Intenational Jounal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 2016, 3 (3), 50-59 Intenational Jounal of Psychology and Educational Studies www.ijpes.com The Relationship between Pesonality Factos and Oganizational Commitment of Ianian Pimay School Pincipals Mohammad Javad Shabahang 1, Malahat Amani 2 1 Islamic Azad Univesity, Ian 2 Malahat Amani, Univesity of Bojnod, Ian ARTICLE INFO Aticle Histoy: Received 02.02.2016 Received in evised fom 18.05.2016 Accepted 09.08.2016 Available online 01.09.2016 ABSTRACT This study was conducted with the aim of identfying to study the elationship between pesonality factos and oganizational commitment among a goup of Ianian pimay school pincipals. The sample included all the 108 pimay school pincipals of Adabil, a nothen city of Ian. The study dew on a desciptive coelational eseach design. The eseach instuments consisted of The Sixteen Pesonality Facto Questionnaie (16PF) and Oganizational Commitment Questionnaie (Meye & Alen, 1991).The data wee analyzed though Peason and Speaman coelations, Independent t-test and Mann- Whitney U-test. The esults showed that thee was a significant elationship between the pesonality facto of emotional stability and oganizational commitment. In addition, thee wee negative significant elationships between the pesonality factos of self-assued, consevative, goup-dependent and oganizational commitment. Howeve, no othe pesonality facto was significantly coelated with oganizational commitment. Moeove, no significant diffeence was found between male and female pincipals egading thei oganizational commitment. As emotional stability was a significant pedicto of oganizational commitment and oganizational commitment is associated with positive woking outputs, it is highly suggested that oganizations pay special attention to the pesonality featues of the human esouces fo employment. 2016IJPES. All ights eseved Keywods: 3 Oganizational commitment, pesonality factos, pimay schools pincipals 1.Intoduction Oganizational commitment is an impotant occupational and oganizational constuct getting the attention of many eseaches of oganizational behavio and psychology, especially social psychology. It has been divesely conceptualized and classified. All of these divese definitions ae identical in that they focus on the link between the individuals and thei oganizations. Howeve, they ae diffeent in the extent to which they emphasize on the link between the two (Mathieu, &Zajac, 1990). 1 javad.shabahang@gmail.com, Islamic Azad Univesity, Ian 2 Coesponding autho s addess: Univesity of Bojnod, 4th km Esfaayen Road Bojnud, Noth Khoasan 9453155111 Ian Telephone: +985842410700 e-mail: m.amani@ub.ac.i http://dx.doi.og/10.17220/ijpes.2016.03.006 2014Intenational Jounal of Psychology and Educational Studies (IJPES) is suppoted by Educational Reseaches and Publications Association (ERPA)
Mohammad Javad Shabahang, Malahat Amani In Gemlik, Sisman, and Signi s(2010) tems, oganizational commitment is a multi-dimensional constuct efeing to an individual s psychological association with an oganization. Similaly, Douglas (2010) defined oganizational commitment as an individual s feeling of unity with an oganization. This commitment can be chaacteized by the individual's tust in an oganization and its values and objectives, and the tendency towads impoving and staying with the oganization. Aghdasi, Kiamanesh, and Ibahim (2011) believed that the individuals who feel stongly attached with and expess a highe ate of solidaity with an oganization ae consequently psychologically happie. In othe wods, oganizational commitment is an individual s feeling of commitment to emain in an oganization. This feeling is the esult of the employee s expeience on nomative pessue (Mahdi,Gulam Mohd,& Almsafi, 2013). Meye and Allen (1991) defined oganizational commitment as a kind of mental state indicating inclination, equiement o obligation to continue woking in an oganization. They epesented a thee-dimensional model of oganizational commitment consisting of affective, continuance, and nomative components. Continuance commitment is the esult of an individual's awaeness of the consequences of leaving the oganization. It means that the employee continues to emain in the oganization because he/she needs to do so as a esult of analyzing the benefits. On the contay, affective commitment is the feeling of intenal belonging to the oganization. In this kind of commitment, an individual decides to emain in the oganization because he/she has a positive feeling about and attitudes towads the oganization and its objectives and values. The