Behavioral and Clinical Characteristics of Persons Living with Diagnosed HIV San Francisco

Transcription

1 Behavioral and Clinical Characteristics of Persons Living with Diagnosed HIV San Francisco HIV Epidemiology Section Applied Research, Community Health Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch (ARCHES) San Francisco Department of Public Health February 2019

2 Suggested Citation: San Francisco Department of Public Health. Behavioral and Clinical Characteristics of Persons Living with Diagnosed HIV - Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco San Francisco: San Francisco Department of Public Health. February 2019; This report is available online at: Photos: Title page: courtesy of

3 San Francisco Department of Public Health Medical Monitoring Project Staff Co-Principal Investigator Co-Principal Investigator Project Coordinator Data Manager Susan Scheer, PhD, MPH Alison J. Hughes, PhD, MPH Maree Kay Parisi Catherine Kazbour, MPH... MMP Research Associates Jon Brock, CPT-1 Veronica Jimenez Patrick Kinley Zachary Matheson Amadeia Rector Maya Yoshida-Cervantes, MPH Spanish Translator Staff Oscar Macias, MPH Viva Delgado, MPH Kristiana Dhillon, MPH Patrick Norton, PhD, MA Nashanta Stanley, MBA Belinda Van Qianya Vinson James Wendelborn

4 SAN FRANCISCO MMP Table Of Contents List of Tables 1 1 Background 3 2 Methods 4 3 Demographic Characteristics 7 4 Clinical Characteristics 10 5 Use of Health Care Services 11 6 Self-reported Antiretroviral Medication Use and Adherence 15 7 Depression and Anxiety 19 8 Substance Use 20 9 Gynecologic and Reproductive Health Sexual Behavior Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence Met and Unmet Need for Ancillary Services Prevention Activities National HIV/AIDS Strategy Indicators Internalized Stigma and Discrimination Housing Food Insecurity Social Support 46 Bibliography 48

5 List of Tables 2.1 Sample size and response rate Demographics Characteristics LIST OF TABLES 4.1 Stage of disease, CD4+ lymphocyte counts, and viral suppression Access and quality of HIV care Sexually transmitted infection testing among the total population and among those who reported sexual activity Emergency department or urgent care clinic use and hospital admission Antiretroviral therapy use Antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence among persons taking ART Antiretroviral therapy (ART) prescription, ART dose adherence, durable viral suppression, and geometric mean CD4 count by subgroups Depression and anxiety Cigarette smoking Alcohol use Non injection drug use Injection drug use Gynecological history and reproductive health among women Sexual behavior among cisgender men and women Sexual behavior among men who have sex with men, men who have sex only with women, and women who have sex with men Attitudes about using condoms among all persons and among those who reported condomless sex with partners of unknown or negative serostatus Attitudes towards condomless sex among all persons and among those who reported condomless sex with partners of unknown or negative serostatus Intimate partner violence and sexual violence Self-reported health concerns Met and unmet needs for ancillary services Prevention services received National indicators: homelessness, HIV stigma, and high risk sex by subgroups Personalized HIV stigma

6 SAN FRANCISCO MMP Disclosure concerns Negative self-image from HIV stigma Perceived public attitudes about HIV Discrimination experienced in the health care setting Housing status Housing and access to amenities Food insecurity by demographics Household food insecurities HIV disclosure to primary support person Social support

7 1 Background In 2005, in response to an Institute of Medicine report outlining the need for representative data on persons living with HIV, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) implemented the Medical Monitoring Project (MMP), which from 2009 to 2014 collected data from a 3-stage probability sample of persons receiving HIV medical care [1,2]. In 2015, MMP sampling and weighting methods were revised to include all persons with diagnosed HIV regardless of HIV care status and a 2-stage sampling approach was implemented [3]. This is the first San Francisco report using data collected from these revised methods. CHAPTER 1 The National HIV/AIDS Strategy (NHAS) was released in 2010 to monitor progress towards achieving three primary goals: reducing HIV incidence, increasing access to care and optimizing health outcomes, and reducing HIV-related health disparities [4]. MMP data is used to measure three of the seventeen key NHAS indicators including the percentage of persons in HIV medical care who are homeless, the percentage of HIV diagnosed adults engaging in high-risk sex, and HIV-related stigma [4]. In San Francisco there were 233 persons newly diagnosed with HIV in 2016, down from 272 persons diagnosed in 2015 [5] and deaths among persons with HIV in San Francisco also declined from 256 in 2015 to 236 in 2016 [5], a reduction of 14.3% in new HIV diagnoses and 7.8% in deaths. These declines reflect an increase in the number of persons receiving antiretroviral therapy, which has resulted in sustained viral suppression. The increased survival of persons with HIV has led to an increasing number of persons living with HIV. As of December 31, 2016, there were 15,975 San Francisco residents living with HIV [5]. 3

