2/2/2017. Understanding Why and How Behavior Changes. Deficits? Strengths? Behaviors? Services/ Interventions? Parent, Professional, Peer prospective?

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1 Understanding Why and How Behavior Changes C R E A T E D B Y : R e g i n a M, C r o n e, P h D., B C B A - D E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r, T h e r a p y a n d B e y o n d / T e a c h M e L L C w w w. t e a c h m e b e c. c o m Meet me, Regina Crone. Masters & Ph.D Love Texas! Cameron, Kaylee & Addy s Mommy Active in Public Policy & Executive Council for TxABA (State Organization) Author of 2016 Published Study on Effective Parent Training Research Article Education and Treatment of Children Classroom Teacher: 3 yrs Words Related to Autism Deficits? Strengths? Behaviors? Services/ Interventions? Parent, Professional, Peer prospective? 1

2 Autism Characteristics Core Deficits Functional Expressive Language Restricted or Repetitive Behaviors Echolalia Perseveration Pronoun Reversal Literal Meanings Behaviors Behaviors Self Stimulations Non-Functional Routines or Rituals Repetitive Motor Movements Social Interaction s Lack of Non-verbal Communicative Behavior Prefer Solitary Playing Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM IV Autism is Treatable Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) 550 studies published in scientific journals showing the effectiveness of behavior analytic procedures with persons with autism. ABA is defined as the science in which the principles of the analysis of behavior are applied systematically to improve socially significant behavior, and in which experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for change in behavior (Cooper, Heron, & Heward) Research & Contributions FAMOUS STUDY: Lovas 1988 Applying ABA to teaching children with autism VERBAL BEHAVIOR: Skinner 1957 FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT : Intervention based upon function of problem behavior (Dr. Brian Iwata) MOTIVATIVE OPERATIONS - Antecedent motivational variables (Dr. Jack Michael) 2

3 What is ABA? Research suggest that maladaptive (problem behaviors) in addition to adaptive (appropriate behaviors) show a functional relationship with antecedent and consequences (environmental events). The Science of ABA is not only used to analyze problem behavior but can also be applied to analyze how a student learns What is ABA? Applied : application, serves purpose Behavior: observable response Analysis: study of behaviors What is ABA? Topography : What Function : Why (motivation is key) 3

4 Understanding Why Antecedent Behavior Consequence Event that occurs prior to behavior Observable Response Event occurs as a result of Behavior Practical Analysis I have $1.50, am thirsty, and see a coke machine. Predict my behavior? Research to Practice: A Case Study Aim: T o t e a ch a ppropri a t e b e h a viors Decrease prob l e m b e h a vior Ke e p f rom reside ntia l placement 4

5 Meet Danny Danny 12 years old * Self Contained Classroom * Sent home from school on a daily basis for aggressive problem behavior * School considering Residential Placement Danny 12 years old * School begins instruction in a clinical ABA setting * Primary focus on Extinction and Functional Communication Training * Transitions back into school setting with 3 teachers: 1 student in an isolated self contained classroom Extinction Procedure- keeping demand Functional Communication Training teaching Danny how to request 5

6 Danny 13 years old * Begin services with Teach Me LLC, BCBA in the classroom August 2007 * Focus on Antecedent strategies, consequate precurser behavior and aligning home and school. * Address Pre-Curser Problem Behavior October 2007 Behavior Graph Frequency Hand rubs Bites Screams Strikes Date Problem Behaviors Social Significance: Candidate for Residential Placement Topographies: aggression towards others, noncompliance Functions 1. To gain access to items or activities 2. To remove demands 6

7 Three Steps Applied Antecedent Behavior Consequence Have a plan to practice for success Identify Replacement Behavior Address problem behavior when it occurs Practice for Success Teach Leisure Activities Teach Requesting (100s of opportunities per day) Promise Procedure Token system Practice Compliance, Transitions and Accepting no Replacement Behavior Asking for things and activities using sign language Transitioning Appropriately Accepting no Complying with demands 7

8 Addressing Problem Behavior Instead of addressing severe problem behavior, the focus was to consequated pre-curser behavior Benefits: environment remained safe and Danny was able to be directed more easily Address Pre-Curser Problem Behavior If Danny engages in hand rubs, screams, bites Function: to gain access to attention or tangible * removed from environment * implement compliance trials *redirect to a non-preferred activity Function: to escape a demand * remove from environment * continue to keep original demand Teaching Procedures 1.Pair Teaching Environments With Reinforcement and Use Competing Reinforcers 2. Mix and Vary Instructional Demands 3. Fade In Effort/Difficulty Of Tasks 4. Immediately Deliver Reinforcement 5. Errorless Teaching 8

