subgroups of Patients With ICH Covariates mrs 3 6 at 90 d Barthel Index at 90 d Adj. OR (95% CI) P Value β (SE) P Value Lobar ICH only (n=164, 27.5%) iphe 0.97 (0.93 1.26) 0.220 0.04 (0.18) 0.452 Basal Ganglia ICH only (n=413, 69.3%) iphe 1. 49 (1.12 1.95) 0.005* 0.15 (0.09) 0.004* HV <30 ml (n=451, 75.7%) iphe 1. 97 (1.24 3.34) 0.035* 0.13 (0.11) 0.024* HV> 30 ml (n=145, 24.3%) iphe 1.11 (0.97 1.31) 0.513 0.16 (0.14) 0.870 Each model was adjusted for age, baseline hematoma volume, admission GCS, hematoma expansion, infratentorial location, intraventricular extension, warfarin use, and time to computerized tomographic scan. CI indicates confidence interval; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; HV, hematoma volume; ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; iphe, increase in perihematomal edema volume during 72 h; mrs, modified Rankin Scale; and OR, odds ratio.

Murthy et al Perihematomal Edema and ICH Outcomes 3091 on HV (Table 3), iphe was significantly associated with poor outcome in the HV <30 ml group (OR, 1.97; CI, 1.24 3.34; P=0.035) and also with BI (β, 0.13; SE, 0.11; P=0.024). However, iphe did not correlate with outcomes in the HV >30 ml subgroup. The distribution of baseline ICH variables in the 2 HV categories is shown in Table II in the online-only Data Supplement. Discussion In this study, iphe was significantly associated with poor functional outcomes after ICH. This association was locationdependent and volume-dependent effect, that is, in small to moderate volume hematomas and basal ganglia ICHs. Several studies have reported an association between PHE and functional outcome after ICH. 12,19,20 Our findings corroborate a similar effect of PHE on functional outcomes of a recent pooled analysis of the INTERACT 1 and 2, where PHE had a significant impact on death or 90-day disability. 14 This study in comparison with ours assessed PHE at 24 hours and did not correct for HE. In addition, we also observed that the influence of PHE on functional outcomes is likely dependent on HV. A similar observation was made in a small single-center prospective study (n=133), where PHE was associated with poor functional outcome (mrs>3) at discharge with smaller ICH volumes (<30 ml), with a 3-fold increase in the odds of severe disability with every 10 ml increase in PHE volume. 9 Use of absolute PHE volumes only on admission and assessment of functional outcomes at discharge were notable shortcomings of the study. As to why PHE has a larger impact in case of smaller volume hematomas could be because of following reasons first, HV is a strong predictor of ICH mortality, 17 and mortality rates approaching 90% are seen with HV >30 ml. 21 This implies that PHE may have a lesser independent influence on outcomes in large ICH. Second, smaller hematomas tend to have larger PHE volumes relative to HV, 22 and PHE may hence have a stronger effect on outcomes in this subset. Because the majority of our study population was composed of patients with small (61.6%) and moderate hematomas (25.4%), the relationship between PHE and functional outcome in these 2 cohorts may have driven the overall effect of PHE on disability. We report for the first time, that the effect of PHE on ICH outcomes is observed in basal ganglia hemorrhages after adjusting for HV. Although ICH location has not been shown to be a predictor of PHE (lobar versus basal ganglia ICHs), 22,23 whether location has an influence on the relationship between PHE and outcomes has not been studied. Presumably, patients with PHE accompanying basal ganglia ICH location may have had higher cerebral herniation events, which may have predisposed to poorer outcomes. Nonavailability of extent of midline shift and herniation events in the VISTA database limited further exploration of these factors. Despite iphe being significantly larger in lobar ICHs compared with basal ganglia hematomas, there was no association with functional outcome at this location. It is possible that the relatively smaller sample size of the lobar population may not have been powered to detect a significant association, or that larger HV in the lobar group drives the association with outcome. Another limitation is that the distinction between lobar and basal ganglia location in cases with overlap may have biased the results toward one group or the other. Our study has some important limitations. First, the VISTA population had low ICH severity because these patients were selected from clinical trials that incorporate stringent selection criteria. The observed mortality rate of 21.8%, which is substantially lower that reported in population-based studies, and the overall low baseline HV limit the generalizability of our results to the general population. Second, like most studies, we only studied the effects of iphe over 72 hours, although it is well known that edema can evolve well beyond this time frame. 