Choosing the right phytase to improve sodium pump function, reduce the catabolism of amino acids and increase protein and glucose uptake

Choosing the right phytase to improve sodium pump function, reduce the catabolism of amino acids and increase protein and glucose uptake Ha Truong PhD Candidate Poultry Research Foundation Faculty of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney

PhD chapter : Effect of phytase on starch and protein utilisation in broiler chickens Three studies and (so far) two published papers in collaboration with Danisco Animal Nutrition Truong HH, Yu S, Peron A, Cadogan DJ, Khoddami A, Roberts TH, Liu SY, Selle PH (2014) Phytase supplementation of maize-, sorghum- and wheat-based broiler diets with identified starch pasting properties influences phytate (IP6) and sodium jejunal and ileal digestibility Animal Feed Science and Technology, 198, 248-256. Truong HH, Bold RM, Liu SY, PH Selle (2015) Standard phytase inclusion in maize-based broiler diets enhances digestibility coefficients of starch, amino acids and sodium in four small intestinal segments and digestive dynamics of starch and protein. Animal Feed Science and Technology (accepted for publication). 2

Na disappearance rates STUDY 1: Truong et al. (2014) Buttiauxella phytase(1000 FTU) in maize, wheat and sorghum diets had a Na effect PANCREAS SECRETION of NaHCO 3 31.1% 61.4% 30.5% 27.9% Phytase addition significantly increased sodium disappearance! 3

STUDY 1: Truong et al. (2014) Increasing Na digestibility in the distal ileum improves FCR (r = 0.610; P < 0.001) 4

The Sodium pump (Na +, K + -ATPase) The sodium pump needs available sodium to function 5

Ravindran et al. (2009) FCR responses to exogenous phytase as influenced by dietary Na levels where 1.8 g/kg was their recommended standard 6

Phytase primes the sodium pump By decreasing release of Na as sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) into the duodenum thereby countering the depletion of Na in enterocytes NaHCO 3 Na is being drawn out, into the lumen via Pancreas Liver Gut lining With 1000 FTU phytase, lowering dietary Na levels can increase phytase responses, i.e its Na effect 7

Protein disappearance rates (g/day) Starch:Protein disappearance rate ratios Starch disappearance rates (g/day) STUDY 2: Truong et al. (2015) Phytase increased the amount of starch and protein absorbed: Where protein was increased to a higher extent than starch (hence phytase lowered S:N disappearance ratios) 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 Control With phytase PJ DJ PI DI Small intestinal segment 3.4 3.2 3 2.8 Control With phytase 31 29 27 25 23 21 19 17 15 13 Control With phytase PJ DJ PI DI Small intestinal segment 2.6 2.4 2.2 PJ DJ PI DI Small intestinal segments 8

STUDY 2: Truong et al. (2015) Narrow ratios of starch and protein disappearance rates increases weight gain (r = -0.766; P = 0.003) 9

Liu et al. (2014) Starch and protein digestion rates influence feed conversion 10

STUDY 2: Truong et al. (2015) Phytase influences starch and protein digestion dynamics Treatment 0 Phytase Starch:protein disappearance rate ratios in small intestine Proximal jejunum Distal jejunum Proximal ileum Distal ileum 2.93 3.22 2.90 2.85 2.44 2.78 2.79 2.73 Response 20.1% 15.8% 3.94% 4.40% SEM Significance (P =) 0.2090 0.132 0.1041 0.013 0.0129 < 0.001 0.0289 0.015 Phytase condensed or narrowed starch:protein disappearance rate ratios 11

Truong et al. (2015) Conclusions Phytase accelerates digestion and absorption rates of protein/amino acids to a greater extent than that of starch/glucose. The balance between starch and protein digestive dynamics is improved. Possible mechanism? Reduction of amino acid catabolism 12

EAA (mg/ml) STUDY 3: 2015 collaboration with Danisco, UK and APAF, Macquarie University, Sydney AxtraPhy Preliminary findings investigating portal flux of essential amino acids in plasma collected from the anterior mesenteric vein 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210-14.07% 20.67% 200 PC PC + phytase NC NC + phytase In the negative control diet: Phytase (1000 FTU) increased the level of EAA in the systemic circulation 13

BCAA (mg/ml) STUDY 3: 2015 collaboration with Danisco, UK and APAF, Macquarie University, Sydney AxtraPhy Effect of phytase (1000 FTU) on branched-chain AA levels in plasma collected from the anterior mesenteric vein 85 80 75 17.97% 70-8.76% 65 60 PC PC + phytase NC NC + phytase In the negative control diet: Phytase increased the level of BCAA in the systemic circulation. Branched-chain amino acids are especially suscpetible to catabolism in the gut mucosa in pigs (CHEN et al., 2007). Phytase appears to have reduced the catabolism of these amino acids by the gut! 14

STUDY 3: 2015 collaboration with Danisco, UK and APAF, Macquarie University, Sydney AxtraPhy Effect of phytase (1000 FTU) on glucose levels in plasma collected from the anterior mesenteric vein 18.75 Glucose (mmol/l) 18.25 17.75 17.25 16.75 4.36% 9.70% 16.25 PC PC-phytase NC NC-phytase Phytase addition increased glucose levels in the portal blood stream improved Na-pump function? 15

Thank you 16