Lab 16 The Cardiovascular System Heart and Blood Vessels Laboratory Objectives Describe the anatomical structures of the heart to include the pericardium, chambers, valves, and major vessels. Describe the pathway of blood flow through the heart. Name and locate the major arteries and veins of the coronary circulation. Describe the conduction system of the heart. List the phases of the cardiac cycle. Describe the events associated with each phase. Correlate each phase with changes occurring in the heart s electrical signals (ECG) and changes in pressure in the atria and ventricles. List the symptoms of a myocardial infarction. Describe diagnostic tests and changes at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels associated with this condition. Identify the major arteries and veins of the body. 1
Activity 1: Cadaver Video. The Cardiovascular System-The Heart System > See > Cadaver Video. The Cardiovascular System-The Heart (10:03) As you watch the cadaver video of the heart, answer the following questions: 1. Describe the location of the heart. 2. What layers make up the pericardium of the heart? 3. What layers make up the serous pericardium? 4. What 3 veins drain blood into the right atrium? 5. What prevents the backflow of blood as it moves through the chambers and vessels of the heart? 6. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from what vessels? 7. What vessels supply blood to the heart? 8. Where is the SA node located? 2
Activity 2: Visual Anatomy System > Do > Visual Anatomy > Heart > Illustrated Anatomy > a. Heart Surface Features. Anterior external view b. Heart Surface Features. Posterior external view c. Internal anatomy of heart d. Coronary arteries. Anterior view. e. Coronary sinus. Anterior view. 1. What chamber of the heart is not visible from the anterior surface? 2. What is the coronary sinus? Where is it located? 3. Where is the tricuspid and bicuspid valves located? What is the function of the heart valves? 4. Which coronary artery supplies oxygen to the right and left ventricles of the heart? 5. Which cardiac vein is located in the posterior interventricular sulcus? 3
Activity 3: Drag and Drop Blood Flow System > Do > Interactive Exercise: Drag and Drop Blood Flow 1. Is blood in a pulmonary artery oxygenated or deoxygenated? 2. Is blood in a pulmonary vein oxygenated or deoxygenated? 3. Which ventricle pumps oxygenated blood out to the body? 4. Which ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood out to the pulmonary circulation? 5. Which major vessel carries oxygenated blood out to the body? 6. Which major vessel carries deoxygenated blood out to the lungs? 4
Activity 4: Cardiac Cycle System > See > Animation: Cardiac Cycle > Sections 1.1, 2.1, 3.1-3.7 1. What contractions compose a cardiac cycle? 2. Describe the condition of the atria, ventricles, and valves prior to atrial contraction. 3. Atrial contraction increases pressure within the atria. How does this ultimately lead to ventricular contraction? 4. Describe the events of ventricular ejection. 5
Activity 5: Cardiac Cycle System > Do > Interactive Exercise: Cardiac Cycle 1. When blood pressure is measured in the left arm, which phase of the cardiac cycle is reflected by the systolic pressure? 2. When blood pressure is measured in the left arm, which phase of the cardiac cycle is reflected by the diastolic pressure? 3. What is happening in the heart during the period of isovolumetric contraction? 4. What is happening in the heart during the period of isovolumetric relaxation? 6
Activity 6: Cardiac Cycle System > Do > Interactive Concepts and Connections: Cardiac Cycle 1. What causes the valves to open and close in the heart? 2. What causes the lubb dupp sound when the heart beats? 3. How is depolarization and repolarization of the heart s cells visualized on an ECG? 4. During ventricular diastole which valves of the heart are open? Which are closed? 5. During atrial systole which valves of the heart are open? Which are closed? 6. Which phase of the cardiac cycle is occurring when the AV valves are closed and the SL valves are open? 7
Activity 7: Cardiac Output Factors System > Do > Interactive Exercise: Cardiac Output Factors 1. Why is the SA node the pacemaker of the heart? 2. What phase of the cardiac cycle corresponds to the P wave in an ECG? 3. What phase of the cardiac cycle corresponds to the QRS wave in an ECG? 4. What phase of the cardiac cycle corresponds to the T wave in an ECG? 5. How can an ECG help detect heart conditions like a myocardial infarction? 8
Activity 8: The Case Of The Man With A Pain in His Jaw System > Do > Homeostatic Imbalances: The Case Of The Man With a Pain In His Jaw 1. What lifestyle factors contributed to Mr. Lopez s condition? 2. What abnormality is present in Mr. Lopez s ECG? 3. What is CK-MB, and why is it elevated? 4. When oxygen is reduced to the cell, what metabolic method is used to produce ATP? What are the consequences? 5. What are the effects on the pulmonary system as the result of Mr. Lopez s condition? 9
Activity 9: Coronary Vessels Navigation: Wiley Plus > Read, Study, and Practice > Lab Exercise 27. Heart Structure > Do > Activity 5: Coronary Circulation 1. What is another name for the anterior interventricular artery? This name is used more often in a clinical facility. 2. Poor blood flow through the posterior interventricular branch would limit blood flow to which region of the myocardium? 3. Blood flows from the great and middle cardiac veins into which structure? 4. If the heart is full of blood, why does it need its own vascular system? 10
Activity 10: Experiment: Length of Cardiac Cycle Navigation: Wiley Plus > Read, Study, and Practice > Lab Exercise 28. Cardiac Cycle > Reading Content > A - Length of the Cardiac Cycle 1. Why do heart and pulse rates change with exercise? 2. What does the change in the length of diastole have on cardiac output? 3. Can the length of diastole get too short? 11
Activity 11: Artery and Vein Identification Navigation: Wiley Plus > Read, Study, and Practice > Lab Exercise 30. Blood Vessel Identification > Activities 1-12 Correlate the vessels identified in the activities with those listed in the course objectives. 1. Compare the brachiocephalic artery and the brachiocephalic veins. 2. How long is the aorta? 3. Why is are there ulnar veins and redial veins, but only one radial artery and ulnar artery? 12