employee emains in the oganization in ode to fulfill those objectives and values. If the values and objectives of the oganization change, the individual will immediately leave the oganization. Finally, nomative commitment means that an individual decides to stay in an oganization only due to the pessue of noms and moalities. In this case, the individual does not know what the colleagues' judgments will be afte he/she leaves the oganization (Meye & Allen, 1991). Some eseaches suggest that the impotance of oganizational commitment is fo its elevance with pofessional issues such as absenteeism, job quitting, job satisfaction, job involvement, pefomance, and the elationship between supeviso and subodinates (Finegan, 2000). A ange of studies have focused on the elationship between oganizational commitment and job satisfaction (Mathieu &Zajac, 1990; Tett & Meye, 1993). In one of the ecent studies of the type, Yucel and Bektas (2012) found that oganizational commitment was positively coelated with job satisfaction. They also found that age diffeences affected the elationship between oganizational commitment and job satisfaction, but it was not a linea elationship. Some suvey and meta-analysis studies have epoted that oganizational commitment plays an impotant ole in the pediction of job behavio (Riketta, 2002). The pevious studies have also indicated that oganizational commitment is significantly coelated with oganizational citizenship behavio, displacement, job pefomance, motivation of employees. It also plays an impotant ole in undestanding and inceasing efficiency (Chughtai& Zafa, 2006; Riketta& Van Dick, 2005). The esults of a meta-analysis of 67 studies containing 27500 individuals showed that thee was a negative elationship between oganizational commitment and absenteeism (Giffeth,Hom&Gaetne, 2000). These esults suggest that manages should pay moe attention to oganizational commitment in ode to incease job satisfaction, and job pefomance and to educe absenteeism. The teaches and pincipals like othe people have thei own unique abilities, motivations, inteests, and inclinations because they have diffeent attitudes, knowledge, and value systems. It is quite evident that these diffeent pesonality featues can affect thei acts and behavios. Psychologists have defined pesonality as a patten of elatively stable qualities, tendencies, and chaacteistics that, to some extent, give duability to individuals' behavios (Feist, & Feist, 2002). Cattell(1973)defined pesonality attibutes o factos as elatively pemanent tends fo action and eaction, which ae ooted in basic units of pesonality. Afte 20 yeas of intensive eseach on pesonality factos, he detemined 16 pofound attibutes as the basic factos of pesonality (Feist & Feist, 2002). Accoding to this pesonality model, evey peson can have cetain attibutes and tendencies towads the duties and objectives of the oganization. Thus, pesonality diffeences can lead to ceativity, o can affect the decisions and oganizational behavios of the employees. Some studies have indicated significant elationships between extavesion/intovesionand oganizational commitment (Kuma&Bakhshi, 2010; Chu, 2010; Chandel, Shama& Bansal, 2011; Panaccio& Vandenbeghe, 51
Intenational Jounal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 2016, 3 (3), 50-59 2012; Kappagoda, 2013).Anothe eseach stand have exploed the elationship between conscientiousness and oganizational commitment (Mohammad Tahei, 2011; Jin, Watkins& Yuen, 2009; Kuma&Bakhshi, 2010;Chandel, Shama& Bansal, 2011; Kappagoda, 2013). In addition, anothe goup of studies have epoted negative elationships between neuoticism and oganizational commitment (Jin, Watkins& Yuen, 2009; Chu, 2010; Kuma &Bakhshi, 2010; Chandel, Shama& Bansal, 2011; Kappagoda, 2013). Some othe studies indicated a significant elationship between openness to new expeience and oganizational commitment (Kuma&Bakhshi, 2010; Kappagoda, 2013), while the diection of the elationship was not the same fo all of them.finally, ageeableness and oganizational commitment have been found to be significantly coelated (Kuma, &Bakhshi, 2010; Panaccio& Vandenbeghe 2012; Kappagoda, 2013). In geneal, the liteatue shows that pesonality taits o attibutes can influence the decisions and oganizational behavios of employees. As pesonality factos have been found to geneally influence the way people decide and behave, a ange of studies have investigated the elationship between pesonality factos and oganizational commitment of employees. Majoity of these studies have dawn on the five-facto model of pesonality to investigate the elationship between