Slide 1 / 47 Slide 2 / 47 New Jersey enter for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org and is intended for the non-commercial use of students and teachers. These materials may not be used for any commercial purpose without the written permission of the owners. NJTL maintains its website for the convenience of teachers who wish to make their work available to other teachers, participate in a virtual professional learning community, and/or provide access to course materials to parents, students and others. Mendelian Genetics & Inheritance Patterns Multiple hoice Review lick to go to website: www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 47 1 Jean-aptiste Lamarck introduced a theory about inheritance in the early 1800s. Which of the following accurately describes his Theory of cquired haracteristics? www.njctl.org Slide 3 (nswer) / 47 1 Jean-aptiste Lamarck introduced a theory about inheritance in the early 1800s. Which of the following accurately describes his Theory of cquired haracteristics? Offspring traits are the result of the blending of trait the parents. Offspring traits are the result of parent individuals modifying their traits due to use or non-use. Traits are acquired from genes, and arise only from mother not from the father. Traits are acquired from grandparents and skip the generation altogether. Offspring traits are the result of the blending of trait the parents. Offspring traits are the result of parent individuals modifying their traits due to use or non-use. Traits are acquired from genes, [This object and is a pull arise tab] only from mother not from the father. nswer Traits are acquired from grandparents and skip the generation altogether. Slide 4 / 47 2 Gregor Mendel was a critical contributor to our understanding of inheritance today. In his experiments he tracked seven visual traits of pea plants and ensured that they produced offspring identical to themselves. What are the terms that we used to identify two separate factors? genotype; true breeding genotype; cross breeding phenotype; true breeding phenotype; cross breeding Slide 4 (nswer) / 47 2 Gregor Mendel was a critical contributor to our understanding of inheritance today. In his experiments he tracked seven visual traits of pea plants and ensured that they produced offspring identical to themselves. What are the terms that we used to identify two separate factors? nswer genotype; true breeding genotype; cross breeding phenotype; true breeding phenotype; cross breeding
Slide 5 / 47 3 Mendel crossed two plants, called the P generation. The offspring of this cross are known as hybrids. What are hybrids? Slide 5 (nswer) / 47 3 Mendel crossed two plants, called the P generation. The offspring of this cross are known as hybrids. What are hybrids? The result of crossing two true breeding plants; the contain two genes, one of each allele. The result of a hybrid cross; they contain two genes each trait, both carrying the recessive allele. The result of a hybrid cross; they contain two genes each trait, both carrying the dominant allele. The result of crossing two true breeding plants; the contain two genes of identical alleles. The result of crossing two true breeding plants; the contain two genes, one of each allele. The result of a hybrid cross; they contain two genes each trait, both carrying the recessive allele. The result of a hybrid cross; they contain two genes each trait, both carrying the dominant allele. nswer The result of crossing two true breeding plants; the contain two genes of identical alleles. Slide 6 / 47 4 Mendel observed patterns of inheritance for all of the traits he tested. The F1 generation all had a phenotype identical to one of the parents in the P generation. What results did he find for the F2 phenotypes? Slide 6 (nswer) / 47 4 Mendel observed patterns of inheritance for all of the traits he tested. The F1 generation all had a phenotype identical to one of the parents in the P generation. What results did he find for the F2 phenotypes? ½ had the phenotype of one P generation plant; ½ h phenotype of the F1 parents. ¼ had the phenotype of the F1 generation and ¾ ha phenotype of one of the P generation parents. ¾ had the phenotype of the F1 generation and ¼ ha phenotype of one of the P generation parents. The results were not repeatable and identical for the generation, only for the F1 generation. Slide 7 / 47 5 Which of the following statements best describes one aspect of the chromosomal theory of inheritance, posited after Mendel s time? ½ had the phenotype of one P generation plant; ½ h phenotype of the F1 parents. ¼ had the phenotype of the F1 generation and ¾ ha phenotype of one of the P generation parents. ¾ had the phenotype of the [This F1 object generation is a pull tab] and ¼ ha phenotype of one of the P generation parents. nswer The results were not repeatable and identical for the generation, only for the F1 generation. Slide 7 (nswer) / 47 5 Which of the following statements best describes one aspect of the chromosomal theory of inheritance, posited after Mendel s time? hromosomes account for all of the phenotypic trai found in every organism. The hereditary factors from Mendel s experiments a actually single chromosomes. hromosomes can be found within alleles, account different phenotypic traits. The hereditary factors from Mendel s experiments a actually genes located on chromosomes. hromosomes account for all of the phenotypic trai found in every organism. The hereditary factors from Mendel s experiments a actually single chromosomes. hromosomes can be found within alleles, account different phenotypic traits. nswer The hereditary factors from Mendel s experiments a actually genes located on chromosomes.