8 SAN FRANCISCO MMP Methods MMP is a cross-sectional, nationally representative, complex sample survey that assesses the clinical and behavioral characteristics of adults living with diagnosed HIV in the United States. Since 2015, the Medical Monitoring Project has used a stratified 2-stage sampling design. For the first stage, probability-proportion-to-size sampling based on AIDS prevalence was used to sample from all 50 United States and dependent areas, resulting in a sample of 16 states and Puerto Rico [6]. At the second stage, living adults with a reported HIV diagnosis in the National HIV Surveillance System (NHSS) were sampled [3]. The sampling date was December 31, 2014 for the 2015 MMP cycle and December 31, 2015 for the 2016 MMP cycle. San Francisco is one of the 23 project areas participating in the MMP. In order to have a sufficiently large sample for data analysis, this report summarizes findings from two cycles of the MMP (2015 and 2016). The 2015 MMP cycle data was collected from June 2015 to May 2016, and the 2016 MMP cycle data was collected from June 2016 to May Eligibility Persons were eligible for participation if, as of the sampling date, they had received a diagnosis of HIV, were age 18 years, alive, and a resident of San Francisco on the sampling date. Recruitment and Consent MMP staff contacted sampled persons by telephone or letter. MMP was conducted as a supplemental HIV surveillance activity with a non-research determination during the 2015 and 2016 data collection cycles nationally and in San Francisco [7]. All participants gave informed consent [8] prior to the interview and signed a release of information (ROI) for a medical record abstraction. Interview Trained interviewers conducted an approximately one hour face-to-face standardized computerassisted structured interview in either English or Spanish with sampled persons. Interviews were conducted in a private location (such as at the San Francisco Department of Public 4

9 Health, the person s home or at their medical care facility). The standard interview collected information on participant demographic and clinical characteristics, use of health care services and medications, substance use, sexual behavior, depression, gynecologic and reproductive history (for females), met and unmet needs for ancillary services, use of HIV prevention services, and stigma. Participants were given a token of appreciation of $50 in 2015 and $75 in Interviews were conducted from August 2015 through April 2016 for persons in the 2015 sample and from July 2016 through April 2015 for persons in the 2016 sample. CHAPTER 2 Medical Record Abstraction Trained MMP staff reviewed and abstracted medical records for participants after the interview was conducted. Information collected during the medical record abstraction included demographics, HIV diagnosis, history of opportunistic infections, co-morbidities, prescription of antiretroviral therapy and other medications, HIV laboratory test results, and health care visits in the 24 months before the interview. Data Weighting, Management and Statistical Analyses Data were weighted and adjustments were made for unequal probability of selection, multiplicity and nonresponse [3]. Prevalence estimates (weighted percentages) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using information from persons who completed the standard questionnaire or had their medical record abstracted. Confidence intervals are not reported for variables with a coefficient of variation >30% due to unstable estimates. The numbers in the tables represent unweighted frequencies and might not add up to the total N because of missing data. Percentages are weighted percentages and might not sum to 100 because of rounding. Additional information on MMP is available at After collection, data were encrypted and transmitted to CDC through a secure data portal. Statistical weighting and cleaning procedures were conducted at CDC before data were returned to the San Francisco Department of Public Health via a secure data portal for data analysis. SAS v9.4 statistical software was used for analysis of weighted data. The estimates describe the characteristics of adults with diagnosed HIV who were living in San Francisco on the sampling date. The period referenced is the 12 months before interview and medical record abstraction unless otherwise noted. 5

10 SAN FRANCISCO MMP Participant Response Rates In 2015 there were 371 eligible persons in the MMP sample, of which 165 (44.5%) participated (Table 2.1). In 2016 there were 362 eligible persons in the MMP sample, of which 195 (53.9%) participated. For the 2015 and 2016 combined MMP data presented in this report, there were 360 respondents out of 733 eligible, resulting in a combined response rate of 49.2%. Table 2.1: Sample size and response rate Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, Year Total Final Ineligible Total Final Respondent Response Rate Sample Eligible Sample n n n n % 2015 Cycle % 2016 Cycle % 2015 & % 6