pesonality factos and oganizational commitment and no study has used 16 pesonality factos of Cattell. In addition, the pevious studies have investigated divese samples of employees while no study has exploed pimay school pincipals fo the elationship between thei pesonality factos and oganizational commitment. No study has been conducted on the elationship between the 16 Pesonality Facto Questionnaie (16PF) and oganizational commitment of pimay school pincipals eithe. Thus, the pesent study aimed at investigating a goup of Ianian pimay school pincipals fo the elationship between thei pesonality factos and oganizational commitment. The pesent study could yield evealing esults fo the schools to employ bette pincipals, and to tain and pepae them as effectively as possible fo thei job position. The study addessed this eseach question: Is thee any statistically significant elationship between the pesonality factos and oganizational commitment of Ianian pimay school pincipals?" 2.Method This study has a desciptive coelation eseach design. It studies the elationship between pesonality factos and oganizational commitment of pimay schools pincipals in Adabil city, a nothen city of Ian. 2.1.Statistical population and sample The paticipants of the study consisted of all the male and female pincipals (n=108) of pimay schools of Adabil. The sample size equaled the statistical population. As the size was not so lage, the census method was used to select the sample size. Theefoe, all the 108pincipals wee selected as the sample to fill in the questionnaies. 103 questionnaies wee etuned afte being completed by the espondents. As a esult,103 individuals wee selected as the statistical sample, among 30 wee male (29.1%)and 73 wee female (70.9 %). The paticipants wee of diffeent age goups. The fou age goups of ove 45, 41-45, 36-40, and 31-35 made 34, 32, 30.1, and 3.9 pecent of the sample, espectively. As fo thei education level, 84.4 pecent of the paticipants had B.A. degees. The othe 15.6 pecent had associate and M.A. degees, 7.8 pecent fo each. As fo thei job expeience, the paticipants with 21-25, 26-30, 16-20, 11-15, and 5-10 yeas of woking expeience had the espective pecentages of39,34, 15.5, 8.7, and 1.9. 2.2.Oganizational commitment questionnaie This questionnaie was developed by Meye and Allen (1991).It has 24 5-point Liket type items measuing the thee subscales of affective, continuance, and nomative commitments. The points on the Liket scale anged fom Neve, Raely, Sometimes, Often, and Almost Always. The epoted Conbach s Alpha fo the affective, continuance, and nomative components wee 0.87, 0.75, and 0.79, espectively (Meye & Allen, 1991).In the pesent study, the Conbach s Alpha was found to be 0.70 fo the instument. 2.3.The Sixteen Pesonality Facto Questionnaie (16PF) This questionnaie was developed by Raymond Cattell (1973) using facto analysis. It compises of 180 items designed to measue 16 majo pesonality featues o factos. Each facto is measued on a dichotomy with 52
Mohammad Javad Shabahang, Malahat Amani positive and negative poles, one fo the high scoes and the othe fo low scoes. The pesonality factos investigated in the pesent study wee Reseved/Outgoing (A), Emotional Stability/ Emotional instability(c), Submissiveness/Dominance (E), Seious/Happy-go-lucky (F), expedient/conscientious (G),Toughminded/Sensitive (I),Pactical/Imaginative(M), Fothight/Shewd(N), Self-Assued/Appehensive (O), Consevative/Expeimenting (Q1), and Goup-dependent/Self-sufficient (Q2). The othe five factos including Reasoning, Social Boldness, Vigilance, Pefectionism, and Tension wee not included in the study because they have less pedagogical value in educational envionments. The epoted test-etest eliability coefficients fo the questionnaie have anged fom 0.65 to 0.93. The intenal consistency coefficients of the questionnaie wee found to be between 0.86 to 0.96, with the mean of 0.75, while the etest eliability coefficients with two-week time inteval anged fom0.56 to 0.79 (Clak &Blackwell, 2007).The Conbach Alpha coefficients wee found to be between 0.09 to 0.43 in Ian (Novinnam, Shokakon, &Mehabizadeh Honamand, 1999).In the pesent study, Conbach s Alpha was found to be 0.79 fo the whole scale. Fo the subscales, the Conbach s Alpha coefficients anged fom 0.08 to 0.31. 