Slide 8 / 47 elow is a Punnett square showing a cross between two parents. Use this information to respond to the next five questions. P generation: x bb Slide 9 / 47 6 Referring to the Punnett square above, which of the following accurately represents the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of the F1 generation? omplete dominance: = black rat b = white rat Phenotypic ratio 100% white, genotypic ratio 100% Genotypic ratio 100% black, phenotypic ratio 100% Phenotypic ratio 100% black, genotypic ration 100% Phenotypic ratio 50% black, 50% white, genotypic ra 100% b Slide 9 (nswer) / 47 6 Referring to the Punnett square above, which of the following accurately represents the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of the F1 generation? Phenotypic ratio 100% white, genotypic ratio 100% Genotypic ratio 100% black, phenotypic ratio 100% Phenotypic ratio 100% black, genotypic ration 100% nswer Phenotypic ratio 50% black, 50% white, genotypic ra 100% b Slide 10 / 47 7 Using the information in the Punnett square above, how would we refer to the parents and the offspring? One parent homozygous, one is heterozygous, the offspring are homozygous One parent is homozygous dominant, one parent is homozygous recessive, the offspring are heterozyg One parent is homozygous dominant, one parent is heterozygous recessive, the offspring are homozyg dominant One parent is heterozygous dominant, one is hetero recessive, the offspring are heterozygous dominant Slide 10 (nswer) / 47 7 Using the information in the Punnett square above, how would we refer to the parents and the offspring? One parent homozygous, one is heterozygous, the offspring are homozygous One parent is homozygous dominant, one parent is homozygous recessive, the offspring are heterozyg One parent is homozygous dominant, one parent is heterozygous recessive, the [This offspring object is a pull tab] are homozyg dominant nswer One parent is heterozygous dominant, one is hetero recessive, the offspring are heterozygous dominant Slide 11 / 47 8 If we were to cross the offspring in the Punnett square above (known as the F1 generation) what will be the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the F2 generation? Phenotypic ratio 3:1; genotypic ratio 1:2:1 Phenotypic ratio 1:2:1, genotypic ration 3:1 Phenotypic ratio 3:1, genotypic ration 3:1 Phenotypic ratio 1:2:1, genotypic ration 1:2:1
Slide 11 (nswer) / 47 8 If we were to cross the offspring in the Punnett square above (known as the F1 generation) what will be the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the F2 generation? nswer Phenotypic ratio 3:1; genotypic ratio 1:2:1 Phenotypic ratio 1:2:1, genotypic ration 3:1 Phenotypic ratio 3:1, genotypic ration 3:1 Phenotypic ratio 1:2:1, genotypic [This object is a ration pull tab] 1:2:1 Slide 12 (nswer) / 47 9 Mendel used dihybrid crosses in an effort to uncover more information about inheritance patterns. From this he developed two laws of inheritance. Which of the following accurately described the law of segregation? This law states that alleles, on different chromosom be inherited independently of one another. nswer This law states that gametes each carry only one all a trait, to be combined when fertilization occurs. This law states that gametes carry two alleles for ea to ensure adequate inheritance by offspring. This law states that alleles, on the same chromosom be inherited independently of one another. Slide 13 (nswer) / 47 Slide 12 / 47 9 Mendel used dihybrid crosses in an effort to uncover more information about inheritance patterns. From this he developed two laws of inheritance. Which of the following accurately described the law of segregation? This law states that alleles, on different chromosom be inherited independently of one another. This law states that gametes each carry only one all a trait, to be combined when fertilization occurs. This law states that gametes