Ngoba Likusasa Ngelami Youth Campaign. Noma Kunje Litsemba lisekhona radio programme And Super Buddies Magazine

Transcription

1 Ngoba Likusasa Ngelami Youth Campaign Noma Kunje Litsemba lisekhona radio programme And Super Buddies Magazine Evaluation report

2 Background Table of Contents HIV/AIDS situation in Swaziland... 3 Impact of the Epidemic on the demographics. 8 Methodology 12 Findings Demographics 13 Ngoba Likusasa campaign.14 Noma kunje lisekhona litsemba radio programme.17 Super buddies magazine 18 Recommendation 19 2

3 Background HIV/AIDS situation in Swaziland HIV/AIDS in Swaziland has been rapidly growing since the first case was identified in For the first past years of the epidemic the main source of the data was notified AIDS cases and there was a steady increase from the earliest AIDS case in 1987 to over 150 in 1993 (Whiteside et al, 2003). Despite the efforts made in the response to the epidemic, the overall level of HIV infection in Swaziland is still rising, although not as sharp as in the earlier stages of the epidemic. The first prevalence rate among antenatal clients, as measured by the sentinel surveillance was done in 1992 and HIV prevalence was found to be 3.9 percent. It has rapidly risen from 3.9 percent in 1992 to 16.1 percent in Since then the sentinel surveillance among the ANC have been carried out every two years. Each and every year the situation is getting worse since the epidemic started in the kingdom. The HIV prevalence rate is 42.6% in 2004 (figure: 1 HIV Trends), which placing Swaziland among the worst affected countries in the world. A survey conducted among a high-risk population, by the Royal Swaziland Sugar Cooperation (2002) showed a similar prevalence rate of 37.5%. It is noted that the sharp increase (12.2%) between 1992 and 1994 gradually declined to 2.6% between 1998 and 2000 and has since then slightly increased again to around 4% between two rounds. Swaziland believed to be the most HIV- affected country per capita in the world with about 1 in 3 (or more) adults infected. The HIV infection in Swaziland across the population is thought to has passed the first stage of the epidemic curve ( pre-epidemic stage, where the incidence is relatively low but the virus is beginning to spread) and its now at the second stage ( epidemic stage where the incidence rapidly increases; for example, a doubling every year). This second stage has been demonstrated by the trends (figure:1). It is believe that the Kingdom in the next 15 years will experience the third stage called the endemic stage where the infection levels start to level off at the saturation level of the high 3

4 risk groups, but there is still a high enough incidence of new infections to replace those who died due to AIDS. Figure:1 Trends in HIV Prevalence Level of HIV infection 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 42.6% 38.6% 31.6% 34.2% 26.0% 16.1% 3.9% Source: MOH&SW, 2004 Describing the Epidemic by age group based on the ANC sentinel survey (2004), the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare highlighted that the highest prevalence was found in the years age group (56.3%), followed by the years old (46.3%) and the years old (41.0%). The prevalence in the years age group was 29.3% and in the years age group 30.9%. Figure 2: HIV prevalence rate by age group 60% 50% 56.3% HIV prevalence 40% 30% 20% 29.3% 46.3% 41.0% 30.9% 38.0% 10% 0% Age groups >=40 Source: MOH&SW,

5 Looking at the HIV prevalence distribution by single year of age the figure below clearly illustrates how the HIV gradually rises to peak around 26 years then stabilizes in the older age groups. Figure 3: HIV prevalence rate by single year of age group HIV prevalence 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Age in Years >40 Source: MOH&SW, 2004 The prevalence rate in the years age group is a national and international core indicator for measuring trends in the impact of HIV prevention interventions because it reflects recently acquired infections. The overall prevalence in this group was 39.4%. The regional distribution follows a similar pattern as the distribution of the prevalence in all ages combined. In addition, the prevalence rate in the years age group, which reflects even more recent infections. About 3.2 % decline noted among the age of years when comparing to the results of 2002 (32.5%) and 2004 (29.3%) results. This might be due to the impact of the ongoing interventions around the country or other factors which needs further investigation in the near future. Since the prevalence of HIV in young women (15-24 years and years old) is a core indicator to measure overall impact of HIV prevention activities. It indicates that the prevalence rate in this population finally is stabilizing and might even start declining therefore sends a message of hope for all concerned by the epidemic in 5