3.Results As shown in table 1, the esults of Kolmogoov-Sminov showed that thee wee no nomal distibutions fo the two factos of Reseved/Outgoing, and Expedient/Conscientious because thei Z scoes wee high and p values wee lowe than 0.05. Howeve, lowe Z scoes and p values bigge than 0.05 wee epoted fo the othe pesonality factos and oganizational commitment indicating that they wee nomally distibuted. To investigate the elationships between the two pesonality factos of Reseved/Outgoing and Expedient/Conscientious and oganizational commitment, Speaman coelation was un. As fo the elationships between the othe pesonality factos and oganizational commitment which wee nomally distibuted, Peason Poduct Moment coelation was conducted. Table 1: The esults of Kolmogoov-Sminov fo the nomality of distibution Vaiables Reseved/ Outgoing (A) Emotional Stability/ Emotional instability(c) Submissiveness/ Dominance (E) Seious/ Happy-go- lucky (F) expedient/conscientious (G) Tough- minded/ Sensitive (I) Pactical/Imaginative(M) Fothight/Shewd(N) Self-Assued /Appehensive (O) Consevative/Expeimenting (Q1) Goup-dependent/Self-sufficient (Q2) Affective commitment Continuance commitment Nomative commitment total commitment M 12.72 13.56 11.11 11.75 15.80 11.25 11.40 11.42 10.69 6.78 8.64 31.40 26.60 29.67 87.61 SD 1.97 3.64 2.85 2.99 2.87 2.58 2.99 2.29 3.41 2.46 2.89 4.60 3.75 4.64 9.88 Z 1.62 0.78 1.15 0.95 1.58 1.05 1.29 1.26 0.98 1.60 1.34 1.02 1.13 0.88 0.89 P 0.01 0.57 0.14 0.32 0.01 0.22 0.07 0.08 0.30 0.13 0.06 0.24 0.15 0.43 0.40 As shown in Table 2, the pesonality factos of Reseved/Outgoing, Submissiveness/Dominance, Seious/Happy-go-lucky, expedient/conscientious, Tough-minded/Sensitive, Pactical/Imaginative, and Fothight/Shewd did not have any significant elationships with dimensions of oganizational commitment coefficient (P > 0.05). On the contay, Emotional Stability/Emotional instability was significantly coelated with Affective(= 0.40, p <0.01), nomative ( = 0.43, p < 0.01), and total oganizational commitment ( = 0.39, P < 0.01).Self-Assued/ Appehensive also was negatively coelated with affective ( = -0.28, p < 0.01), nomative ( = -0.27, p < 0.01), and total oganizational commitment( = -0.27, p < 0.01). The pesonality facto of Consevative/Expeimenting was negatively coelated with Affective ( = -0.24, p < 0.01), and total 53
Intenational Jounal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 2016, 3 (3), 50-59 oganizational commitment ( = -0.19, p <0.05). Finally, the pesonality facto of Goup-dependent/Selfsufficient was also negatively coelated with affective ( = -0.27, p < 0.01), nomative ( = -0.19, p < 0.05), and total oganizational commitment ( = -0.19, p < 0.05).Supisingly, no pesonality facto was significantly coelated with continuance oganizational commitment. Table 2: the esults of coelation between pesonality factos and oganizational commitment Factos Reseved/ Outgoing (A) ho Affective 0.10 Continua nce 0.07 Nom ative 0.12 Total 0.13 Emotional Stability/ Emotional instability(c) Submissiveness/Dominance (E) Seious/Happy-go- lucky (F) Expedient/Conscientious (G) Tough- minded/sensitive (I) Pactical/Imaginative(M) Fothight/Shewd(N) Self-Assued/Appehensive (O) Consevative/Expeimentin g (Q1) Goup-dependent/Selfsufficient (Q2) ho 0.40** -0.11-0.13 0.14-0.06 0.06 0.09-0.28** -0.24** -0.27** 0.002 0.004-0.08 0.09 0.01 0.10-0.07-0.03-0.05 0.05 0.43** 0.03-0.05 0.11-0.08 0.18-0.01-0.27** -0.12-0.19* 0.39** 0.03-0.12 0.17-0.06 0.15 0.01-0.27** -0.19* -0.19* As shown in table 3, thee wee no significant diffeences between female and male pincipals egading total oganizational commitment (t= 0.36 and p> 0.05) and the subscales of affective (t= 0.46 and p> 0.05), nomative (t= 0.08 and p > 0.05), and continuance (t= 0.28, p > 0.05). Table 3: The esults of Independent t-test fo the diffeences between males and females. Sex M SD Affective Male 31.66 5.02 commitment Female 31.20 4.45 Continuance Male 26.77 3.93 commitment Female 26.53 3.71 Nomative Male 29.73 3.94 commitment Female 29.64 4.93 total Male 88.17 10.03 commitment Female 87.38 9.87 F 0.65 0.18 2.57 0.17 Sig 0.42 0.66 0.11 0.68 T 0.46 0.28 0.08 0.36 Sig 0.64 0.77 0.93.072 As shown in Table 4, the esults of stepwise egession analysis showed that the pesonality factos could significantly pedict oganizational commitment (F = 18.07, df = 1, p < 0.05).it was found that only the pesonality facto of Emotional Stability/Emotional Instability could significantly pedict oganizational commitment. This pesonality facto could pedict0.15 of the vaiance elated to oganizational commitment. Table 4: the esults of multiple egession test to pedict oganizational commitment 54