carry two alleles for ea to ensure adequate inheritance by offspring. This law states that alleles, on the same chromosom be inherited independently of one another. Slide 13 / 47 10 What is considered to be incomplete dominance? When the phenotype of the hybrid is the same as fo homozygous recessive. When the phenotype of the hybrid is the same as fo homozygous dominant. When the phenotype of the hybrid shows an in-betw phenotype of the two parents. Then the phenotype of the homozygous dominant s an in-between phenotype of the two parents. Slide 14 / 47 10 What is considered to be incomplete dominance? When the phenotype of the hybrid is the same as fo homozygous recessive. When the phenotype of the hybrid is the same as fo homozygous dominant. nswer When the phenotype of the hybrid shows an in-betw phenotype of the two parents. Then the phenotype of the homozygous dominant s an in-between phenotype of the two parents. cross occurs between a black homozygous mouse and a white homozygous mouse. They produce gray offspring. Use this scenario to respond to the next three questions:
Slide 15 / 47 11 What type of dominance is reflected in the scenario above? Slide 15 (nswer) / 47 11 What type of dominance is reflected in the scenario above? codominance codominance incomplete dominance complete dominance nswer incomplete dominance complete dominance blending of genes blending of genes Slide 16 / 47 12 What are the percentage probabilities for the genotype and phenotype of the offspring? Slide 16 (nswer) / 47 12 What are the percentage probabilities for the genotype and phenotype of the offspring? 100% black; 100% b 100% gray; 100% bb 100% white; 75% b, 25% bb 100% black; 100% b nswer 100% gray; 100% bb 100% white; 75% b, 25% bb 100% gray; 100% b 100% gray; 100% b Slide 17 / 47 13 Referring to the mouse scenario noted above, what is the percentage phenotypic probability if we cross two gray mice from the F1 generation? Slide 17 (nswer) / 47 13 Referring to the mouse scenario noted above, what is the percentage phenotypic probability if we cross two gray mice from the F1 generation? 100% black 75%gray; 25% white 25% black; 50% gray; 25% white 100% black nswer 75%gray; 25% white 25% black; 50% gray; 25% white 50% black; 50% white 50% black; 50% white
Slide 18 / 47 14 cross occurs between a chicken with white feathers and a chicken with black feathers. This results in offspring with some black feathers and some white feathers. What type of inheritance is this? Slide 18 (nswer) / 47 14 cross occurs between a chicken with white feathers and a chicken with black feathers. This results in offspring with some black feathers and some white feathers. What type of inheritance is this? incomplete dominance complete dominance codominance blended dominance incomplete dominance complete dominance codominance nswer blended dominance Slide 19 / 47 Slide 19 (nswer) / 47 15 Sickle cell disease is the result of one gene abnormality. When two recessive alleles occur, sickle cell disease is inherited. The disease results in mis-shaped hemoglobin. What type of molecule is hemoglobin? protein carbohydrate lipid RN 15 Sickle cell disease is the result of one gene abnormality. When two recessive alleles occur, sickle cell disease is inherited. The disease results in mis-shaped hemoglobin. What type of molecule is hemoglobin? protein carbohydrate lipid RN nswer Slide 20 / 47 16 Polygenic inheritance refers to which of the following conditions of inheritance? Slide 20 (nswer) / 47 16 Polygenic inheritance refers to which of the following conditions of inheritance? When one allele affects more than one trait. When multiple alleles affect one trait. When multiple alleles affect multiple traits. When one allele affects more than one trait. nswer When multiple alleles affect one trait. When multiple alleles affect multiple traits. When one allele dominates another allele. When one allele dominates another allele.