11 3 Demographic Characteristics The majority were men (93%), six percent were female, and a little over one percent were trans women (Table 3.1). Persons were classified as a trans woman if sex at birth was reported as male and the self-identified gender was woman or trans woman. No trans men were sampled in 2015 or Seventy-five percent of the sample self-identified as homosexual, gay, or lesbian, and eight percent identified as bisexual. CHAPTER 3 The majority of persons were White (58%), 21% were Latinx and 12% were African American. Persons were classified in only one race/ethnicity category, so Hispanics or Latinx could be of any race. Fifty-eight percent of persons were aged 40 to 59 years. The majority of persons had some college or greater education (82%) and had been born in the United States (83%). A large proportion had been diagnosed with HIV for 10 or more years (74%) (Table 3.1). Ninety-seven percent lived in San Francisco at the time of the interview (Table 3.2). Eighteen percent were homeless and two percent had been incarcerated for more than 24 hours in the 12 months prior to the interview. Almost 100% had some type of health insurance and/or coverage, and 43% had private insurance. One or more insurance or coverage type could be selected and persons were considered uninsured if they reported having health costs paid only by Ryan White funded programs. Forty percent were employed at the time of the interview. Twenty-four percent had a combined household income of $75,000 or greater in the previous year, while 32% had incomes at or below the federal poverty level (Table 3.2). The federal poverty level was defined using the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) poverty guidelines; the 2014 guidelines were used for persons interviewed in 2015 and the 2015 guidelines were used for persons interviewed in More information regarding the HHS poverty guidelines can be found at 7

12 SAN FRANCISCO MMP Table 3.1: Demographics Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, Demographics No. % (95% CI) Gender Male ( ) Female ( ) Trans woman a Sexual Orientation Homosexual, gay or lesbian ( ) Heterosexual or straight ( ) Bisexual ( ) Other sexual orientation Race / Ethnicity White ( ) Hispanic or Latinx b ( ) Black or African American ( ) Asian or Pacific Islander ( ) Multiracial or Other Age at time of interview years ( ) years ( ) years ( ) years ( ) 65 years ( ) Education < High School ( ) High School diploma or equivalent ( ) High School ( ) Country or territory of birth United States ( ) Other ( ) Time since HIV diagnosis < 5 years ( ) 5 9 years ( ) 10 years ( ) Total 360 a Persons were classified as a trans woman if sex at birth was male and self-reported gender identity was woman or trans woman. No trans men participated in San Francisco MMP b Hispanics or Latinx might be of any race. Persons are classified in only one race/ethnicity category. 8

13 Table 3.2: Characteristics in the past 12 months Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, Characteristic No. % (95% CI) Current San Francisco resident ( ) Homeless at any time in the past 12 months a ( ) Incarcerated for longer than 24 hours Had health insurance coverage ( ) CHAPTER 3 Type of health insurance b Private insurance ( ) Ryan White ( ) Medicaid ( ) Medicare ( ) Other public insurance ( ) Tricare/CHAMPUS or VA Currently employed c ( ) Any Disability ( ) Combined yearly household income (dollars) d $0 to $9, ( $10,000 to $19, ( ) $20,000 to $39, ( ) $40,000 to $74, ( ) $75,000 or more ( ) Poverty level Above poverty level ( ) At or below poverty level ( ) Total 360 a Living on the street, in a shelter, in a single-room-occupancy hotel, or in a car. b Persons could select more than one response for health insurance. c Employed includes employed for wages, self-employed, or homemaker. d Income from all sources, before taxes, in the last calendar year. Abbreviations: CHAMPUS: Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services, VA: Veterans Administration, SSI: Supplemental Security Income; SSDI: Social Security Disability Insurance. 9

14 SAN FRANCISCO MMP Clinical Characteristics Sixty-one percent of persons met the CDC clinical criteria for HIV Stage 3 (AIDS) [9], although only eight percent had a geometric mean CD4 count less than 200 cells/µl in the prior 12 months (Table 4.1). Note that CD4 counts are from medical record abstraction. A large proportion of persons (76%) were virally suppressed on their most recent test and 70% were virally suppressed throughout the entire previous 12 months. Table 4.1: Stage of disease, CD4+ lymphocyte counts, and viral suppression during the prior 12 months Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, No. % (95% CI) HIV infection stage 3 (AIDS) a ( ) Geometric mean CD4+ lymphocyte count cells/µl ( ) cells/µl ( ) cells/µl ( ) 500 cells/µl ( ) Lowest CD4+ lymphocyte count 0 49 cells/µl cells/µl ( ) cells/µl ( ) cells/µl ( ) 500 cells/µl ( ) Viral suppression Most recent HIV viral load undetectable or <200 copies/ml ( ) 200 copies/ml or missing/unknown ( ) Durable viral suppression All HIV viral load measurements undetectable or <200 copies/ml ( ) Any HIV viral load measurement 200 copies/ml or missing/unknown ( ) Total 360 a HIV stage 3 (AIDS): Documentation of an AIDS defining condition or either a CD4 count of <200 cells/µl or CD4 percentage of total lymphocytes of <14. Documentation of an AIDS defining condition supersedes a CD4 count or percentage that would not, by itself, be the basis for a stage 3 (AIDS) classification. Abbreviations: CD4: CD4 T lymphocyte count (cells/µl). AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 10