Mohammad Javad Shabahang, Malahat Amani Fist step A B β T si g R 2 R 1) F(101, Sig Emotiona l Stability/ Emotional instability(c).48 3 0.25 0.3 9.25 4 0. 0001.39 0.15 0 7 18.0 01 0.00 4. Discussion This study was conducted to investigate the elationship between pesonality factos and oganizational commitment among a goup of Ianian pimay school pincipals. The esults showed that the pesonality facto of Revesed/Outgoing (A) was not significantly coelated with oganizational commitment. The esults also showed that the pincipals obtained the highest scoes, a positive pole, fo this pesonality facto. The positive pole of this facto is identified with the featues of kindness, affability, inteest in people, tendency to help othes, flexibility, and wam-bloodedness. The individuals with a positive pole of this pesonality facto mainly pefe a job which equies dealing with othes. They usually pefe social situations that need a high degee of extovesion (Lasen &Buss, 2008).Compaed with othe factos, Revesed/Outgoing had the highest scoe and the lowest vaiance; this indicates that even the changes in oganizational commitment cannot affect it. This indicates that majoity of the pinciples had a positive pole of this facto. This piece of finding is inconsistent with the findings by Kuma and Bakhshi (2010), Chu (2013), Panaccio and Vandenbeghe (2012), and Kappagoda (2013). Howeve, Jin et al. (2009) came up with simila findings. The pesonality facto of Emotional Stability/Emotional Instability was found to be significantly coelated with oganizational commitment. The esults of stepwise egession also showed that the pesonality factos could pedict oganizational commitment; only Emotional Stability/Emotional Instability could significantly explain about 0.15 of the vaiance fo oganizational commitment. The individuals with high ates of emotional stability ae moe toleant of stess and aely become distacted o nevous in challenging situations. They ae eally concentated to follow thei own ideas and goals (Lasen &Buss, 2008). Such individuals eally feel connected with the oganization and hadly decide to leave fo anothe one. Contastively, the individuals with high levels of emotion instability expeience moe negative emotions because they ae intoleant f failues, visionay, nevous boedom, and estlessness. Negative emotions in neuotic individuals cause them to have weak woking elationships with thei oganization and co-wokes (Jackson, Dimmock, Gucciadi, &Gove, 2010) and consequently educe thei commitment to thei oganization. This finding is consistent with the esults fom the studies by Jin et al. (2009), Koma and Bakhshi (2010), Chu (2010), Panaccio and Vandenbeghe (2012),and Kappagoda (2013). It was also found that the pesonality facto of Submissiveness/Dominance was not coelated with oganizational commitment. Dominance is defined in tems of featues like assetiveness, aggession, competition, fulfillment of one's ideas, and being independent. On the othe hand, Submissiveness is identified with featues such as obedience, dependence, and unsteadiness (Lasen & Buss, 2008). The lack of elationship between the pesonality facto of Submissiveness/Dominance and oganizational commitment can be patially attibuted to the woking conditions of the pimay schools. The esults also indicated that thee was no significant elationship between the pesonality facto of Seious/Happy-go-lucky and oganizational commitment of the pimay school pincipals. The paticipants wee found to be quite elaxed, inteested in excitement and hackneyed joking, and attentiveto cases equiing time and effot. Meanwhile, the paticipants with a highe ate of Happy-go-lucky showed lowe oganizational commitment because they ae engaged in moe social activities and communication with othes; As a esult, they could have access to moe job oppotunities, weakening thei commitment to thei oganizations(geoge, Helson, & John, 2011). This finding is inconsistent with the esults found by Chu (2010), 55
Intenational Jounal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 2016, 3 (3), 50-59 Panaccio and Vandenbeghe (2012), Kuma and Bakhshi (2010), and Kappagoda (2013), but is consistent with the findings found by Jin et al. (2009). In addition, thee was no significant elationship between the pesonality facto of Expedient /Conscientious and oganizational commitment. Conscientious was the second facto with the highest scoe fo the paticipants. This facto is chaacteized by the featues of esistance, espect fo authoities, obedience, ageement with authoities, powe maintenance, esponsibility, and fixed life style (Lasen & Buss, 2008). An individual, with a high degee of conscientious, conside themselves as ethically tusted, is attentive to moalities, maintains powe, and is skillful at pediction. This facto is highly identical with the concept of supeego which has been intoduced by Feudian psychoanalysts. It can be stated