Slide 21 / 47 17 group of individuals have lived for generations on an island. Their average height is 5 feet 2 inches. Eventually, ships stop by the islands bringing more fruits, vegetables and meats to their diet and more food overall. While the islanders continue to marry islanders and produce children, over generations the average height of the islander population reaches 5 feet 6 inches. What was most likely the main factor in this change? Slide 21 (nswer) / 47 17 group of individuals have lived for generations on an island. Their average height is 5 feet 2 inches. Eventually, ships stop by the islands bringing more fruits, vegetables and meats to their diet and more food overall. While the islanders continue to marry islanders and produce children, over generations the average height of the islander population reaches 5 feet 6 inches. What was most likely the main factor in this change? changes and mutations in the genes within the island population of islanders changes in nutrition that affected the phenotype, fully expressing the genotype an influx of new genes from the incoming human population the effect of medications brought by the ships stopping at the island Slide 22 / 47 changes and mutations in the genes within the island population of islanders changes in nutrition that affected the phenotype, fully expressing the genotype an influx of new genes from the incoming human population nswer the effect of medications brought by the ships stopping at the island Slide 23 / 47 18 What is the percentage probability that this couple will have a child with cystic fibrosis? man who is a carrier for cystic fibrosis marries a woman who is a carrier for cystic fibrosis. Respond to the next three questions based upon this scenario. 50% 100% 75% 25% Slide 23 (nswer) / 47 18 What is the percentage probability that this couple will have a child with cystic fibrosis? Slide 24 / 47 19 What is the percentage probability that they will have a child who is a carrier? 50% 100% 75% nswer 50% 100% 75% 25% 25%
Slide 24 (nswer) / 47 19 What is the percentage probability that they will have a child who is a carrier? Slide 25 / 47 20 The couple in the above scenario has four children. How many of their children will have cystic fibrosis? 50% 100% 75% 25% nswer one two it could be none to all of their children it depends whether they are male or female Slide 25 (nswer) / 47 20 The couple in the above scenario has four children. How many of their children will have cystic fibrosis? Slide 26 / 47 21 Issues with inbreeding often occur with dog breeds, such as German shepherds. How can we best describe inbreeding? one two nswer it could be none to all of their children it depends whether they are male or female successive breeding with individuals from a variety populations successive breeding with individuals from within on population breeding between different breeds to produce new b breeding the same set of parents more than once Slide 26 (nswer) / 47 Slide 27 / 47 21 Issues with inbreeding often occur with dog breeds, such as German shepherds. How can we best describe inbreeding? successive breeding with individuals from a variety populations successive breeding with individuals from within on population nswer breeding between different breeds to produce new b breeding the same set of parents more than once 22 How does inbreeding increase the probabilities of recessive disorders? arriers have an increased chance of reproducing together to produce a homozygous recessive condi Homozygous recessive individuals are more likely t an reproduce when based within strong families. Spontaneous mutations are increased when closely related organisms reproduce successively The probability that individuals who are homozygou recessive increase as the heterozygous conditions increase
Slide 27 (nswer) / 47 22 How does inbreeding increase the probabilities of recessive disorders? Slide 28 / 47 23 What is true about the majority of sex-linked disorders in humans? arriers have an increased chance of reproducing together to produce a homozygous recessive condi Homozygous recessive individuals are more likely t an reproduce when based within strong families. nswer Spontaneous mutations are increased when closely related organisms reproduce successively The probability that individuals [This object who is a pull are tab] homozygou recessive increase as the heterozygous conditions increase Females have a high probability of inheriting sex lin disorders Males have a higher probability of inheriting sex link disorders Gender does not play a role in the probability of inh a sex linked disorder Females have a higher probability of inheriting rece sex linked disorders. Slide 28 (nswer) / 47 23 What is true about the majority of sex-linked disorders in humans? Slide 29 / 47 Use the information and the Punnett square below to respond to the next three questions: Females have a high probability of inheriting sex lin disorders Males have a higher probability of inheriting sex link disorders nswer Gender does not play a role in the probability of inh a sex linked disorder Females have a higher probability [This object is a of pull tab] inheriting rece sex linked disorders. Hemophilia is an X linked recessive disorder y Slide 30 / 47 24 What are the chances that this couple will have a child with the hemophilia? Slide 30 (nswer) / 47 24 What are the chances that this couple will have a child with the hemophilia? 75% 75% 50% 25% 0% 50% 25% 0% nswer