15 5 Use of Health Care Services ART is recommended for all persons living with HIV regardless of clinical stage or immunostatus and prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is recommended for persons with CD4+ lymphocyte cell counts below 200 cells/µl and below 50 cells/µl, respectively [10, 11]. Ninety-three percent of persons had been prescribed ART (Table 5.1). Sixty percent of clinically eligible persons were prescribed PCP prophylaxis and 50% of clinically eligible persons were prescribed MAC prophylaxis. All persons received outpatient HIV care in the last 24 months. Outpatient HIV care was defined as any documentation of the following: encounter with an HIV care provider, viral load test result, CD4 test result, HIV resistance test or tropism assay, ART prescription, PCP prophylaxis, or MAC prophylaxis. Seventy-six percent of persons had been vaccinated against influenza in the past year (Table 5.1). CHAPTER 5 Among persons who were sexually active in the previous 12 months, forty-four percent were tested for gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis, with syphilis testing conducted most frequently (73% of persons, Table 5.2) Use of the emergency department (ED) was frequent; 18% percent of persons were seen in the ED two or more times in the prior 12 months (Table 5.3). Sixty-seven percent did not have any illnesses or injuries requiring care in the ED and sixteen percent were hospitalized at least once.. 11

16 SAN FRANCISCO MMP Table 5.1: Access and quality of HIV care Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, No. % (95% CI) Ever received outpatient HIV care a Yes ( ) Received outpatient HIV care, past 12 months Yes ( ) Received outpatient HIV care, past 24 months Yes ( ) Retained in care b, past 12 months Yes ( ) No ( ) Retained in care b, past 24 months Yes ( ) No ( ) Prescribed ART, past 12 months Yes ( ) No ( ) Prescribed PCP prophylaxis c, past 12 months Yes ( ) No ( ) Prescribed MAC prophylaxis d, past 12 months Yes No Received influenza vaccination, past 12 months Yes ( ) No ( ) Total 360 a Outpatient HIV care was defined as any documentation of the following: encounter with an HIV care provider, viral load test result, CD4 test result, HIV resistance test or tropism assay, ART prescription, PCP prophylaxis, or MAC prophylaxis. b Retained in care was defined as having at least two elements of outpatient HIV care as described in a at least 90 days apart in each 12-month period. c Among persons with CD4 cell count <200 cells/µl. d Among persons with CD4 cell count <50 cells/µl. Note: CD4 counts and viral load measurements are from medical record abstraction. Abbreviations: CD4: CD4 T lymphocyte count (cells/µl) or percentage; ART, antiretroviral therapy; PCP, Pneumocystis pneumonia; MAC, Mycobacterium avium complex. 12

17 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.2: Sexually transmitted infection testing during the prior 12 months among the total population and among those who reported sexual activity Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, Total population Sexually active N % (95% CI) N % (95% CI) Syphilis testing Yes, received testing ( ) ( ) No testing documented ( ) ( ) Gonorrhea testing Yes, received testing ( ) ( ) No testing documented ( ) ( ) Chlamydia testing Yes, received testing ( ) ( ) No testing documented ( ) ( ) Syphilis, gonorrhea and chlamydia testing Yes, received all tests ( ) ( ) No, did not receive all tests ( ) ( ) Total

18 SAN FRANCISCO MMP Table 5.3: Emergency department or urgent care clinic use and hospital admission during the prior 12 months Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, No. % (95% CI) Number of visits to emergency department or urgent care clinic ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Number of hospital admissions ( )) ( ) ( ) Total

19 6 Self-reported Antiretroviral Medication Use and Adherence Ninety-five percent self-reported current ART use and 98% reported ever taken ART (Table 6.1). Among the 2% without a history of ART use, 74% had never taken ART because a health care provider advised a delay in treatment. Among those who had a history of ART use but were not currently taking ART, 56% were not currently taking ART because they felt it would make them feel sick or harm them. The most common reasons for last missed ART dose were forgetting (53%) and a change in one s daily routine or travel (38%) (Table 6.1). CHAPTER 6 Among persons taking ART, 52% had perfect 30 day dose adherence (i.e. did not miss an ART dose in the past 30 days) (Table 6.2). Sixty percent had never been troubled by ART side effects during the past 30 days; 21% had rarely been troubled. Eighty-two percent reported they were either very good or excellent at taking their HIV medicines in the way they were supposed to (Table 6.2). While 91% of men had a prescription of ART, only 52% were ART adherent and 71% had sustained viral suppression. Among women, 79% had been prescribed ART and 51% were ART adherent and 59% had sustained viral suppression (Table 6.3). Eighty-three percent of Latinx persons were prescribed ART, compared with 89% of Black/African Americans and 95% of Whites. The prevalence of ART prescription was 87% among persons aged 18 to 39 years and 96% among those aged 60 years or older. The prevalence of sustained viral suppression was 47% among persons aged 18 to 39 years and 78% among those aged 65 and older (Table 6.3). While ART prescription was high for persons in all housing statuses, it was lowest for housed persons (89%). However, ART adherence was highest for housed persons (55%) and lowest for persons living in shelters or on the street (22%). Likewise, sustained viral suppression was highest for those who were housed (74%) and lower for those living in shelters or on the street (46%) (Table 6.3). 15

