Contents Preface... Contributors... vii xvii I. Pediatrics 1 Embryology... 3 Pearls... 3 Branchial Arch Derivatives... 3 Branchial Arch Anomalies: Cysts, Sinus, Fistulae... 4 Otologic Development... 4 Midline Nasal Masses... 5 References... 6 2 General Pediatric Otolaryngology... 7 Pearls... 7 Pediatric Sinusitis... 7 Velopharyngeal Insufficiency... 8 Upper Airway Infections... 8 Adenotonsillar Disease... 9 Pediatric Head and Neck Masses... 11 Salivary Gland Masses... 11 Small Blue-Cell Malignancies in Children... 11 Differential Diagnosis for Midline Neck Mass... 11 Pediatric Base of Tongue Mass... 12 Lymphatic and Vascular Malformations... 12 References... 12 3 Congenital Syndromes... 13 Pearls... 13 Pierre Robin Sequence... 13 Achondroplasia... 13 VATER Syndrome... 14 Trisomy 21 (Down s Syndrome)... 14 Autosomal Dominant Syndromes... 14 Autosomal Recessive Syndromes... 15 X-Linked Recessive Syndromes... 16 22Q Deletion Syndromes... 16 Other Craniofacial Syndromes... 17 Cleft Lip and Palate... 18 References... 18 4 Pediatric Airway... 19 Pearls... 19 Difference Between Pediatric and Adult Larynx... 19 Clinical Evaluation... 19 Radiographic Examination... 20 Clinical Scenarios... 20 ix
x Contents Classification of Laryngeal Cleft... 21 Vocal Cord Paresis/Immobility... 21 Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis... 21 Subglottic Stenosis... 22 Posterior Glottic Stenosis... 22 Tracheal Obstruction... 22 Tracheoesophageal Fistula... 22 Caustic Ingestion... 23 Esophageal Foreign Bodies... 23 References... 23 5 Pediatric Otology and Cochlear Implants... 25 Pearls... 25 External Auditory Canal Pathology... 25 Otitis Media... 26 Congenital Sensorineural Hearing Loss... 26 Conductive Hearing Loss... 28 Congenital Inner Ear Malformations... 28 References... 28 II. Rhinology/Allergy 6 Rhinology... 31 Pearls... 31 Anatomy... 31 Physiology... 33 Imaging... 35 Rhinitis... 35 Rhinosinusitis... 38 Epistaxis... 41 Benign Masses/Abnormalities... 43 Surgical Approaches... 44 Open Approaches... 45 Major Complications of Sinus Surgery... 45 References... 46 7 Allergy and Immunology... 49 Pearls... 49 Epidemiology... 49 Risk Factors... 49 Pathophysiology... 49 Classification of Hypersensitivity Reactions: Gell and Coombs... 52 Cellular Response of Allergic Reactions... 53 Neurogenic Response to Allergen... 53 Allergic Rhinitis... 54 Management of Allergy Symptoms... 56 Immunomodulation... 58 Severe Manifestations of Allergic Response... 60 References... 62 8 Systemic, Infectious, and Inflammatory Diseases... 63 Pearls... 63 Genetics... 63 Circulatory... 64 Autoimmune... 66 Infectious... 70 Osteodystrophies... 75 References... 77
Contents xi III. General 9 Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Obstructive Sleep Apnea... 81 Pearls... 81 References... 89 10 Fluids, Hemostasis, Nutrition, and Pulmonary Physiology... 91 Pearls... 91 Fluids... 91 Hemostasis... 95 Nutrition... 98 Pulmonary Physiology... 101 Chest Diseases... 102 Pulmonary Function Test... 102 References... 104 11 Therapeutics: Pharmacology, Chemotherapy, Radiation Oncology... 105 Pearls... 105 Anesthesia... 105 Pharmacology... 108 Chemotherapy... 112 Radiation Oncology... 112 References... 114 12 Head and Neck Pathology... 115 Pearls... 115 Larynx... 115 Salivary Gland... 123 Sinonasal... 130 Malignant Sinonasal Neoplasms... 135 Infectious/Inflammatory... 140 Ear... 140 Endocrine... 149 References... 158 IV. Otology 13 Otologic and Neurotologic Disorders... 161 Pearls... 161 Otologic Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology... 161 Audiology... 164 References... 168 14 Vestibular System... 169 Pearls... 169 Vestibular Physiology and Diagnostic Studies... 169 Vestibular Disorders... 171 References... 176 15 Ear Disorders... 177 Pearls... 177 Sensorineural Hearing Loss... 177 Conductive Hearing Loss... 179 References... 185 16 The Facial Nerve and Lateral Skull Base Disorders... 187 Pearls... 187 References... 197
