Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number 77 Pervaporation, Vapour Permeation and Membrane Distillation Principles and Applications Edited by Angelo Basile, Alberto Figo/i and Mohamed Khayet ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM BOSTON CAMBRIDGE HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier WP WOODHEAD PUBLISHING L
Contents List of contributors Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy Preface xi xiii xvii Part One Pervaporation 1 1 Fundamentals of pervaporation 3 J.G. Crespo, C. Brazinha 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Fundamentals of mass and heat transfer in pervaporation 3 1.3 Process and technological matters in pervaporation 9 1.4 Concluding remarks and future trends 14 References 15 Appendix: notation and abbreviations 17 2 Pervaporation membranes: preparation, characterization, and application 19 A. Figoli, S. Santoro, F. Galiano, A. Basile 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Pervaporation (PV) membrane materials 20 2.3 Characterization of pervaporation membranes 33 2.4 Membrane module configurations for pervaporation 36 2.5 Membranes for pervaporation applications 38 2.6 Future trends and conclusions 53 References 54 Appendix: notation and abbreviations 61 3 Integrated systems involving pervaporation and applications 65 A.A. Babalou, N. Rafia, K. Ghasemzadeh 3.1 Introduction to integrated systems involving pervaporation 65 3.2 Applications of integrated systems involving pervaporation 67 3.3 Conclusions and future trends 79 3.4 Sources of further information and advice 80 References 81 Appendix: abbreviations 85
vi Contents 4 Pervaporation modeling: state of the art and future trends 87 P. Luis, B. Van der Bruggen 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Fundamentals of pervaporation modeling 88 4.3 Applications to improve the efficiency of pervaporation 100 4.4 Conclusions 101 4.5 Future trends 101 4.6 Sources of further information and advice 103 References 103 Appendix: notation 105 5 Next-generation pervaporation membranes: recent trends, challenges and perspectives 107 P. Vandezande 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Modified ceramic membranes 109 5.3 Mixed matrix membranes 116 5.4 Bio-inspired membranes and membrane synthesis approaches 122 5.5 Supported liquid (SL) membranes 127 5.6 Final remarks and future trends 130 5.7 Sources of further information 131 References 131 Appendix: abbreviations 140 Part Two Vapour permeation 143 6 Membranes for vapour permeation: preparation and characterization A. Wolihska-Grabczyk, A. Jankowski 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Polymer membranes 146 6.3 Zeolite membranes 152 6.4 Mixed matrix membranes 161 6.5 Future directions 166 References Appendix: abbreviations 174 7 Integrated systems involving membrane vapor permeation and applications V. Teplyakov, M. Shalygin 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2 Integrated systems involving membrane vapor separation 180 7.3 Applications of membrane vapor separation 192 7.4 Conclusion and sources of further information and advice 196 145 145 167 177
Contents vii 7.5 Future trends in development of membrane vapor separation 197 References 198 Appendix: notation and abbreviations 201 8 Vapour permeation modelling 203 M. Giacinti Baschetti, M.G. De Angelis 8.1 Introduction 203 8.2 Fundamentals of vapour permeation modelling into dense polymeric membranes 204 8.3 Diffusion modelling 206 8.4 Solubility modelling 219 8.5 Vapour permeation in mixed matrix membranes and heterogeneous systems 231 8.6 Future trends 233 8.7 Conclusions 237 References 237 Appendix: notation and abbreviations 243 9 New generation vapour permeation membranes 247 B. Bolto, M. Hoang, S.R. Gray, Z Xie 9.1 Introduction 247 9.2 Current limitations of vapour permeation (VP) 253 9.3 Emerging VP membrane materials 258 9.4 Emerging membrane module configurations 262 9.5 Emerging applications for VP 262 9.6 Conclusions and future trends 266 9.7 Sources of further information 267 Acknowledgements 267 References 267 Appendix: notation and abbreviations 273 Part Three Membrane distillation 275 10 Fundamentals of membrane distillation 277 M. Essalhi, M. Khayet 10.1 Introduction: nonisothermal membrane processes 277 10.2 Key characteristics of membrane distillation 280 10.3 Types of membranes and membrane module configurations for membrane distillation 284 10.4 Membrane distillation theory 289 10.5 Typical application of membrane distillation technology 308 10.6 Conclusions 309 10.7 Future trends and sources of further information and advice 309 Acknowledgments 311
viii Contents References 311 Appendix: abbreviations 316 11 Membranes used in membrane distillation: preparation and characterization 317 L Garcfa-Ferndndez, M. Khayet, M.C. Garda-Payo 11.1 Introduction 317 11.2 Materials for membrane distillation (MD) membranes 319 11.3 Design and fabrication of MD membranes 327 11.4 Characterization of MD membranes 338 11.5 MD membrane modules and testing of MD membranes 341 11.6 Conclusions and future trends 344 11.7 Sources of further information and advice 349 Acknowledgments 349 References 350 Appendix: abbreviations 357 12 Integrated systems involving membrane distillation and applications 361 B. Van der Bruggen, L Pinoy, K. De Sitter, L Eykens, C. Dotremont 12.1 Introduction 361 12.2 Applications of membrane distillation in desalination 362 12.3 Other applications of membrane distillation 369 12.4 Integrated systems involving membrane distillation 375 12.5 Conclusions and future trends 377 12.6 Sources of further information 378 References 378 Appendix: abbreviations 383 13 Modelling of pore wetting in membrane distillation compared with pervaporation 385 M.R. Qtaishat, T. Matsuura 13.1 Introduction 385 13.2 Fundamentals of membrane distillation (MD) modelling and improvement 388 13.3 Review of experimental works on MD membrane pore wetting 390 13.4 Development of a theoretical model for pore wetting in vacuum MD 399 13.5 Conclusions and future directions 409 References 410 Appendix: notation and abbreviations 412
Contents ix 14 Next generation membranes for membrane distillation and future prospects 415 LF. Dumie, S. Smart, M.C. Duke, S.R. Gray 14.1 Introduction 415 14.2 Materials for membrane distillation 416 14.3 Emerging module configurations for membrane distillation 435 14.4 Conclusions and future trends 438 References 439 Appendix: notation and abbreviations 446 Index 449