Slide 31 / 47 25 The mother undergoes amniocentesis during her pregnancy, and is told that the child she is carrying is a boy. What are the chances that her son will have hemophilia? Slide 31 (nswer) / 47 25 The mother undergoes amniocentesis during her pregnancy, and is told that the child she is carrying is a boy. What are the chances that her son will have hemophilia? 75% 75% 50% 25% 0% 50% 25% 0% nswer Slide 32 / 47 26 The mother has a second pregnancy four years later. She is told that her baby will be a girl. What are the chances that her daughter will be have hemophilia? Slide 32 (nswer) / 47 26 The mother has a second pregnancy four years later. She is told that her baby will be a girl. What are the chances that her daughter will be have hemophilia? 75% 75% 50% 25% 50% 25% nswer 0% 0% Slide 33 / 47 27 Which of the following is accurate about an X- linked trait? Slide 33 (nswer) / 47 27 Which of the following is accurate about an X- linked trait? There is a 50% chance that a son inherits an X-linke There is a 25% chance that a son inherits an X-linke There is 0% chance that a son inherits an X-linked t There is an 80% chance that a son inherits an X-link There is a 50% chance that a son inherits an X-linke There is a 25% chance that a son inherits an X-linke nswer There is 0% chance that a son inherits an X-linked t There is an 80% chance that a son inherits an X-link
Slide 34 / 47 28 Prenatal or fetal tests can be performed that can provide information about the genetic make-up. Which of the following is based upon family history to estimate probabilities of genetic disorders? Slide 34 (nswer) / 47 28 Prenatal or fetal tests can be performed that can provide information about the genetic make-up. Which of the following is based upon family history to estimate probabilities of genetic disorders? amniocentesis nswer amniocentesis pedigrees pedigrees chorionic villus sampling chorionic villus sampling fetoscopy fetoscopy Slide 35 / 47 Use the pedigree shown below to answer the next two questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Slide 36 / 47 29 Given the information provided in the pedigree above, what can we determine about the trait seen in the darkened circles and squares? The trait is autosomal dominant The trait is autosomal recessive The trait is x-linked dominant The trait is x-linked recessive http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/ files/bio%20101/io%20101%20laboratory/pedigree%20nalysis/peigree.htm Slide 36 (nswer) / 47 29 Given the information provided in the pedigree above, what can we determine about the trait seen in the darkened circles and squares? Slide 37 / 47 30 What are the genotypes of the parents in level 1, in the above pedigree? The trait is autosomal dominant The trait is autosomal recessive nswer The trait is x-linked dominant The trait is x-linked recessive mother is homozygous dominant, father is homozyg recessive mother is homozygous recessive, father is homozyg dominant mother is homozygous recessive, father is heterozy mother is heterozygous, father is homozygous dom
Slide 37 (nswer) / 47 30 What are the genotypes of the parents in level 1, in the above pedigree? mother is homozygous dominant, father is homozyg recessive mother is homozygous recessive, father is homozyg dominant nswer mother is homozygous recessive, father is heterozy mother is heterozygous, father [This object is is homozygous a pull tab] dom Slide 38 / 47 31 What determines maleness in humans? n extra Y chromosome, resulting in YY single X chromosome, resulting in XO single Y chromosome, regardless of number of X chromosomes. single X chromosome, regardless of the presence Y chromosomes. Slide 38 (nswer) / 47 31 What determines maleness in humans? Slide 39 / 47 32 What does the term autosomal refer to? n extra Y chromosome, resulting in YY single X chromosome, resulting in XO single Y chromosome, regardless of number of X chromosomes. nswer single X chromosome, regardless of the presence Y chromosomes. The non XY chromosomes found in an organism The XY chromosomes found in an organism The dominant homozygous trait The recessive homozygous trait Slide 39 (nswer) / 47 32 What does the term autosomal refer to? The non XY chromosomes found in an organism The XY chromosomes found in an organism nswer The dominant homozygous trait The recessive homozygous trait Slide 40 / 47 33 Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between a dominant and a recessive allele? The dominant allele physically alters the recessive a so that it cannot be expressed The dominant allele blends with the recessive allele produce an in-between trait The dominant allele is expressed however the reces allele is unaltered. The dominant allele is more common in the species population than the recessive.