6 Swaziland and encourages everyone involved in the fight against HIV/AIDS to further reinforce their efforts (MOH&SW, 2004) The Ministry has noted a sudden increase in the older age groups are surprising and a reason for concern. Some assumptions has been made, such as taking care of infected sons, daughters or relatives without taking precaution on the prevention measures has been made based on this sudden increase. Further investigation is needed to explore in how far epidemiological phenomenon, such as a cohort effect, can explain this or if other factors are involved. There is also a need to investigate the effect of ART, and particularly PMTCT plus, on a possible increase of the number of positive women that gets pregnant, thereby affecting HIV prevalence among ANC clients. It is believed that the current coverage of these programmes is still too limited to have affected the current survey, but a scaling up and decentralisation of the interventions might affect future surveillance results. The rapid rise has been consistent among the four regions, and the increase also noted in urban as well as in rural areas. The Manzini region remains with the highest prevalence 45.1 percent among the regions, followed by Shiselweni (42.5%), Lubombo (41.9%) and Hhohho region (40.3%) (Figure: 2). There is an observed sharp increased in the Shiselweni region since This dramatic increase may be attributed to several factors such as the sudden industrialization in the region with many sprouting textile factories, road construction taking place and drought situation. These developments may have contributed to the major migration of people from all over the country in searching for employment. The variation between the regions is relatively small, which could be attributed to similar patterns of sexual behaviour and similar factors driving the epidemic. Further studies to explore the contributing factors towards the increase rate of infection in other areas as compare to other areas in the Kingdom is needed. 6

7 Figure: 4 HIV prevalence rate per region HIV Prevalence 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Hhohho Lubombo Manzini Shiselweni Source: MOH&SW, 2004 It has been observed that the prevalence rate in the Urban and the Rural area is also increasing, (44.5%) and (40.3%) respectively. According to the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (2004) the prevalence continues to be higher at the urban, which is consistent with observations elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa. The difference is not statistical significant. In Swaziland the Urban-Rural difference is smaller than elsewhere because of the relatively small size of the towns and the frequent commuting between urban and rural areas for work and health seeking reasons. Based on the sentinel survey (2004) women from urban areas have a higher prevalence than women from rural areas (46.4 versus 41.4%). Considering HIV prevalence by educational level, a higher prevalence among the less educated clients was observed. Women without any formal education had the highest prevalence (58.5%), while women who completed secondary school and did not have completed higher education had the lowest (36.8%). There are some implications of education which need to be investigated to determine how much level of education contributing to the spread HIV/AIDS/ epidemic reduction. HIV prevalence did not vary much by marital status. Women who reported to be cohabiting with a partner, without being officially married, had the highest prevalence and officially married women the lowest. 7

8 Many studies have revealed the relationship between STIs and HIV in world. This is also noted in Swaziland s sentinel survey since overall prevalence of Syphilis was 8.1% and the pattern between the regions was similar as for HIV prevalence. Antenatal clients in Manzini region had the highest syphilis prevalence (9.9%), followed by clients in Shiselweni, Lubombo (both 7.9%) and Hhohho region (6.3%). Women recruited at urban and rural facilities had a similar prevalence (respectively 8.0 and 8.1) Impact of the Epidemic on the demographics As the epidemic matures, the impact is becoming visible through an increasing number of patients suffering from AIDS opportunistic infections, an increase in mortality rates and a rapidly growing population of orphans and vulnerable children. It is estimated that the number of orphans, which was about 32,000 in 2001, will increase to over 120,000 (approximately 15% of the population), by 2010 (Stanecki 2001, Swaziland HIV/AIDS Modelling Mission Report). Already the problem of orphans is overwhelming the capacity of the extended family to cope and as such child headed households are on the increase, school drop outs, hunger and deepening poverty is evident in the population. The Crude Death Rate has increased, as a result of AIDS mortality, from 9.9 to 22.7 deaths per 1,000 populations and is projected to reach 30.2 deaths per 1,000 populations by If no action is taken annual AIDS deaths are projected to increase to around 22,000 by 2015, exceeding non AIDS-related deaths by nearly 20,000. The projected population size in 2015 is estimated at 1.58 million, about 41% lower than it would have been in the absence of AIDS (The World Bank, 2001). In the education sector it is projected that there will be an increase in children not enrolled in primary school from 3.5% in 1999 to 30% by The quality of education may also decline due to increased HIV/AIDS related deaths among teachers. The ratio of teachers to students has shifted from 1:35 in 1997 to 1:52 in 2000 (MOE 1999, Impact Assessment of HIV/AIDS on the Education Sector). In the Health sector, the demand for hospital beds has increased with HIV/AIDS-related conditions taking up more than 50 percent of the beds. As a result there is generalized 8