20 SAN FRANCISCO MMP Table 6.1: Antiretroviral therapy use Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, No. % (95% CI) Ever taken antiretroviral medications (ART) ( ) Main reason for never taking ART a HIV provider delayed treatment Currently taking ART ( ) Main reason for currently not taking ART b Thought it would make them feel sick or harm them Main reason for last missed ART dose c Forgot to take HIV medicines ( ) Change in daily routine/traveling ( ) Fell asleep early or overslept ( ) Felt depressed or overwhelmed ( ) Was drinking or using drugs ( ) Had problems with prescription/refills/payment ( ) Did not feel like taking HIV medication ( ) Experienced side effects ( ) In the hospital or too sick for medication ( ) Total 360 Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy. a Among those reporting never taking ART. b Among those with a history of taking ART but no current use. c Among those currently taking ART. 16

21 Table 6.2: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence among persons taking ART Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, No. % (95% CI) How many days did you miss at least one dose of any of your HIV medicines? ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) How well did you do at taking your HIV medicines in the way you were supposed to? Very poor Poor Fair ( ) Good ( ) Very good ( ) Excellent ( ) How often did you take your HIV medicines in the way you were supposed to? Never Rarely Sometimes Usually Almost always ( ) Always ( ) Troubled by ART side effects Never ( ) Rarely ( ) About half the time ( ) Most of the time Always Total 360 CHAPTER 6 17

22 18 SAN FRANCISCO MMP Table 6.3: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) prescription, ART dose adherence, durable viral suppression, and geometric mean CD4 count by subgroups Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, Prescription of ART ART dose adherence a Sustained viral suppression b Mean CD4 count >200 c Subgroups No. % (95% CI) No. % (95% CI) No. % (95% CI) No. % (95% CI) Gender Male ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Female ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Trans woman Sexual Orientation Lesbian or gay ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Heterosexual or straight ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Bisexual ( ) ( ) ( ) Other ( ) ( ) Race/Ethnicity White ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Hispanic or Latinix ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Black/African American ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Asian or Pacific Islander ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Multiracial or other ( ) ( ) Age at time of interview ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Housing Status Housed ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) SRO ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Jail ( ) Shelter/Street/Car ( ) ( ) ( ) Total ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) a In the past 30 days, 100% adherence to all ART doses. b All viral load measurements in the 12 months preceding the interview documented undetectable or less than 200 copies/ml in the medical chart. c Persons with a geometric mean CD4 count of more than 200 cells/µl in the prior 12 months in the medical chart.

23 7 Depression and Anxiety Depression was measured by asking persons to complete the eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8). The interpretation is based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria [12]. Twelve percent of persons met the criteria for major depression and twelve percent met the criteria for other, less severe depression (Table 7.1). Responses to the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) were used to define mild anxiety, moderate anxiety and severe anxiety, according to criteria from the DSM-IV. Nine percent reported severe anxiety and 72% reported having no anxiety (Table 7.1). CHAPTER 7 Table 7.1: Depression and anxiety during the prior 2 weeks Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, No. % (95% CI) Depression based on DSM IV criteria No depression ( ) Other depression a ( ) Major depression b ( ) Moderate or severe depression (PHQ 8 score >10) Yes ( ) No ( ) Anxiety (GAD-7) No anxiety ( ) Mild anxiety ( ) Moderate anxiety ( ) Severe anxiety ( ) Total 360 a Other depression was defined as having 2-4 symptoms of depression. b Major depression was defined as having at least 5 symptoms of depression. 19

24 SAN FRANCISCO MMP Substance Use The proportion reporting lifetime cigarette smoking was high (62%). Thirty-two percent reported current use and 24% reported smoking daily (Table 8.1). Alcohol use was reported by 75% and 41% reported daily or weekly drinking (Table 8.2). Of those who used alcohol in the prior 12 months, 39% reported drinking alcohol before or during sex. Non-injection drug use was reported by 50% (Table 8.3). Among those who reported using non-injection drugs, the most common drugs were: marijuana (69%), crystal methamphetamine (43%), and amyl nitrite (36%). Thirty-four percent reported use of club drugs like Ecstasy, GHB or ketamine. Injection drug use in the 12 months before the interview was reported by 10% and among these, 73% injected before or during sex. The most common injection drug was crystal methamphetamine and was reported by 92% of those using injection drugs (Table 8.4). Table 8.1: Cigarette smoking Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, No. % (95% CI) Smoked 100 cigarettes (lifetime) Yes ( ) No ( ) Smoking status Never smoker ( ) Former smoker ( ) Current smoker ( ) Frequency of cigarette smoking (during past 12 months) Never ( ) Daily ( ) Weekly ( ) Monthly ( ) Less than monthly ( ) Electronic cigarette smoking status Never used electronic cigarette ( ) Used electronic cigarettes, but not in the past 30 days ( ) Used electronic cigarettes in the past 30 days ( ) Total