7 Caution is warranted before drawing firm conclusions about the lack of association between iphe and outcomes in larger hematomas because our study may have lacked statistical power. Although information was available on admission blood pressure parameters, subsequent blood pressure data were not available. It is possible that blood pressure control had a role to play in the higher proportion of patients with HE in our study; however, it seems less likely that blood pressure had a role in the evolution of PHE because 2 large ICH trials have demonstrated no relationship between these 2 factors. 13,24 We accounted for this limitation by using HE as one of the covariates in the determination of the effect of iphe on ICH outcomes. Despite these limitations, large prospectively collected databases like VISTA provide a unique opportunity to study outcomes in selective ICH cohorts. Conclusions PHE seems to have a significant impact on functional outcomes after spontaneous ICH, particularly in patients with small to moderate volume hematomas. PHE seems to correlate with disability in basal ganglia ICH more than lobar ICH. These findings suggest that basal ganglia hematomas and ICHs with HV<30 cc may represent an optimal target for interventions designed to ameliorate secondary injury in ICH. Appendix VISTA-ICH Steering Committee Collborators are: D.F. Hanley (Chair), K. Butcher, S. Davis, B. Gregson, K.R. Lees, P. Lyden, S. Mayer, K. Muir, and T. Steiner. Sources of Funding Dr Hanley was awarded significant research support through grant numbers 5U01NS062851 for Clot Lysis Evaluation of Accelerated Resolution of Intraventricular Hemorrhage III and for Minimally Invasive Surgery Plus Recombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation (MISTIE) III 1U01NS08082. None. Disclosures References 1. van Asch CJ, Luitse MJ, Rinkel GJ, van der Tweel I, Algra A, Klijn CJ. Incidence, case fatality, and functional outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex, and ethnic origin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:167 176. doi: 10.1016/ S1474-4422(09)70340-0.

3092 Stroke November 2015 2. Ziai WC. Hematology and inflammatory signaling of intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2013;44(6 suppl 1):S74 S78. doi: 10.1161/ STROKEAHA.111.000662. 3. Keep RF, Hua Y, Xi G. Intracerebral haemorrhage: mechanisms of injury and therapeutic targets. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11:720 731. doi: 10.1016/ S1474-4422(12)70104-7. 4. Fu Y, Hao J, Zhang N, Ren L, Sun N, Li YJ, et al. Fingolimod for the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage: a 2-arm proof-of-concept study. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71:1092 1101. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.1065. 5. Lee SH, Park HK, Ryu WS, Lee JS, Bae HJ, Han MK, et al. Effects of celecoxib on hematoma and edema volumes in primary intracerebral hemorrhage: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20:1161 1169. doi: 10.1111/ene.12140. 6. Selim M, Yeatts S, Goldstein JN, Gomes J, Greenberg S, Morgenstern LB, et al; Deferoxamine Mesylate in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Investigators. Safety and tolerability of deferoxamine mesylate in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2011;42:3067 3074. doi: 10.1161/ STROKEAHA.111.617589. 7. Venkatasubramanian C, Mlynash M, Finley-Caulfield A, Eyngorn I, Kalimuthu R, Snider RW, et al. Natural history of perihematomal edema after intracerebral hemorrhage measured by serial magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke. 2011;42:73 80. doi: 10.1161/ STROKEAHA.110.590646. 8. Aronowski J, Zhao X. Molecular pathophysiology of cerebral hemorrhage: secondary brain injury. Stroke. 