Slide 40 (nswer) / 47 33 Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between a dominant and a recessive allele? Slide 41 / 47 34 What type of organisms (for the trait of flower color) are shown crossed in the image below? The dominant allele physically alters the recessive a so that it cannot be expressed nswer The dominant allele blends with the recessive allele produce an in-between trait false breeding plants heterozygous plants self-breeding plants true breeding plants The dominant allele is expressed [This object is however a pull tab] the reces allele is unaltered. http://cubocube.com/dashboard.php?a=1181&b=1259&c=103 The dominant allele is more common in the species population than the recessive. Slide 41 (nswer) / 47 34 What type of organisms (for the trait of flower color) are shown crossed in the image below? false breeding plants nswer heterozygous plants self-breeding plants true breeding plants http://cubocube.com/dashboard.php?a=1181&b=1259&c=103 Slide 42 / 47 35 The probability of an event, such as inheriting a recessive allele, is ½. The probability of inheriting a second recessive allele is ½. What, then, is the probability of inheriting two recessive alleles? 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/10 Slide 42 (nswer) / 47 35 The probability of an event, such as inheriting a recessive allele, is ½. The probability of inheriting a second recessive allele is ½. What, then, is the probability of inheriting two recessive alleles? Slide 43 / 47 36 onsider a dihybrid cross between two rabbits Llb x Llb. What are the phenotypic ratios of the offspring? (L = long ears l = short ears; = black b = white) 1/2 1/4 nswer 12 Long lack: 4 short white 9 Long white: 3 Long lack: 3 short lack: 1 short w 1/8 9 Long lack; 3 Long white: 3 short lack: 1 short w 1/10 12 short lack: 4 Long lack
Slide 43 (nswer) / 47 36 onsider a dihybrid cross between two rabbits Llb x Llb. What are the phenotypic ratios of the offspring? (L = long ears l = short ears; = black b = white) Slide 44 / 47 37 lood type in humans is the result of multiple alleles. lood type is also an example of which type of inheritance pattern? nswer 12 Long lack: 4 short white 9 Long white: 3 Long lack: 3 short lack: 1 short w 9 Long lack; 3 Long white: 3 short lack: 1 short w 12 short lack: 4 Long lack omplete dominance Incomplete dominance o-dominance X-linked inheritance Slide 44 (nswer) / 47 Slide 45 / 47 37 lood type in humans is the result of multiple alleles. lood type is also an example of which type of inheritance pattern? 38 female who is O (i, i O ) mates with a male who is O (i, i O ). What possible blood types can their children inherit? nswer omplete dominance Incomplete dominance Types,,, and O Types and O o-dominance Types and X-linked inheritance Types, and O Slide 45 (nswer) / 47 38 female who is O (i, i O ) mates with a male who is O (i, i O ). What possible blood types can their children inherit? nswer Types,,, and O Types and O Types and Types, and O Slide 46 / 47 39 efore having children, a couple prepares a pedigree of their family for one particular autosomal dominant disorder. They chart all of their relatives back three generations. From this information, can they determine whether or not they will have a child with the disorder? It is possible, but not guaranteed. Yes, they can absolutely tell from this information No, it is not possible with this type of disorder. Yes, they can know with certainty.
Slide 46 (nswer) / 47 39 efore having children, a couple prepares a pedigree of their family for one particular autosomal dominant disorder. They chart all of their relatives back three generations. From this information, can they determine whether or not they will have a child with the disorder? It is possible, but not guaranteed. nswer Yes, they can absolutely tell from this information No, it is not possible with this type of disorder. Yes, they can know with certainty. Slide 47 / 47 40 What is meant by the term pleiotropy? When a single allele affects a single phenotype When a single allele affects multiple phenotypes When multiple alleles affect multiple phenotypes When multiple alleles affect a single phenotype Slide 47 (nswer) / 47 40 What is meant by the term pleiotropy? When a single allele affects a single phenotype nswer When a single allele affects multiple phenotypes When multiple alleles affect multiple phenotypes When multiple alleles affect a single phenotype