25 CHAPTER 8 Table 8.2: Alcohol use during the prior 12 months Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, No. % (95% CI) Any alcohol used Yes ( ) No ( ) Frequency of alcohol use Daily ( ) Weekly ( ) Monthly ( ) Less than monthly ( ) Never ( ) Alcohol use before or during sex a Yes ( ) No ( ) Binge drinking b (during past 30 days) a Yes ( ) No ( ) Total 360 a Among those who used alcohol in the prior 12 months. b Persons who had at least 1 binge drinking episode during 30 days before the interview. An alcoholic beverage was defined as a 12oz beer, 5oz glass of wine, or 1.5oz of liquor. A binge drinking episode was defined as having more than 5 drinks for men and more than 4 drinks for women. 21

26 SAN FRANCISCO MMP Table 8.3: Non injection drug use during the prior 12 months Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, Among Among Non-Injection All Persons Drug Users No. % (95% CI) No. % (95% CI) Use of any noninjection drugs a ( ) Use of any noninjection drugs before or during sex ( ) ( ) Non injection drugs used Marijuana ( ) ( ) Crystal methamphetamine ("Tina, Crank, Ice") ( ) ( ) Amyl nitrate ("Poppers") ( ) ( ) Club drugs (X or Ecstasy, GHB or ketamine) ( ) ( ) Cocaine that is smoked or snorted ( ) ( ) Painkillers (e.g. Oxycontin, Vicodin, or Percocet) ( ) ( ) Downers (e.g. Valium, Ativan, or Xanax) ( ) ( ) Amphetamines ("speed") ( ) ( ) Crack ( ) ( ) Total a Includes all drugs that were not injected (i.e., administered by any route other than injection), including legal drugs that were not used for medical purposes. Abbreviation: GHB: gamma hydroxybutyrate. 22

27 CHAPTER 8 Table 8.4: Injection drug use during the prior 12 months Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, Among Among Injection All Persons Drug Users No. % (95% CI) No. % (95% CI) Use of any injection drugs ( ) Use of any injection drugs before or during sex ( ) ( ) Injection drugs used Crystal methamphetamine ("Tina, Crank, Ice") ( ) ( ) Heroin Amphetamines ("Speed") Heroin and cocaine ("Speedball") Painkillers (e.g. Oxycontin, Vicodin, or Percocet) Cocaine Shared needle after using Shared works after using Total

28 SAN FRANCISCO MMP Gynecologic and Reproductive Health Twenty-one women were interviewed during the 2015 and 2016 MMP cycles. Sixty-nine percent reported receiving HIV care at a gynecological clinic in the past 12 months (Table 9.1). Sixty-nine percent reported a Papanicolaou smear in the past 12 months. Seven percent had been pregnant since time of HIV diagnosis. Table 9.1: Gynecological history and reproductive health among women during the prior 12 months Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, No. % (95% CI) Received HIV care at a gynecological clinic Yes ( ) No ( ) Papanicolaou (Pap) smear Yes ( ) No ( ) Pregnant since HIV diagnosis Yes No ( ) Total 21 24

29 10 Sexual Behavior Forty-six percent of men had receptive anal sex with men, 46% had insertive anal sex with men, and 5% had vaginal sex (Table 10.1). Forty percent of men had neither vaginal nor anal sex. Among women, 39% had vaginal sex, and 62% did not have vaginal or anal sex. Among trans women, 31.5% had vaginal or anal sex (data not shown). CHAPTER 10 Eight percent of men who have sex with men (MSM) engaged in high-risk sex, as well as 9% of men who have sex only with women (MSW), compared to 6% of women who have sex with men (WSM) (Table 10.2). High-risk sex was defined as vaginal or anal sex with at least one HIV-negative or unknown status partner while not sustainably virally suppressed, a condom was not used, and the partner was not on PrEP. PrEP use was only measured among the five most recent partners. In terms of prevention strategies utilized by those who were sexually active in the last 12 months, 45% of MSM had condom-protected sex, 68% engaged in sex while sustainably virally suppressed, 74% had sex with an HIV-positive partner, and 22% had condomless sex with a partner on preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Among sexually active MSW, 72% had condom-protected sex, 46% engaged in sex while sustainably virally suppressed, 6% had sex with an HIV-positive partner and 7% had condomless sex with a partner on PrEP. Among sexually active WSM, 62% engaged in sex while sustainably virally suppressed, 69% had condom-protected sex and 12% had sex with an HIV-positive partner. The median number of partners in the previous 12 months was one for MSW and trans women who have sex with men, while the median number of partners for MSM was three (data not shown). Among all persons, 46% reported that they strongly disagreed with the statement "I can worry less about having to use a condom" when having an undetectable viral load, compared to 20% for those who reported condomless sex with partners of unknown or negative serostatus (Table 10.3). Forty-seven percent of all persons strongly disagreed that they can worry less about using condoms when their partner is taking PrEP. In contrast, among persons who reported condomless sex, only 21% strongly disagreed that they can worry less about using condoms when their partner is taking PrEP (Table 10.3). Forty-five percent of all persons strongly disagreed with the statement "if I have an undetectable viral load I am more likely to have condomless sex", compared to 14% of persons who reported condomless sex with partners of negative or unknown serostatus. Twentyone of all persons strongly agreed with being more likely to have condomless sex when their partner is taking PrEP, while 42% of persons who had condomless sex with HIV negative or unknown serostatus partners strongly agreed (Table 10.4). 25