2011;42:1781 1786. doi: 10.1161/ STROKEAHA.110.596718. 9. Appelboom G, Bruce SS, Hickman ZL, Zacharia BE, Carpenter AM, Vaughan KA, et al. Volume-dependent effect of perihaematomal oedema on outcome for spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhages. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84:488 493. doi: 10.1136/ jnnp-2012-303160. 10. Arima H, Wang JG, Huang Y, Heeley E, Skulina C, Parsons MW, et al; INTERACT Investigators. Significance of perihematomal edema in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: the INTERACT trial. Neurology. 2009;73:1963 1968. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c55ed3. 11. Staykov D, Wagner I, Volbers B, Hauer EM, Doerfler A, Schwab S, et al. Natural course of perihemorrhagic edema after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2011;42:2625 2629. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.618611. 12. Gebel JM Jr, Jauch EC, Brott TG, Khoury J, Sauerbeck L, Salisbury S, et al. Relative edema volume is a predictor of outcome in patients with hyperacute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2002;33:2636 2641. 13. Qureshi AI, Palesch YY, Martin R, Novitzke J, Cruz-Flores S, Ehtisham A, et al; Antihypertensive Treatment of Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Study Investigators. Effect of systolic blood pressure reduction on hematoma expansion, perihematomal edema, and 3-month outcome among patients with intracerebral hemorrhage: results from the antihypertensive treatment of acute cerebral hemorrhage study. Arch Neurol. 2010;67:570 576. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2010.61. 14. Yang J, Arima H, Wu G, Heeley E, Delcourt C, Zhou J, et al; INTERACT Investigators. Prognostic significance of perihematomal edema in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: pooled analysis from the intensive blood pressure reduction in acute cerebral hemorrhage trial studies. Stroke. 2015;46:1009 1013. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007154. 15. Ali M, Bath PM, Curram J, Davis SM, Diener HC, Donnan GA, et al. The Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive. Stroke. 2007;38:1905 1910. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.106.473579. 16. Mayer SA, Brun NC, Broderick J, Davis S, Diringer MN, Skolnick BE, et al; Europe/AustralAsia NovoSeven ICH Trial Investigators. Safety and feasibility of recombinant factor VIIa for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2005;36:74 79. doi: 10.1161/01.STR. 0000149628.80251.b8. 17. Wartenberg KE, Mayer SA. Reducing the risk of ICH enlargement. J Neurol Sci. 2007;261:99 107. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.04.044. 18. Hemphill JC III, Bonovich DC, Besmertis L, Manley GT, Johnston SC. The ICH score: a simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2001;32:891 897. 19. Sansing LH, Messe SR, Cucchiara BL, Lyden PD, Kasner SE. Antiadrenergic medications and edema development after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2011;14:395 400. doi: 10.1007/ s12028-010-9498-z. 20. Li N, Liu YF, Ma L, Worthmann H, Wang YL, Wang YJ, et al. Association of molecular markers with perihematomal edema and clinical outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2013;44:658 663. doi: 10.1161/ STROKEAHA.112.673590. 21. Broderick JP, Brott TG, Duldner JE, Tomsick T, Huster G. Volume of intracerebral hemorrhage. A powerful and easy-to-use predictor of 30-day mortality. Stroke. 1993;24:987 993. 22. Gebel JM Jr, Jauch EC, Brott TG, Khoury J, Sauerbeck L, Salisbury S, et al. Natural history of perihematomal edema in patients with hyperacute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2002;33:2631 2635. 23. McCarron MO, McCarron P, Alberts MJ. Location characteristics of early perihaematomal oedema. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:378 380. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2005.070714. 24. Anderson CS, Huang Y, Arima H, Heeley E, Skulina C, Parsons MW, et al; INTERACT Investigators. Effects of early intensive blood pressure-lowering treatment on the growth of hematoma and perihematomal edema in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: the Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Haemorrhage Trial (INTERACT). Stroke. 2010;41:307 312. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.561795.