Selected Aspects of Psychopathology: Understanding Mental Illness Facilitator: Darlene Hopkins, PhD, LCAS, CCS
Brief Outline 1. A Model for Mental Illness 2. Classifying Mental Illnesses 3. Treatment 4. Recovery Rates
1. A Model for Mental Illness Bio-Psycho-Social Model
1. A Model for Mental Illness Neuro-Emotional-Social-Spiritual Model
Sympathetic Nervous System: Fight or Flight
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Rest & Repair
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic
Clinical Neuroscience
Neuroplasticity
Emotional Development
Emotional Development Who s Driving the Bus?
Social Development: The Infant Brain At Birth: About 100 billion brain cells exist, although most are immature and inactive, and the connections between them are weak. Electrical activity from sensory input triggers the development of new neural connections (synapses). Future Development: Brain size doubles in the first year, reaching 80% of adult size by age 3 (90% by age 6). In the first 3 years, 700-1,000 new neural connections form each second.
Social Development
Social Development
Social Development
Mindfulness Miller at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, found that Mindfulness Meditation demonstrated significant reductions in the treatment of anxiety, as shown by the Hamilton and Beck Anxiety and Depression scores. *In Research Findings: The Benefits of Meditation (2015), www.transformationmeditation.com
Mindfulness Group-based psychological treatment called Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) was as good or better [than] treatment with antidepressants like Prozac in preventing a relapse of serious depression, and the non-drug therapy was more effective in enhancing quality of life. *In Research Findings: The Benefits of Meditation (2015), www.transformationmeditation.com
Maslow s Hierarchy
Diathesis-Stress Theory Diathesis-Stress Theory states that psychological disorders develop due to a combination of genetic vulnerability and risk factors in the environment. Let s say someone inherited genes that put them at risk for schizophrenia. According to the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia, the at-risk person might avoid developing the disease if stress in their life is low. But high levels of stress could trigger onset of the disease. Possible environmental stressors include family conflict, abuse, trauma, problems at school, rejection by peers, and even poor nutrition. Diathesis-Stress Theory. (n.d.). In Alleydog.com's online glossary. Retrieved from: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition-cit.php?term=diathesis-stress Theory
Trauma and Stress
Anxiety
Addiction
Depression
2. Classification of Mental Illness
DSM Classifications 1. Trauma and Stress 2. Anxiety 3. Depression Addiction 4. Personality Disorders 5. Schizophrenia 6. Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence
Latent Cause Classifications 1. Trauma 2. Fear 3. Mood Regulation 4. Habits of Coping Self- Medication 5. Relation to Reality (Whose Reality?) 6. Focus and Relationship Struggles
DSM vs. Latent Causes DSM 1. Trauma and Stress 2. Anxiety 3. Depression 4. Personality Disorders 5. Schizophrenia 6. Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence * Addiction Latent Cause 1. Trauma 2. Fear 3. Mood Regulation 4. Habits of Coping 5. Relation to Reality (Whose Reality?) 6. Focus and Relationship Struggles * Self-Medication
Road Train
3. Treatment
Matching Game Neurological Emotional Spiritual Social Psychotropic Medicines EMDR Energy Psychology CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) Reality Therapy Person-Centered Counseling 12-Step Facilitation ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy) Christian Counseling Group Therapy Contingency Management Matrix Model
Roles of the Counselor When Treatment Plan Includes Psychotropic Medications 1. Ongoing Assessment 2. Promoting Client Adherence Assessing risk for non-adherence Supporting adherence 3. Medication Psychoeducation 4. Referrals for Medication 5. Advocacy for Best Psychotropic Treatment
Motivational Interviewing Motivational Interviewing focuses on enhancing motivation to change, and on providing guidance and direction toward positive change. It can be integrated into treatment strategies to address behavior change in people struggling with anxiety, depression, substance misuse and medication therapy.
4. Recovery Rates A Resounding Note of Hope!
Treatment Works! Recovery/remission rate for Substance Use Disorder is 54-80% Extended recovery is associated with longer periods of initial treatment and more sustained involvement in recovery mutual aid groups. *William L. White. Recovery/Remission from Substance Use Disorders: An Analysis of Reported Outcomes in 415 Scientific Reports, 1868-2011. Philadelphia Department of Behavioral Health and Intellectual disability Services/Great Lakes Addiction Technology Transfer Center/SAMHSA, 2012. http://www.naadac.org/assets/1959/whitewl2012_recoveryremission_from_substance_abuse_disorders.pdf
Co-Occurring Disorders 70% of people treated in community mental health services report being positive about the outcome of their treatment. *From SAMHSA, mandated reports of US community mental health centers