30 SAN FRANCISCO MMP Table 10.1: Sexual behavior during the prior 12 months among cisgender men and women Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, Men Women Behavior N % (95% CI) N % (95% CI) Engaged in anal sex with men Receptive Yes ( ) No ( ) ( ) Insertive Yes ( ) - No ( ) - Anal sex with women Yes No ( ) - Vaginal sex Yes ( ) ( ) No ( ) ( ) Vaginal or anal sex Yes ( ) ( ) No ( ) ( ) Total

31 Table 10.2: Sexual behavior during the prior 12 months among men who have sex with men (MSM), men who have sex only with women (MSW), and women who have sex with men (WSM) Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, MSM MSW WSM No. % (95% CI) No. % (95% CI) No. % (95% CI) Engaged in any high-risk sex a Yes ( ) No ( ) ( ) ( ) Engaged in any high-risk sex among sexually active persons b Yes ( ) No ( ) ( ) ( ) Sexually-active persons who used a prevention strategy with at least one partner Sex while sustainably virally suppressed c ( ) ( ) ( ) Condom-protected sex d ( ) ( ) ( ) Condomless sex with a partner on PrEP e ( ) Sex with an HIV positive partner ( ) Total a Vaginal or anal sex with at least one HIV-negative or unknown status partner while not sustainably virally suppressed, when a condom was not used, and the partner was not on PrEP. PrEP use was only measured among the 5 most recent partners. b Sexually active is defined as having vaginal or anal intercourse, excluding oral sex in the past 12 months. c HIV viral load <200 copies/ml documented in the medical record at every measure in the past 12 months before the interview. d Condoms were consistently used with at least one vaginal or anal sex partner. e At least one HIV-negative condomless sex partner was on PrEP. PrEP use was only measured among the five most recent partners and was reported by the HIV-positive partner. 27 CHAPTER 10

32 SAN FRANCISCO MMP Table 10.3: Attitudes about using condoms among all persons and among those who reported condomless sex with partners of unknown or negative serostatus during the prior 12 months Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, I can worry less about using a condom... When I have an undetectable viral load Condomless sex with partners All persons of neg./unknown serostatus No. % (95% CI) No. % (95% CI) Strongly disagree ( ) ( ) Disagree ( ) ( ) Neutral ( ) ( ) Agree ( ) ( ) Strongly agree ( ) ( ) If my partner tells me he/she is HIV positive Strongly disagree ( ) ( ) Disagree ( ) ( ) Neutral ( ) ( ) Agree ( ) ( ) Strongly agree ( ) ( ) If my partner tells me he or she is taking PrEP Strongly disagree ( ) ( ) Disagree ( ) ( ) Neutral ( ) ( ) Agree ( ) ( ) Strongly agree ( ) ( ) Total

33 Table 10.4: Attitudes towards condomless sex among all persons and among those who reported condomless sex with partners of unknown or negative serostatus during the prior 12 months Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, CHAPTER 10 I am more likely to have condomless sex... If I have an undetectable viral load Condomless sex with partners All persons of neg./unknown serostatus No. % (95% CI) No. % (95% CI) Strongly disagree ( ) ( ) Disagree ( ) Neutral ( ) ( ) Agree ( ) ( ) Strongly agree ( ) ( ) If my partner tells me he/she is HIV positive Strongly disagree ( ) ( ) Disagree ( ) Neutral ( ) ( ) Agree ( ) ( ) Strongly agree ( ) ( ) If my partner tells me he or she is taking PrEP Strongly disagree ( ) Disagree ( ) Neutral ( ) ( ) Agree ( ) ( ) Strongly agree ( ) ( ) Total