9 congestion in hospital wards, increasing the burden both at the hospital and at home. Regrettably the environment at home is ill prepared for this task and the families, affected by a reduction in income because of the loss of their productive members, are struggling to provide basic care. One of the key features of the HIV/AIDS epidemic is that it affects the most productive part of the population (15 to 49 years). This has significant implications for the labour force, hence contributing to economic decline. The epidemic affects both the quality and quantity of labour supply in the economy. Highly trained and educated individuals are few and their replacement result in great national costs. Evidence from different studies indicates that the main cost to society is not the direct costs of medical care and prevention but rather costs resulting from the loss of economical production and the more complex and less easily estimated costs of social disruption and instability. The excess morbidity and mortality due to the disease has wide ranging socioeconomic implications for the national economy and the various sectors. HIV/AIDS leads to destruction of social capital, weakening of institutions and deepens poverty. The demographic impact and resultant reduction in labour force; and associated income changes have significant effects on society and the economy. Households, the community, the national economy and business firms, will not escape the impact. These challenges posed by HIV for the economies of the developing countries are easier to identify in theory than to measure quantitatively. The impact study of HIV/AIDS in the Agricultural sector had demonstrated that households and the community will feel the negative socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS more than any other sector. Problems of maintaining food supplies, in both quantity and quality have increased as the mortality and morbidity due to the disease unfolds. In many cases a decline of family incomes has occurred because of higher adult morbidity and mortality, and additional expenditures on health. The deepening poverty and increased orphaning has led to children dropping out of school and worsening food insecurity. The Swaziland household farming systems are vulnerable 9

10 to the negative economic impact of HIV/AIDS because of the reliance on remittances, in the face of poor soils and; erratic and little rainfall. Whereas increased morbidity and mortality amongst the workforce in the private sector has increased absenteeism and costs on funerals. The response by Swazi business to the epidemic has focused mainly on avoidance of costs associated with the epidemic. However, these cost avoidance strategies implemented by the business sector have passed over the burden of HIV/AIDS to households and the public. In response to this situation, the country launched a multi-sectoral response in 1999 and improved its coordination by putting in place the National Emergency Response Committee on HIV/AIDS (NERCHA) in NERCHA s coordination mandate of is in line with the National Strategic Plan whose scope covers Prevention, Care and Support, and Mitigation. Whilst NERCHA is not an implementing agency, it is incumbent upon the Office to create an environment that will bring unity of focus and the correct attitudes in the implementation of the strategy. Such activities may include National campaigns, conferences and other activities. Such activities would target population groups with a view to trigger introspection, dialogue, finding meaning to life and therefore develop the necessary attitude to take appropriate action. NERCHA s latest Social Marketing Campaign Ngoba Likusasa Ngelami (The future is mine), is a comprehensive Behavioral Change initiative aimed at individuals (grouped into 3 segments: 1. Adults 2.Youth in school 3.Youth out of school) (12-30 years old). Along with other supporting initiatives, the mass media campaign aims to get those within the target segments to take charge of their individual destinies by inculcating self-esteem and a sense of purpose...today for tomorrow. Developed during January and February 2005, and Implemented in March 2005, the Likusasa Ngelami Mass Campaign consists of various media platforms: Billboards, Street Pole Posters, Press Ads, Radio Ads, and A Play/Drama which was staged from school-to-school. Other integrated initiatives have recently kicked off such as: Community Discussion Forums (Sidla inhloko) aimed at triggering HIV/AIDS related 10