that conscientiousness leads to a common attachment, based on which, individuals become disciplined and do thei duties vey well. At the same time, they need to eceive motivational ewads to become obedient and consistent in thei pefomance; othewise, they may lose thei commitment to thei oganizations.these esults ae consistent with the findings by Chu (2010) who similaly epoted no significant elationship between oganizational commitment and consciousness. Rossie, de Stadelhofen, & Bethound(2004)also found that Expedient/Conscientious was significantly pedicted by esponsibility in the five-facto model. Contaily, the finding of this study was inconsistent with the findings by Jin et al. (2011), and Kappagoda (2013) who epoted positive elationships between consciousness and oganizational commitment. The pesonality facto Expedient, which is chaacteized by featues such as inconsistent, shallow, indiffeent, expecting, unconfident, and antisocial, was not significantly coelated with oganizational commitment. No significant elationship was found between the pesonality facto of Tough-minded/Sensitive and oganizational commitment. This facto is chaacteized by featues such as dependence, opposition to independence, aestheticness, opposition to lack of atistic feeling, and opposition to feeling elaxed (Lasen &Buss, 2008). It seems that the individuals with high levels of sensitivity may not highly value ewads. Also, thei tendencies and atistic pefeences ae not elated to thei computational thoughts. In fact, the ewad that may lead to an incease in the oganizational commitment of othes is not of geat impotance fo such individuals. In the study by Rossie, et al. (2004), it was found that this pesonality facto was significantly pedicted by openness-to-expeience dimension of the five-facto model. The findings of the pesent study ae in tune with the esults fom the studies by Jin et al. (2008), Chandel et al. (2011), Panaccio and Vandenbeghe (2012) who didn t find any significant elationship between oganizational commitment and openness-toexpeience. The pesent finding is also inconsistent with the esult by Chu (2010) who found a positive elationship between openness-to-expeience and oganizational commitment, and the findings by Kuma and Bakhsi (2010), Kappagoda (2013), and Khodabakhshi (2013) who epoted a negative elationship between openness-to-expeience and oganizational commitment. The elationship between this pesonality facto and oganizational commitment is in die need of einvestigation. No significant elationship was found between the pesonality facto of Pactical/Imaginative and oganizational commitment. Imaginativeness is chaacteized with attibutes such as being exceptional, deamy, ventue, indiffeent towads daily issues, fogetting tivial cases, and indiffeence to pactical activities and ceativity. On the othe hand, pacticality is defined in tems of the attibutes of being bueaucatic, easonable, accuate and elaxed in emegencies and following social noms (Lasen &Buss, 2008). It seems that imaginative individuals have divegent thoughts and ae not affected by the common ewads making employees commit to thei oganizations. They ae not vey inteested to emain in o belong to an oganization fo long due to thei ventue and whimsicality. In the study by Rossie, et al. (2004), this tait was significantly pedicted by openness-to-expeience dimension of the five-facto model. The finding of this study is also in ageement with the findings by Jin et al. (2008), Chandel et al. (2011), Panaccio and Vandenbege (2012) who found no significant elationship between oganizational commitment and openness-to-expeience. Howeve, this finding is inconsistent with the findings by Chu (2010) who found a positive elationship between openness-to-expeience and oganizational commitment and Kuma and Bakhshi (2010), Kappagoda (2013), and Khodabashi (2013) who epoted negative elationships between the two vaiables. Since contadictoy esults have been epoted fo the elationship between the two vaiables, futhe studies ae suggested to investigate the elationship between the two vaiables, with contol of the othe intevening vaiables. 56