34 SAN FRANCISCO MMP Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence Thirty-one percent had ever been physically hurt by a romantic or sexual partner, including 6% who experienced this in the past 12 months (Table 11.1). Nineteen percent had ever been threatened with harm or physically forced to have unwanted sex, including 2% who experienced this in the past 12 months. Table 11.1: Intimate partner violence and sexual violence Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, No. % (95% CI) Was ever physically hurt by a romantic or sexual partner Yes ( ) No ( ) Was physically hurt by a romantic or sexual partner in the past 12 months Yes ( ) No ( ) Was ever threatened/forced to have unwanted sex Yes ( ) No ( ) Was threatened/forced to have unwanted sex in the past 12 months Yes No ( ) Total

35 12 Met and Unmet Need for Ancillary Services About two-thirds (64%) reported that HIV was their main health concern. The other top health concerns reported were: cardiovascular disease (5%), mental health (5%), aging (4%), diabetes (2%), drug use (2%) and hepatitis (2%) (Table 12.1). CHAPTER 12 The most frequent ancillary services received were dental care (62%), AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP) (49%) and eye or vision services (48%) (Table 12.2). Twenty-six percent of persons reported needing but not receiving dental care, while 23% reported needing but not receiving eye or vision services. Nineteen percent also needed but did not receive Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) or special supplemental nutrition program for Woman Infants, and Children (WIC), and 13% also needed but did not receive mental health services. Table 12.1: Self-reported health concerns in the last 12 months Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, No. % (95% CI) Is HIV the main health concern? Yes ( ) No ( ) If not, what is the main health concern? Cardiovascular ( ) Mental Health ( ) Aging ( ) Diabetes Drug use Hepatitis Total

36 SAN FRANCISCO MMP Table 12.2: Met and unmet needs for ancillary services during the prior 12 months Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, Received services Persons who needed but did not receive service Service a No. % (95% CI) No. % (95% CI) Dental care ( ) ( ) ADAP b ( ) ( ) Eye or vision services ( ) ( ) HIV case management ( ) ( ) Mental health services ( ) ( ) Transportation assistance ( ) ( ) Meal or food services c ( ) ( ) Nutrition service ( ) ( ) Drug adherence support ( ) HIV peer group support ( ) ( ) Shelter or housing services ( ) ( ) SNAP or WIC d ( ) ( ) Drug or alcohol counseling ( ) ( ) Participant navigation ( ) ( ) Home health services ( ) ( ) Domestic violence services ( ) ( ) Interpreter services ( ) Total 360 a Persons could report receiving or needing more than one service. b Medicine through the AIDS Drug Assistance Program. c Includes services such as soup kitchens, church dinners, food banks, pantries, or delivery services. d SNAP - Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. WIC - Special supplemental nutrition program for Woman Infants, and Children. 32

37 13 Prevention Activities A one-on-one prevention-related conversation with a health care provider in the 12 months prior to the interview was reported by 41% and 24% reported one-on-one prevention-related conversations with an outreach worker (Table 13.1). Small group prevention counseling was reported by 14%. Half received free condoms from someone other than a friend, relative or sex partner. Table 13.1: Prevention services received during the prior 12 months Medical Monitoring Project, San Francisco, No. % (95% CI) One on one conversation with a physician, nurse, or other health care worker Yes ( ) No ( ) One on one conversation with an outreach worker, counselor, or prevention program worker Yes ( ) No ( ) Organized session involving a small group of people Yes ( ) No ( ) Free condoms Yes ( ) No ( ) Source of free condoms a General health clinic ( ) Social venue ( ) Community based organization ( ) Special event ( ) Sexually transmitted disease clinic ( ) Outreach organization for persons who inject drugs Family Planning Clinic Total 360 a Among persons who received free condoms. 33

38 SAN FRANCISCO MMP National HIV/AIDS Strategy Indicators The prevalence of homelessness among persons in HIV care in the past 12 months was 18%. Homelessness among trans women in care was 31%. Thirty percent of Hispanics or Latinx in HIV care reported homelessness in the last 12 months and 22% of African American/Blacks in HIV care were homeless (Table 14.1). HIV stigma was measured by the median score on a 10-item scale ranging from 0 (no stigma) to 100 (high stigma) [3]. The median HIV stigma score among all persons was 32 and was higher for trans women, Hispanics or Latinx, Asian or Pacific Islanders, multiracial persons and those under the age of 50 years (Table 14.1). High-risk sex is defined as vaginal or anal sex with at least one HIV-negative or unknown status partner while not sustainably virally suppressed, when a condom was not used, or the partner was not on PrEP. PrEP use was only measured among the five most recent partners. Eight percent of persons overall engaged in high-risk sex and 24% of those between the age of 18 and 39 years engaged in high-risk sex. 34