11 dialogue amongst the rural adult male population; Church Driven Initiatives (including a march in Manzini on the 29 th September 2005); ongoing Workplace Programmes; activities at Cultural Gatherings (the first of which was at the recent Umhlanga); sporting activities (debut was the Total Soccer Challenge); a SHAPE driven schools programme (awaiting proposal); and other activities planned for various Congregation points (both rural communities as well as urban and peri-urban). To avoid inevitable Messaging Contamination (and the resultant confusion that often accompanies it), only the Youth Mass Media Campaign has been launched. The youth targeted message sex can wait needs time to be internalized by its target audience before the adult message be faithful is launched. However, when the adult campaign is launched (at the end of September 2005), there was a fair amount of messages overlap, although many of the adult communication platforms were confined to environments accessible only to adults: such as the workplaces and adulttargeted media. Litsemba Lisekhona is a radio programme supported by UNICEF to disseminate correct information about HIV and AIDS and give hope to those infected and affected by HIV and AIDS. This programme runs in the SiSwati channel of the Swaziland Broadcasting and Information Service on Tuesday after the 7 o clock news. It has been running for more than two years now and an assessment to determine its usefulness has not been done. Super Buddies is a magazine that disseminates information to the youth. It is designed in a way that is friendly to the youth and UNICEF has been supporting it. There is need to establish its reach and the attitude of the youth towards it. The aim of the campaign was to help the youth to change behavior around risky sexual behavior by emphasizing that they hold the power to do so in their own hands. The objectives of the survey were to; determine the reach of campaign, establish how messages are interpreted, establish how messages take effected on behaviour, and establish how to improve campaign. 11

12 Since the campaign is in progress, survey was guided by the following Objectives. 1. What was the reach of the campaign/the radio programme/magazine? 2. How does the target audience interpret the messages /what are the perceptions of the target audience about the messages? 3. What did the target audience do about the message? 4. What effects did it have on the attitudes of the target group? 5. What could have been done differently to improve the campaign/programme/magazine? 6. Did the campaign go as planned [was it flighted on timeously}? Methodology Rapid assessment was done among the youth in and out of schools and adults. Two tinkhundla per region were randomly selected, which mean 8 tinkhundla were included in the study. Five chiefdoms were selected in each inkhundla yielding a total of 40 chiefdoms participating in the assessment. In each community 5 adult males, 5 adult females, 10 male youth and 10 female youth were interviewed meaning that 30 respondents were interviewed in each community bringing the desired sample size to 1200 respondents. It is imperative that the assessment purposively targets the urban population so as to understand the differentials between urban and rural populations. A total of 120 respondents were picked from four towns (30 in each town) and this brought the total number of people to be interviewed to Out of this desired sample size a total of 1137 respondents were interviewed mainly due to refusals. One day training for the research assistants and piloting of the questionnaire was done and data was collected within five days. Data was processed, cleaned and analyzed using SPSS. 12

13 Findings: Demographics The survey was carried out in all the four regions of the country. The participants were fairly distributed, where participants from Shiselweni region were 334 (29.4%), Manzini were 330 (29.0%), Hhohho were 298 (26.2%) and Lubombo region were 175 (15.4%) as shown in figure 5 below. Figure: 5 Distribution of respondents by region Hhohho Manzini Lubombo Shiselweni 0 Regions A majority of the participants were females 611 (53.7%) and 526 (46.3%) males. About 36.9% attended secondary/high school, 36.6% attended primary, 2.3% attended college/university, and 1.9% attended Sebenta Adult education, and only 22.3% of the participants did not attended school. About 28.1% were in in-school youth, 36.6% were out of school youth and 33.2% were adults. Table: 1 Sex Distribution of Participants by Sex No. of participants Percentage Female % Male % Total % 13

14 About 83.1% of the participants did have radio in their homesteads and only 17% did not have. About 76.4% do listen to the radio while 23.6% did not. In terms of how often they listen to the radio, 57.5% do listen to the radio every day. Some of the participants listen to the radio once to three times a week (23.6%) while others (18.8%) did not specify how often they listen to the radio. Ngoba Likusasa campaign Respondents were asked if they have heard about the media campaign Ngoba Likusasa ngelami, 29.2% reported to have heard. They have indicated that they have heard about the campaign from different sources such as radio (35.2%), Times of Swaziland (33.8%), Television (32%), school drama (16.9%), from people talking (11.7%), The Swazi Observer (6.1%) and 16.4 % heard from other sources. It is clear that radio has been instrumental in disseminating information related to the campaign. Figure: 6 Sources where participants have heard of Ngoba Likusasa Ngelami Campaign 16.9% 16.4% 35.2% 11.7% 6.1% 15.5% SBIS Siswati VOC TV Times Observer Heard from people School drama Other 33.8% 32% 14

