The Hollow Face Illusion. h#ps://

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1 The Hollow Face Illusion h#ps:// You believe you know what goes on in your mind, which oeen consists of one conscious thought leading in an orderly way to another. But that is not the only way the mind works, nor indeed is that the typical way.

2 1. Thinking on Automatic Pilot You believe you know what goes on in your mind, which oeen consists of one conscious thought leading in an orderly way to another. But that is not the only way the mind works, nor indeed is that the typical way. The mental work that produces impressions, intuiions, and many decisions goes on in silence in our mind. Kahneman, Daniel. Thinking, Fast and Slow (Kindle Loca:ons 36-37). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Kindle Edi:on.

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5 A puzzling limita:on of our mind: our excessive confidence in what we believe we know, and our apparent inability to acknowledge the full extent of our ignorance and the uncertainty of the world we live in. System 1: operates automaically and quickly, with li#le or no effort and no sense of voluntary control. System 2: allocates a#enion to the efforlul mental aciviies that demand it, including complex computaions. The operaions of System 2 are oeen associated with the subjecive experience of agency, choice, and concentraion. Kahneman, Daniel. Thinking, Fast and Slow (Kindle Loca:ons ). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Kindle Edi:on.

6 A bat and ball cost $1.10. The bat costs one dollar more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?

7 Harvard students are known to be some of the best and brightest in the country, however despite this, over half of Harvard students who attempted this puzzle got it wrong! The puzzle is actually quite challenging, and requires a very straightforward and methodical method of thought.

8 Try the puzzle again, but this time assign the cost of the ball as the variable x and the bat as the term x+1. This means that x + (x+1) = $1.10 Solving for x should give you a value of 0.05, meaning that the ball costs $0.05, and if the bat is a dollar more, then the bat must cost $1.05. Does this make sense? Try adding them up: $ $0.05 = $1.10, so the solution must be correct.

9 2. The Fear of Losing. Many decisions, such as whether to invest in the stock market or to accept a new job, involve the possibility of gaining or losing relative to the status quo. When faced with such decisions, most people are markedly risk averse.

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11 Blair RJ et al. N Engl J Med 2014;371: Functional MRI Study of Face Processing.

12 Activation of the Amygdala to Subliminal Presentation of Fearful versus Happy Eyes Presenting the whites of fear (far left) versus happy (middle) eyes for only 17 ms, which is too quick for subjects to consciously detect the stimuli (subliminal presentation), results in a differential BOLD-signal response in the amygdala (far right). Whalen, P., Kagan, J., Cook, R., Davis, F., Kim, H., Polis, S., McLaren, D., et al. (2004). Human amygdala responsivity to masked fearful eye whites. Science (New York, N.Y.), 306(5704), 2061

13 Relationships among the Proximity of a Threat, the Activity in a Particular Neural Circuit, and the Behavioral Response to the Threat. Blair RJ et al. N Engl J Med 2014;371:

14 Brain Areas that Regulate Mood Neural Circuitry of Mood FC: Frontal cortex (esp. prefrontal and cingulate) - cognitive function, attention HP: Ventral Hippocampus - cognitive function, memory NAc: Nucleus Accumbens (ventral striatum) - reward and aversion Amy: Amygdala - mediates responses to emotional stimuli, including fear HYP: Hypothalamus regulates sleep, appetite, energy, sex, body temperature, blood pressure. Participates in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal ( HPA axis) VTA: Ventral Tegmental Area - Sends dopaminergic projections to other areas DR: Dorsal Raphe nuclei - send serotonergic input to other areas LC: Locus Coeruleus - sends noradrenergic input to other areas. Berton and Nestler, Nature Revs Neurosci,

15 ERPs in a group of 7-mo-old infants in response to fearful and nonfearful (happy) sclerae as well as polarity-inverted versions of these s:muli (Fig. 1). S:muli were presented for only 50 ms, which is well below the perceptual threshold established for this age group. Stimuli. Top Row shows the stimulus material for experiments 1 and 2 is shown in the original condition. Bottom Row shows the corresponding polarity-inverted version. Direct fearful eyes (first column) were used in both experiments, direct nonfearful eyes (second column) were shown only in experiment 1, and averted fearful eyes (third column) only in experiment 2 Jessen, S., & Grossmann, T. (2014). Unconscious discriminavon of social cues from eye whites in infants. Proceedings of the NaVonal Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(45),

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18 Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky presented participants with 2 scenarios. In both scenarios people were given an initial amount of money, and then had to choose between two alternatives. Scenario 1: Participants started with $1000. They then could choose between: 1. Winning $1000 with a 50% probability (and winning $0 with a 50% probability), or 2. Getting another $500 for sure. Scenario 2: Participants started with $2000. They then could choose between: 1. Losing $1000 with a 50% probability (and losing $0 with a 50% probability), or 2. Losing $500 for sure.