Mohammad Javad Shabahang, Malahat Amani Thee was no significant elationship between the pesonality facto of Fothight/Shewd and oganizational commitment. The individuals with a high level of shewdness ae self-contained, polite, dignified, educated, and effective on othes, while the fothight individuals ae clumsy and inteested in othes (Lasen and Buss, 2008). Belonging to and staying with an oganization is impotant fo the individuals with high ates of shewdness because they would have the chance fo pomotion and advancement. Rossie, et al. (2004)found that shewdness could be pedicted by the openness-to-expeience dimension of the five-facto model. This finding is inconsistent with the esults found by Kuma and Bakhshi (2010), Choi (2010), Panaccio and Vandenbeghe (2012), Maanjani et al.(2013), and Kappagoda (2013), while it is in ageement with the findings byjin et al. (2009). It was also found that the pesonality facto of Appehensive/Self-Assued had a significant negative elationship with oganizational commitment. In fact, as the degee of oganizational commitment inceases, the amount of Appehensive comes down. The Appehensive tait is chaacteized with featues such as feeling of sin, depession, anxiety, ejection, suspicion, sensitivity to citicism, self blaming, and constant mental occupation, while self-assuedness is identified with the featues of being elaxed and insensitive, tusting, and being non-suspicious (Lasen & Buss, 2008).The individuals with high levels of oganizational commitment feel connected to and have positive attitudes towads thei oganization leading to the acceptance of its goals. So these individuals easily adjust themselves to job envionments as a esult of job secuity. They also tend to incease thei social elationship, feel pesonally efficient, feel esponsible in mateial and human envionments, ae puposeful and each self-actualization. Rossie et al.(2004)epoted this facto pedicted by neuoticism. This finding is consistent with the finding by Jin, et al. (2009), Kuma and Bakhshi (2010), Choi (2010), Panaccio and Vandenbeghe (2012), and Kappagoda (2013). The pesonality facto of Consevative/Expeimenting was found to be negatively coelated with oganizational commitment. The individuals with highe levels of expeimenting ae moe extavagant and libeal, abandon taditions and cuent ways of doing woks, and incline to make effective decisions, but they cannot be successful leades because of stong citicism and vebal aggession (Lasen & buss, 2008). It can be poclaimed that consevative individuals seem to be at a highe level of ageeableness and consequently expeience moe positive excitements and social acceptance in intepesonal communications. They ae able to have stonge intimate and humanistic social inteactions with thei co-wokes and employes. Such people also tend to citicize the existing taditional customs and pocedues which may decease thei sense of belonging to an oganization. Rossie, et al. (2004) found that this tait could be pedicted by the ageeableness dimension of the five-facto model. This finding is inconsistent with the finding by Chandel et al. (2011). Howeve, it is in tune with the esults fom the studies by Jin et al. (2009), Kuma &Bakhshi (2010), Chu (2010), Panaccio & Vandenbeghe (2012), and Kappagoda (2013). The pesonality facto of Goup-dependent/Self-sufficient was found to be negatively coelated with oganizational commitment. This indicates that highly dependent individuals have lowe commitment to thei oganization. In othe wods, the highe the degee of self-eliance and the ability fo decision making, the lowe the degee of oganizational commitment. Self-sufficiency indicates that an individual is mainly selfdiected, but does not dominate othes in social inteactions. A Goup-dependent individual pefes to wok and makes decisions duing his/he associations with othes and wishes to be valued and confimed. Such individuals obey customs and taditions and follow fashions. It can be stated that the highly competent employes tend to incease thei social, individual, and economic/stategic contibutions which lead to high commitment to the oganization s policies, temendous effot, and staying in the occupation and oganization. Finally, it was found that thee was no significant diffeence in the degee of oganizational commitment between the male and female pincipals. This can be attibuted to the fact that male and female in the cuent Ianian society fill the same job oppotunities with no diffeence in the ange of activities they have to follow. The pesent study has its own limitations. The fist and the most noticeable limitation is about the eseach sample. Since the sample only included pimay school pincipals, the findings of the pesent study could only be cautiously genealized to othe oganizations. It is highly suggested that simila studies be conducted with junio high school and high school pincipals. The second limitation was about the impossibility of contolling a ange of intevening vaiables such as economic and social status, eligious belief, inta oganizational 57
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