15 The campaign carried different messages and respondents were asked to identify the messages they have heard/seen under the campaign banner. About 35.8% have seen the poster carrying the message Education comes first, sex can wait, 35% have seen I am going to succeed, sex can wait, 27.8% have seen I know what I want, sex can wait, 26.3% have seen I am defiantly in control, sex can wait and 24.8% have seen One mistake is all it takes as shown in figure 7 below. Figure: 7 Posters carrying the different messages of the Campaign percentages My education comes first, sex can wait I know what I want sex can wait I am going to succed, sex can wait 1 mistake is all it takes, sex can wait I am definatetly in control, sex can wait 0 Messages on posters Interpreting of the campaign and slogan the youth indicated that it means abstinence and education first (26.1%), prevention of HIV/AIDS (26.5%), HIV/AIDS and AIDS is real and it kills (8.6%), bright future and positive living (5.2%) and others such as young people and sugar daddies, condom usage etc (12.8%). Yet on the other hand about 20.7% did not know or could not say anything about the interpretation of the campaign. Putting the campaign into action/practice the participants indicated that after having heard about the messages or seen the posters they practiced abstinence (6.4%), behaviour change (9.9%), advising friends/relatives about HIV/AIDS, (4.9%) and 15

16 only 0.5% went for HIV testing. About 78.1% of the youth did not take any action even after they have heard of the campaign. Only 166 (22.8%) of the youth discussed the Ngoba Likusasa Ngelami campaign with others. About 73.5% discussed with friends, 27.1% with family, 4.8% with teacher, 0.6 discussed with pastor and 8.4% discussed with others. Figure: 8 People whom participants have discussed the Campaign with 4.8% 8.4% 14.6% 0.6% 27.1% Family Friends Pastor teacher teacher Others 73.5% Respondents were asked if they agreed with the messages on the posters, about 98.2% did agree with the poster My education comes first, sex can wait, 95.6% I know what I want, sex can wait, 97.5% I am going to succeed, sex can wait, 96.7 % I am definitely in control, sex can wait, and 97% 1 mistake is all it takes, sex can wait. Majority of the participants have seen posters from bill boards (41.4%) and street poles (39.1%). While 20.9% have seen them from the news papers, 15.2% from the key holders, 19.2% from school walls, 5.6% from television, 0.1% from NERCHA walls and about 18.5% have seen the posters from other sources. 16

17 Noma Kunje Lisekhona Litsemba radio programme Respondents were asked if they have heard about the radio programme Noma kunje lisekhona litsemba and 72% of them have heard of the programme. They were further asked if they have ever listened to the programme where 78% reported to have listened to the programme. Regarding how frequent they listened to the programme 82.2% said they sometimes listen to the programme whilst 17.8% always listen to the programme. To ascertain whether respondents really knew what the programme was about, 94.5% displayed knowledge as they reported that the programme was about HIV and AIDS. About 27% correctly identified the presenter of the programme whilst 53.2 only knew that it was a female presenter. Respondents were further asked to rate presenter where almost half thought that they presenter was excellent, 45.1% said she was good and 8% had no opinion. Almost three quarters (72.1%) of the respondents correctly identified the two times when the programme is aired. When asked about which slot they listen to, 43.3% indicated that it was convenient for them to listen to the repeat on Saturday mid day and 35% listen to the programme on Tuesday evening. When asked which day they would prefer to listen to the radio programme, a majority (40%) of respondents suggested that Saturday is a good day for airing the programme since most of them would be home whilst 30% suggested that the same times be retained. The programme covered a wide range of topics and respondents were asked which topics they liked best. Radio drama was the best thing they liked about the programme and 65.3% identified the main character in the drama. The main thrust of the radio drama was to motivate people to seek HIV testing and through this radio drama, 24.1% confirmed that they have learnt about the importance of HIV testing. Topics they liked best were HIV testing (10%), basic fact about HIV and AIDS (15.1%), Positive living (7.6%) and caring for the sick (4.5%) and 8.8% said they liked all the topics. It is apparent from the results of the survey that the programme has increased listeners basic knowledge about HIV and AIDS as 61.3% reported to have gained 17

