General Nutrition Concepts Importance of Nutrition Health Appearance Behavior Mood Role of Nutrients in Diet Growth and development Provide energy Regulate metabolism 2
Calories in Food Carbohydrates Protein Fats Alcohol Water Vitamins Minerals 4 cal/g 4 cal/g 9 cal/g 7 cal/g 0 cal/g 0 cal/g 0 cal/g 3 Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e
Calorie RDA Females Active: 14-50: 2400 cal/day >50: 2200 cal/day Inactive: 14-50: 1800 cal/day >50: 1600 cal/day 4 Males Active: 14-50: 3000 cal/day >50: 2000-2800 cal/day(depending on activity level) Inactive: 14-50: 2200 cal/day >50: 2000-2800 cal/day (depending on activity level)
Types of Carbohydrates (2 types) Simple soda, candy, sweets, fruit individual glucose or fructose molecules Complex 5 pasta, rice, breads, potatoes Chains of glucose molecules
Trends in Carbohydrate Consumption P E R C E N T C A R B O H Y D R A T E S 100 80 60 40 20 0 35% 50% 55% 65% 50% 45% 1910 1950 1980 SIMPLE COMPLEX See On the Web 16-5 for distinctions between complex and simple 6 Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e
Low Carb Mania (What is the basis?) Proponents of low carb diets blame carbohydrates on the obesity epidemic but this is not well supported by research. The quality of carbohydrates is the real issue and it is still wise to consume quality whole grains with adequate fiber. 7 Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e
Types of Protein Sources of Protein Animal (complete)» meats, dairy Vegetable (incomplete)» beans, nuts, legumes, grains Amino acids linked together Types of Amino Acids Nonessential (14) can be made by body Essential (8) must be made by body 8
Protein Requirements RDA average =.8 g/kg/day RDA athlete = 1.2-1.6 g/kg/day Extra protein will be converted into fat High levels of protein intake above 2 g/kg/day can be harmful to the body 9
Types of Fats Saturated (usually associated with diseases) Animal sources Solid at room temperature Unsaturated (poly poly- or mono-) (reduces risk of diseases) Vegetable sources Liquid at room temperature H H H H H H H H H H H H H O HC-C-C-C-C-C=C-C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C-C-OH H H H H H H H H H H 10 Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e
Recommendations for Fat Consumption Dietary Fat Recommendations Less than 30% of calories in diet from fat Less than 1/3 of dietary fat should be saturated Ways to Decrease Intake of Fat Minimize "fast" foods Minimize processed foods Use better cuts of meats Use low fat alternatives Decrease use of condiments Eat lower fat snacks Choose foods with artificial fats 11 Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e
Lab 16a Dietary Recommendations (2 different sets) Questions: 1. Why do the guidelines differ? 2. What is a healthy diet? 3. How do you calculate these percentages? CHO CHO PRO PRO FAT FAT PRO (10-15%) FAT (30%) CHO (55-60%) PRO (10-35%) FAT (20-35%) CHO (45-65%) U.S.D.A. Institute of Medicine 12 calorie Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e calculations
Return to presentation Composition of Oils (%) Type Sat Poly Mono safflower 9 75 16 sunflower 10 66 24 corn 13 59 28 soybean 14 58 28 sesame 14 42 44 peanut 17 32 51 palm 49 9 42 olive 14 8 78 canola 7 35 58 13 Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e
Return to presentation Hydrogenation Process 14 Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e
Vitamins Organic substances that regulate numerous and diverse physiological processes in the body Do not contain calories Two types Fat soluble Water soluble 15 Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e
Click for info on anti-oxidants Vitamin Guidelines A balanced diet containing recommended servings of carbohydrates, fats and proteins will meet the RDA standards Extra servings of green and yellow vegetables may be beneficial Extra consumption of citrus and other fruits may be beneficial 16 Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e
Vitamin Supplementation? Not necessary if diet is healthy Multivitamins are safe (100% RDA) Not all vitamins are pure Can be toxic at high doses 17 Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e
Fat Soluble Vitamins Consist of Vitamins A, D, E, and K Absorbed at the small intestine in the presence of bile (a fatty substance) Overdoses can be toxic (A and D) 18 Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e
Water Soluble Vitamins Consist of B complex and vitamin C Excesses will be excreted in the urine, however, B-6 and Niacin can be toxic when ingested in unusually large amounts 19 Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e
Return to presentation Water Soluble Vitamins B-1 (thiamine) B-2 (riboflavin) B-6 (pyridoxine) B-12 (cobalamin) Niacin (nicotinic acid) Pantothenic Acid Folic Acid (folacin) Biotin C 20 Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e
Antioxidant All-Stars Broccoli Cantaloupe Carrot Kale Mango Pumpkin Red Pepper Spinach Strawberries Sweet potato 21 Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e
Fiber Soluble -decreases cholesterol levels found in oat bran, fruits and veggies Insoluble -reduces risk of colon cancer found in wheat bran and grains Recommendation: 25-40g per day Are you getting enough? 22 Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e
Ways to Get More Fiber Eat more fruits and vegetables Eat whole grain foods 23 Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e
Return to presentation A Grain of Wheat BRAN -B vitamins - minerals ENDOSPERM -dietary fiber -starch -protein -some iron and GERM B vitamins - essential fats -minerals -vitamins (B's, E and folacin) 24 Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e
Minerals Inorganic elements found in food that are essential to life processes About 25 are essential Classified as major or trace minerals RDA s have only been determined for 7 minerals 25 Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e
Click for more info on minerals Mineral Guidelines A diet containing recommended servings of carbohydrates, fats and proteins will meet the RDA standards Extra servings of green and yellow vegetables may be beneficial Dietary supplementation of Calcium is beneficial for post-menopausal women Salt should be limited in the diet 26 Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e
Populations Who May Benefit from Supplementation Pregnant/lactating women Alcoholics Elderly Women with severe menstrual losses Individuals on VLCD s Strict vegetarians Individuals taking medications or with diseases which inhibit nutrient absorption 27 Concepts of Fitness and Wellness 6e
Functions of Water Comprises about 60% of body weight Chief component of blood plasma Aids in temperature regulation Lubricates joints Shock absorber in eyes, spinal cord, and amniotic sac (during pregnancy) Essential for many bodily chemical reactions Vital to life 28
Guidelines for Healthy Eating Eat the 3 regular meals (including breakfast) Eat verity of foods from all food groups and according to the food pyramid Limit processed foods Get adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals Drink plenty of water (8 glasses a day) and limit alcohol and caffeine 29
Guidelines for Healthy Eating 30