19 Because the initial amounts were different in the two scenarios, it turns out that the two scenarios were actually equivalent: if they chose option B in the first scenario or option D in the second scenario, the amount of money they would have in the end would be the same. (Options A and C are likewise equivalent.) However, people made opposite choices in the two scenarios: the majority chose the risk-averse option B in Scenario 1 and the loss-averse option C in scenario 2. Changing the framing of the problem (by adjusting the initial gift and the options accordingly) led people to a different decision.

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22 3. The Pleasure (Reward) Treadmill The Marshmallow Test: Instant Reward or Delayed (Doubled) Reward. hxps://

23 Rats self-s:mulate by pressing of lever that ac:vates Neurons in the Reward System. hxps://

24 SHmulaHon of the Reward System in Depression in Humans hxps://

25 RomanHc Love Activity in the right VTA region (arrows) specifically increased in response to the positive image compared with both control conditions. Activity in the VTA for the positive-minus-neutral contrast was correlated with the independently rated attractiveness of the positive minus the attractiveness of the neutral faces. A: activation is on the left and on the midline (arrow). B: neural activity in response to positive images was greater when the positive face was more attractive than the neutral face. Aron, A., Fisher, H., Mashek, D., Strong, G., Li, H., & Brown, L. (2005). Reward, movvavon, and emovon systems associated with early-stage intense romanvc love. Journal of neurophysiology, 94(1),

26 Brain Areas that Regulate Mood Neural Circuitry of Mood FC: Frontal cortex (esp. prefrontal and cingulate) - cognitive function, attention HP: Ventral Hippocampus - cognitive function, memory NAc: Nucleus Accumbens (ventral striatum) - reward and aversion Amy: Amygdala - mediates responses to emotional stimuli, including fear HYP: Hypothalamus regulates sleep, appetite, energy, sex, body temperature, blood pressure. Participates in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal ( HPA axis) VTA: Ventral Tegmental Area - Sends dopaminergic projections to other areas DR: Dorsal Raphe nuclei - send serotonergic input to other areas LC: Locus Coeruleus - sends noradrenergic input to other areas. Berton and Nestler, Nature Revs Neurosci,

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28 hxps://aeon.co/videos/why-some-chinese-millennials-are-takingup-the-hermit-s-life-in-the-mountains?utm_source=aeon +NewsleXer&utm_campaign=d6cd852abb- _CAMPAIGN_2016_11_24&utm_medium= &utm_term =0_411a82e59d-d6cd852abb

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30 4. The wandering mind is an unhappy mind I invite you to close your eyes and pay very close attention to your breathing; just pay attention to your breath, the minute details of air flow, temperature, moisture content, the different dynamics of the in-breath and the out-breath. Unless you have dedicated yourself to his practice for some time, you won t be able to do it. Rather, you notice after some period of time your attention is somewhere else. Some far flung chain of internal thoughts, images, feelings and associations has taken over. You are amazed at your lack of control over your attention and you try harder now. The same thing happens. You notice that it is difficult to estimate the time elapsed from your focus on the breath to the derailment of the process and your sudden awareness that you have lost it, again and again.

31 Mean happiness reported during each activity (top) and while mind wandering to unpleasant topics, neutral topics, pleasant topics or not mind wandering (bottom). Matthew A. Killingsworth, and Daniel T. Gilbert Science 2010;330:932

32 Mind wandering in the absence (a) and presence (b) of meta-awareness. Christoff K et al. PNAS 2009;106: by National Academy of Sciences

33 Experienced meditators demonstrate decreased DMN activation during meditation. Brewer J A et al. PNAS 2011;108: by National Academy of Sciences

34 Eleven hours of IBMT increases fiber integrity in the left anterior corona radiata (after versus before training, two sagittal sections, x = 17 and 18). Tang Y et al. PNAS 2010;107: by National Academy of Sciences

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