18 this kind of information, 19.4% have learnt about positive living and 17.5% have learnt about the importance of testing. Respondents were asked to indicate how they have used the information they gained through the programme. When asked on how they have used the information gained through the programme, 49.4% reported to have done nothing. However, word of mouth appears to have been instrumental in passing on information to other people as 19.7% of respondents said they shared the information with colleagues and relatives, 17% changed life style (condom usage and sticking to one partner), 4.9% practiced abstinence and 4.6% went for HIV testing. Suggestions for improvement On how the programme could be improved respondents (27.9%) suggested that more time be allocated for the programme either by extending airing time or be aired on more that the current two days. Some respondents (11.5%) suggested that the drama should be taken to Tinkhundla, communities and schools, 10.8% that more radio drama on HIV and AIDS should be aired and 3.1% suggested that the drama be flighted on TV and more young people should included in the drama, respectively. Super buddies magazine The Super buddies magazine was not widely known as only 6.7% reported to have seen the magazine. The major constraints relate to the distribution and the cost attached as 24.5% suggested that it should be available in all places and 18.4% suggested that the magazine should be available for free. More suggestions are shown in the table below. How can the Magazine be improved Suggestion Percent no response 38.9 It must be available in all places 24.5 Get it free 18.4 Add pictures of people who who are sick 6.1 More stories should be added 4.1 Change the characters 2.0 Pocket size 2.0 It must be written in Siswati 2.0 other

19 Recommendations It is clear that radio has been instrumental in disseminating information related to the Ngoba Likusasa Ngelami campaign. The radio program must be designed in a way that will entice the youth to listen. It is clear from the assessment that the distribution of the posters was limited hence a few people had seen them. Posters must be posted in all regions especially in rural areas since the majority of the young people reside there. The pom-pom drama needs to be performed at the grass root level. It must also be expanded to reach schools. UNICEF needs to continue supporting the radio programme Noma kunje litsemba lisekhona as it has a wide listenership. The use of drama seems to have worked as a large number of people want the drama to be continued. The drama also needs to be taken to communities and schools. More time needs to be allocated to the programme Super Buddies magazine should be distributed widely especially to rural areas at a reasonable fee. 19

20 References: 1. World Bank, (2001) Selected Development Impacts of HIV/AIDS. 2. Stanecki 2001, Swaziland HIV/AIDS Modelling Mission Report 3. Ministry of Health & Social Welfare, (2004) 9 th round of National HIV Sero- Surveillance among women attending ANC services, Mbabane, Swaziland 4. JTK Associates, (July, 2005) Study of the Health Service Burden of HIV/AIDS and impact of HIV/AIDS on the Heath Sector in Swaziland. 5. Alan Whiteside et al, (April2003) What is Driving the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Swaziland and What more can we do about it 6. World Health Organization & Ministry of Health & Social Welfare (February, 2005) 3by5 Plan of Action for Impact of HIV and AIDS on the agricultural sector 20

21 Questionnaire No: Title: Rapid assessment of media campaign based Programmes 1. Likusasa ngelami 2. Noma kunje lisekhona Litsemba 3. Super Buddies Magazine Respondent: Youth, adult men and women Instructions: This questionnaire is to be administered to youth aged (in and out of school) and adults found in the homesteads. Seek the informed consent from parents of children under 15 years. Introduction: I am.working with NERCHA. We are moving around selected communities to find out what community members can say about HIV/AIDS related programs A list of questions have been prepared which you will respond and I will write the responses. The responses from you and other respondents will be brought together and presented in one report. I would like to assure you that these responses will not be used for any other purpose other than this project. I will not write down your name so that it will not be possible for anyone to know who responded in which way. I am required to interview youth and adult in this homestead. Do I get your permission to continue with the interview? 1. Yes ( Administer the questionnaire) 2. No ( Thank the person and proceed to find the next interviewee) Name of the Interviewer: Signature of the supervisor (The supervisor signs this questionnaire after checking it for completeness) Section A: Background Information 21

22 N o. Questions Coding categories Instructions 1 Region: Hhohho 1 Lubombo 2 Manzini 3 Shiselweni 4 2 Name of Inkhundla 3 Name of chiefdom 4 Sex Male 1 Just observe Female 2 and record 5 What is the highest level of education attained 6 How old are you None 1 Sebenta 2 Primary 3 Secondary/high school 4 University/college 5 Don t ask this question but circle the appropriate appropriately Ask youth only Section B: Noma Kunje Lisekhona Litsemba Programme 7 Do you have a radio in this Yes 1 homestead No 2 8 Do you listen to the radio Yes 1 No 2 Skip to 11 9 How often do you listen to the Everyday 1 radio Once a week 2 Twice a week 3 Three time a week 4 10 Which programmes do you frequently listen to? Can you please list the best 5 programs you listen to 11 Have you heard of the programme Noma Kunje lisekhona Litsemba 12 Have you ever listened to the programme 13 How often do you listen to the programme 14 What is the programme all about Other specify Always 1 Sometimes 2 Yes 1 No 2 skip to 26 Yes 1 If no skip to No