9 Errorless Teaching Learner says: dog + Reinforce! Prompt dog Instructor says: What is it? Transfer Trial (Test for Ind.) October 2007 Behavior Graph Frequency Hand rubs Bites Screams Strikes Date November 2007 Behavior Chart Frequency Hand rubs Bites Screams Strikes /1/ /2/ /3/ /4/ /5/ /6/ /7/ /8/ /9/ /10/ /11/ /12/ Date 11/13/ /14/ /15/ /16/ /17/ /18/ /19/ /20/ /21/ /22/ /23/ /24/ // /26/ /27/ /28/ /29/ /30/2007 9

10 200 April 2008 Behaviors Frequency Hr/Stiffs Bites Screams Strikes /1/2008 4/2/2008 4/3/2008 4/4/2008 4/5/2008 4/6/2008 4/7/2008 4/8/2008 4/9/2008 4/10/2008 4/11/2008 4/12/2008 4/13/2008 4/14/2008 4/15/2008 4/16/2008 Date 4/17/2008 4/18/2008 4/19/2008 4/20/2008 4/21/2008 4/22/2008 4/23/2008 4/24/2008 4//2008 4/26/2008 4/27/2008 4/28/2008 4/29/2008 4/30/2008 Significance Antecedent Strategies implemented Consequating pre-curser behavior to decreased overall aggressive behavior Practice opportunities for appropriate behaviors: accepting no, transitions Teaching appropriate requesting, leisure activities Reinforcement with promise and token system Significance Danny 14 years old * In a special education classroom with other students * Inclusion opportunities (Video) 10

11 Understanding Why Antecedent Behavior Consequence Event that occurs prior to behavior Observable Response Event occurs as a result of Behavior What is Reinforcement? A consequence that increases a behavior Functions of Behavior Function of Behavior Socially Mediated Positive Social Medicated Negative Automatic Positive Automatic Negative 11

12 Social Mediated Positive Reinforcement Something delivered by another person following a behavior making it more likely to occur. Social Mediated Positive Reinforcement Tangibles Attention Activities Socially Mediated Negative Reinforcement Something (demand) removed by another person following a behavior making it more likely to occur. 12

13 Socially Mediated Negative Reinforcement Escape Avoid Automatic Positive Reinforcement Movements or activities of the body that produce a feeling that makes it more likely to occur. Automatic Positive Reinforcement Self Stimulatory Sensations 13

14 How to Reduce Problem Behavior 1. Identify Replacement Behavior 2. Practice for success 3. Address problem behavior when it occurs Three Steps Applied Antecedent Behavior Consequence Have a plan to practice for success Identify Replacement Behavior Address problem behavior when it occurs Implementing Behavior Intervention Plan 14

15 Problem Behaviors Tantrums Crying/ Whining Aggression Self Injurious Stereotypic behavior Non- Responding Behavior Plan : Step 1 Define Topography of Behavior Non-example: Bobby got upset and had a tantrum. Example: Bobby spits and falls on floor after told to sit in the chair. Behavior Plan : Step 2 Why does this Behavior occur? Functional Assessment Functional Analysis 15

16 Behavior Plan : Step 2 cont. Function of Behavior Non-example: Example: Bobby got upset and had a tantrum. Bobby spits and falls on floor after told to sit in the chair. Behavior Plan : Step 3 Preference Assessment Consider Replacement Behavior Behavior Plan : Step 4 Developing Behavior Procedures Manipulating Antecedent Changing environment/ Stimulus to evoke an appropriate behavior 16

17 Behavior Plan: Step 4 cont. Developing Behavior Procedures Manipulating Consequence The event / stimulus that occurs following the behavior which increases or decreases the future likelihood Behavior Plan: Step 4 cont. Reinforcement Increases Replacement Behavior Remove Reinforcing Value Decrease Problem Behavior Behavior Plans Why Behavior Plans may not work. Lack of Consistency and Predictability Address behavior based on topography rather than function Address Consequences and not Antecedents Behavior is not measured or defined properly 17