Protein and energy values of feeds for pigs: french proposals Jean NOBLET, Bernard SEVE & Gilles TRAN INRA 35590 St Gilles (France) AFZ 75231 Paris (France) 1 2 2002;2004 2004 2004 Ingredients Choice and composition of ingredients - 105 ingredients ("currently" available) - 15 fat sources - 5 amino acids and analogues 3 4
Chemical composition - From "AFZ Animal feeds data bank" - Crude nutrients, gross energy, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, etc. Average composition of "currently" available ingredients Protein value for pigs But chemical characteristics of an ingredient must be consistent Equations 5 6-3 locations - 430 tested ingredients - 51 ingredients - Ileo-rectal anastomosis Data for AA tables INRA ITCF Ajinomoto Apparent and standardised ileal digestibility of AA Ileal Digestibility Standardised Apparent Aventis Apparent dig. = (AA feed - AA digesta)/aa feed Ingested amino acid, g/d 7 Standardised digestibility = (AA feed -(AA digesta - Basal AA loss))/ AA feed 8
Lysine content of some ingredients* Total Diet 100 Ingredients Maize 29 Wheat 36 Wheat bran 68 Soybean meal 340 AA mixture** 4580 Digestible (ileal) 100 26 33 53 353 5180 * As % of the lysine content of a diet containing wheat (67%), soybean meal (16%), fat (2.5%), wheat bran (5%), peas (5%), HCl-lysine (0.10%), methionine (0.05%), threonine (0.5%),...) 9 ** 50% HCl-lysine, 25% threonine, 25% methionine Energy value for pigs 10 Construction of the tables: approaches Digestibility of energy (de) in the growing pig GE Chemical composition Estimation of de% = equations (and dcp, dom, dfat; ST and SU: 100% digestible); + effect of stage/bw DE = GE x de Estimation of E urines and E gas (+ digestible nutrients) ME = DE E urines E gas NE = f(de + ) and f(me + ) and f(digestible nutrients): mean of 3 11 Only from literature data (n # 650) Intra-family equations de, % 90 70 50 30 Wheat and by- products -0.88 10 30 50 70 NDF, % DM Equations at: http://www.inapg.inra.fr/ens_rech/dsa/afz/tables/energy_pig.htm12
Digestibility of energy in the growing pig and the adult sow (1) Ed, % 100 80 60 Growing Adult -0.90-0.64 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 NDF, % 70 diets; Le Goff and Noblet, 2001 13 dif DE, MJ/kg DM 4 3 2 1 0 Digestibility of energy in the growing pig and the adult sow (2) +7.9 +4.2 +2.9 +7.1 Soybean Maize Total Wheat 0 100 200 300 400 500 NDOMg, g/kg DM NDOMg: Undigestible organic matter in the growing pig; dif DE = DE adult sow DE growing pig (MJ/kg DM) DE adult = DE growth + a x NDOMg "a" values at: http://www.inapg.inra.fr/ens_rech/dsa/afz/tables/energy_pig.htm 14 Other factors of variation of energy digestibility in pigs DE ME New products!!! Technology: heat treatment, pelleting, particle size, Feeding level (limited in practice) Biotechnology: enzymes, Interactions? In the growing pig: E urines, MJ/kg DM = 0.19 + 0.0310 x N urines (g/kg DM) with N urines = 50% digestible N E methane, kj = 0.67 x DRes (g) 15 Noblet et al., 2002 16
NE measurements Net energy = ME - Heat increment Net energy = ME - (HP - FHP) Net energy = RE + FHP Efficiencies of utilization of ME of nutrients for growth in swine (k g, %) Crude protein Crude fat Starch Dietary fiber FHP # 750 kj/kg BW 0.60 Utilisation of the same NE prediction equations 17 18 58 90 82 58 Values confirmed in recent trials and with different methodologies Efficiencies are comparable (relatively) in the growing pig and in the adult sow (at maintenance) Noblet et al., 1994 Estimation of NE content (MJ/kg DM) (Noblet et al., 1994, 2002; 61 diets in 40-50 kg pigs) NE2 = 0.0121 DCP + 0.0350 DEE + 0.0143 Starch + 0.0119 Sugars + 0.0086 DRes (RSD = 0.25) NE4 = 0.703 DE + 0.0066 EE + 0.0020 Starch - 0.0041 CP - 0.0041 CF (RSD = 0.18) NE7 = 0.730 ME + 0.0055 EE + 0.0015 Starch - 0.0026 CP - 0.0041 CF (RSD = 0.17) Six energy values per ingredient DE, ME and NE for growing pigs (+ piglets) DE, ME and NE for adult pigs (pregnant and lactating sows) NE in tables = Mean of NE2, NE4 & NE7 More info at: Equations applicable at all stages of pig production 19 http://www.inapg.inra.fr/dsa/afz/tables/energy_pig.htm 20
Estimation of energy value: simplified prediction method (growing pig) Feeding table NE = GE x de x ME/DE x NE/ME Energy value in the adult pig: simplified prediction method Eds/Edg, % = 100 + (a/100) (100 Ash) x (100 b x Edg) / DEg MEs/DEs and NEs/MEs = Constant Equations Constant s: adult pig; g: growing pig; a: correction factor; Ed: energy digestibility, %; b: OMd/Ed (in growing pig) Equations and constant at: http://www.inapg.inra.fr/ens_rech/dsa/afz/tables/energy_pig.htm 21 Values at : http://www.inapg.inra.fr/ens_rech/dsa/afz/tables/energy_pig.htm 22 Comparison of DE and NE systems* DE Compound feed 100 Ingredients Maize Wheat Pea Wheat bran Soybean meal Fat 103 101 101 68 107 243 + + - - -- ++ NE 100 112 106 98 63 82 300 * As % of the energy value of a compound feed (wheat: 67%, soybean meal: 16% 23 fat: 2.5%, wheat bran: 5%, peas: 5%, ) Performance of growing pigs according to energy evaluation system (1) CP, % 19.0 Amino acids + Energy intakes, MJ/d* DE 38.9 a ME 37.1 a NE 27.6 14.6 +++ 37.3 b 36.1 b 27.5 *Energy intakes 30-100 kg and adjusted for the same BW gain (1080 g/day) and the same body composition at slaughter 24 Le Bellego et al., 2001
Performance of growing pigs according to energy evaluation system (2) Fat addition, % 0 2 4 6 NE intake, /day 100 101 104 104 Jean.Noblet@rennes.inra.fr Feed : gain* MJ ME/kg 100 100 99 98 MJ NE/kg 100 100 100 100 *Adjusted for the same feeding level http://www.inapg.inra.fr/dsa/afz/tables/energy_pig.htm De la Llata et al., 2001 25 26