23 15 Who is the presenter of the programme Ntombiyembuso Thwala 1 Female presenter 2 Don t know 3 16 What is your assessment of the presenter Other (specify) Excellent 1 Good 2 Fair 3 Poor 4 No opinion 5 17 When is the programme aired Tuesday 7.15 PM 1 Repeat Saturday 1.30 PM 2 Don t know 3 18 Which slot do you listen to 19 Is there a different time you prefer to listen to the programme 20 When was the last time you listened to the programme 21 What was being discussed the last time you listened to the Programme 22 Of all the times you have listened to the programme, what topic did you like best 23 What is the most important thing you have learn from the programme Noma Kunje lisekhona Litsemba 24 How have you used the information you have gained through this programme 25 Have you shared the information you have received through the programme Day Time Probe for 2 times 23

24 26 In the same programme there was a time when interviews with different people were conducted and there was also a time when drama was presented. Did you listen to the radio drama likusasa lemindeni lemibili 27 Please list some of the characters in the drama you remember 28 What did you learn from the drama 29 May you please suggest topics to be discussed in the programme If any 30 May you please suggest on how the programme could be improved Peter 1 Thandie 2 Solomon 3 Thuli 4 Nurse Cynthia 5 Precious 6 Inyanga 7 Maketala 8 David 9 Sbongile 10 Other specify Yes 1 No 2 Skip to 31 24

25 Section C: Likusasa ngelami campaign 31 Have you ever heard about the advert NGOBA LIKUSASA NGELAMI Yes 1 No 2 Skip to Where did you hear it from? SBIS siswati 1 SBIS English 2 VOC 3 Probe for more 33 Have you ever seen this picture anywhere? A)Poster 1: my education comes first, sex can wait STBC/channel s Television 4 Times of Swaziland 5 Swazi Observer 6 People talking 7 School drama 8 Other (specify). Yes 1 No 2 Show the printed advert to the respondent b)poster 2: I know what I want, sex can wait Yes 1 No 2 c)poster 3: I am going to succeed, sex can wait Yes 1 No 2 d)poster 4: 1 mistake is all it takes, sex can wait Yes 1 No 2 e)poster 5: I m definitely in control, sex can wait 34 What is your interpretation of the campaign and Slogan? Yes 1 No 2 25

26 35 After having seen the poster or heard about these messages what have you done about it? 36 After having seen or heard these Yes 1 messages did you discuss it with any one? No 2 Skip to Who did you discuss with? Family 1 Friends 2 Pastor 3 Teacher 4 Other specify 38 To what extent do you agree or disagree with this message A)Poster 1: my education comes first, sex can wait b)poster 2: I know what I want, sex can wait c)poster 3: I am going to succeed, sex can wait d)poster 4: 1 mistake is all it takes, sex can wait e) Poster 5: I m definitely in control, sex can wait Agree 1 Disagree 2 Neutral 3 Agree 1 Disagree 2 Neutral 3 Agree 1 Disagree 2 Neutral 3 Agree 1 Disagree 2 Neutral 3 Agree 1 Disagree 2 Neutral 3 Show each message poster to the respondent Ask about all messages even if respondent agree or disagree on the first message ask per message and if disagree/neutral in one or all messages skip to Q35 26

27 39 If disagree or neutral why? A)Poster 1: my education comes first, sex can wait b)poster 2: I know what I want, sex can wait.. c)poster 3: I am going to succeed, sex can wait.. d)poster 4: 1 mistake is all it takes, sex can wait e) Poster 5: I m definitely in control, sex can wait 40 Where have you seen it? Key Holders 1 News papers 2 (a) Times of Swaziland (b) Swazi observer 41 where do you see yourself in the coming 20 y ears 42 What do you think can stand between you and your future? T-shirts 3 Television 4 School walls 5 NERCHA Walls 6 Billboards 7 Street pole posters 8 Other Specify Section D: Super buddies magazine 27

28 43 Have you seen this magazine Yes 1 No 2 End the interview 44 Where did you see it from What do you like most about the magazine 46 What is it that you did not like about Super buddies 47 How can the magazine be improved 28