xii V. Contents Head and Neck 17 Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery... 201 Pearls... 201 Thyroid... 201 Anatomy... 201 Vascular... 202 Nerves... 202 Histology... 202 Benign Thyroid Disease... 202 Malignant Thyroid Disease... 203 Classification... 203 Work-Up... 204 Staging... 204 Other Staging Systems... 205 Management... 205 Postsurgical Management... 206 Parathyroid... 206 Anatomy... 206 Epidemiology... 207 Pathophysiology... 207 Primary Hyperparathyroidism... 207 Diagnosis/Work-Up... 207 Treatment... 208 Parathyroid Carcinoma... 208 References... 208 18 Salivary Gland Diseases... 211 Pearls... 211 Anatomy... 211 Diagnostics... 212 Salivary Gland Diseases... 213 Benign Masses... 213 Salivary Gland Malignancies... 214 References... 216 19 Head and Neck Lymphoma and Sarcoma... 217 Pearls... 217 Lymphoma... 217 Head and Neck Sarcoma... 220 References... 226 20 Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma... 227 Pearls... 227 Anatomy... 227 Epidemiology... 228 Work-Up and Staging... 228 Management... 230 Other Laryngeal Malignancies... 232 References... 233 21 Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma... 235 Pearls... 235 Anatomy... 235 Epidemiology... 235 Presentation... 236 Work-Up and Staging... 236 Management... 240 Anatomy... 241
Contents xiii Epidemiology... 242 Work-Up and Staging... 243 Management... 244 References... 246 22 Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Carcinoma... 247 Pearls... 247 Anatomy... 247 Epidemiology... 248 Presentation... 248 Work-Up and Staging... 248 References... 257 23 Vascular Tumors... 259 Pearls... 259 Classification... 259 References... 268 24 Cutaneous and Temporal Bone Malignancies... 269 Pearls... 269 Anatomy... 269 Epidemiology... 270 Basal Cell Carcinoma... 271 Treatment Recommendations... 272 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck... 273 Treatment Recommendations... 274 Malignant Melanoma... 274 Treatment Recommendations... 277 Temporal Bone Malignancies... 277 Treatment Recommendations... 279 References... 280 25 Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors... 281 Pearls... 281 Odontogenic Cysts... 281 Dentigerous Cyst... 281 Odontogenic Keratocyst (Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor)... 282 Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst... 283 Glandular Odontogenic Cyst... 283 Odontogenic Tumors: Odontogenic Epithelium... 284 Odontogenic Tumors: Mixed Tumors... 288 Odontogenic Tumors Odontogenic Ectomesenchyme... 290 References... 292 VI. Laryngology 26 Deep Neck Space Infections... 295 Pearls... 295 Anatomy... 295 Deep Neck Spaces... 295 Diagnostic Imaging... 296 Microbiology... 297 Surgical Management... 297 Complications of Neck Space Infections... 297 References... 398 27 Laryngology... 299 Pearls... 299 Anatomy... 299
xiv Contents Physiology of Voice (Voice Production)... 300 Clinical Voice Assessment... 301 Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Larynx... 302 Vocal Fold Paralysis... 303 Neurolaryngology... 304 Miscellaneous Laryngology... 305 Subglottic and Tracheal Stenosis... 305 Tracheal Neoplasms... 306 References... 307 28 Benign Lesions of the Larynx... 309 Pearls... 309 Benign Lesion of the Vocal Folds... 309 Phonomicrosurgery... 312 Other Benign Lesion of the Larynx... 312 References... 313 29 Dysphagia... 315 Pearls... 315 Anatomy... 315 Physiology of Swallowing... 316 Phases of Swallowing... 316 Causes of Dysphagia... 316 Evaluation of Dysphagia... 317 Chronic Aspiration... 318 Benign Disorders of the Esophagus... 319 References... 321 30 Lasers... 323 Pearls... 323 Laser Physics... 323 Types of Lasers... 324 Laser Tissue Interaction... 326 Laser Safety... 326 References... 327 VII. Facial Plastics and Reconstruction 31 Facial Plastics... 331 Pearls... 331 Aesthetic Facial Analysis... 331 Rhinoplasty... 332 Facial Aging... 337 Facial Implants and Surgical Augmentation... 341 Surgical Treatment of the Aging Face... 342 Characteristics of the Aging Face... 343 Facelift... 345 Brow-lift... 346 Blepharoplasty... 347 References... 349 32 Head and Neck Reconstruction: Local, Pedicled and Free Flaps; Facial Nerve Reanimation... 351 Pearls... 351 Approach to Facial Reconstruction... 351 Classification of Flaps... 352 Local Flaps... 352 Regional Flaps... 356
Contents xv Free Flaps... 356 Facial Nerve Re-animation... 358 References... 358 33 Head and Neck Trauma... 361 Pearls... 361 Initial Assessment of the Head and Neck Trauma Patient... 361 Upper Facial Trauma... 362 Midface Trauma... 366 Lower Face Trauma... 368 Temporal Bone Trauma... 369 Laryngeal Trauma (Also Find in Laryngology)... 370 References... 372 Index... 373
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