Are You Thinking What I m Thinking? Development of Theory of Mind in Children with Hearing Loss

Transcription

1 Are You Thinking What I m Thinking? Development of Theory of Mind in Children with Hearing Loss Donna Sperandio, MEd, LSLS Cert AVT Jill Mustard, MSpEd, LSLS Cert AVT

2 Development of Theory of Mind in Children with Hearing Loss What is Theory of Mind? Theory of Mind and children with hearing loss How can we intervene?

3 What is Theory of Mind?

4 What is Theory of Mind? What is Theory of Mind? The term 'Theory of Mind' was coined by Premack and Woodruff in 1978 The understanding that each individual has their own mind, with their own thoughts, beliefs and emotions and that people act according to what they think, believe or feel

5 What is Theory of Mind? What is Theory of Mind? He knew his parents would be proud. He thought they wouldn t look for him there.

6 What is Theory of Mind? Affective and Cognitive Theory of Mind Affective Theory of Mind Awareness of and ability to infer emotions Cognitive Theory of Mind Awareness of and ability to infer beliefs and knowledge

7 What is Theory of Mind? Affective Theory of Mind

8 What is Theory of Mind? Cognitive Theory of Mind Unexpected Transfer

9 What is Theory of Mind? Cognitive and Affective ToM Theory of Mind Cognitive Affective Intrapersonal (reflective) Interpersonal (social) Understanding of own thoughts and beliefs Understanding of others thoughts and beliefs Recognition and understanding of own emotions Recognition and understanding of others emotions

10 Theory of Mind and children with hearing loss

11 ToM and children with hearing loss ToM and hearing loss Severe delays have been shown in the development of ToM in deaf children (Meristo et al, 2007; Peterson 2002; Peterson 2009; Schick et al, 2007) The minimum average delay in false belief understanding is about 4 years (Courtin, 2000; Peterson et al., 2005; Schick et al., 2007; Woolfe et al., 2002)

12 ToM and children with hearing loss ToM and hearing loss Natively signing deaf children of deaf parents develop ToM at similar stages to hearing peers (Peterson & Siegal 2000) Native signers were outperformed by hearing peers on advanced ToM in later childhood (O Reilly et al, 2014)

13 ToM and children with hearing loss ToM and cochlear implants 30 CI children (between 3-12 years) showed little or no delay compared to NH peers (Remmel & Peters 2009) 72 CI children implanted < 3 years of age showed delays compared to NH peers (Ketelaar et al, 2012) Children implanted before 27 mos solved ToM problems to a significantly higher degree than those implanted later (Sundqvist et al, 2014)

14 Why is this important? Why is this important? Basis of social understanding o Pro-social behaviours e.g. helping, sharing, cooperation, comforting (Caputi et al, 2012) o Successful peer relationships (Peterson & Siegal 2002; Slaughter et al, 2002; Punch et al, 2011; Caputi et al, 2012) Critical for literacy - understanding narratives - reading between the lines (Astington & Pelletier 2004; Nicholas & Geers 2006) Critical for ability to learn by instruction and through collaboration (Astington, Pelletier & Homer 2002; Astington & Pelletier 2004)

15 How can we intervene?

16 Ideas for Intervention What is the mechanism causing this delay? Language development has been shown to be closely correlated with ToM development

17 Ideas for Intervention What is the mechanism causing this delay? Increased use of mental state language has been shown to accelerate ToM development of typical children Diagnosis of deafness has been shown to decrease the amount of mental state language used with deaf children Moeller & Schick 2006; Meins & Fernyhough 1999; Wellman & Peterson, 2013; Lecciso et al, 201http:// edium= &utm_campaign=feed%3a+sciencedaily%2fmind_brain%2fsocial_psychology+%28soci al+psychology+news+--+sciencedaily%293

18 Ideas for Intervention What is the mechanism causing this delay? Goals that focus on what is concrete and SMART?? to learn the names of five foods to develop auditory memory for three items e.g. find the cow, the sheep and the horse

19 Ideas for Intervention Increasing Use of Mental State Language disappointed surprised

20 Ideas for Intervention Restoring parental interactions

21 Ideas for Intervention Using Causal Explanatory Talk Explanation of emotions Sam is upset because she loves her dog and her dog s lost.. I m happy that John passed his exam. I ll give him a hug. Behaviour regulation When you shout at James, he feels frightened, and doesn t want to play with you Contrastive language Sarah likes chocolate ice-cream best, but James like hokey-pokey.

22 Ideas for Intervention Perspective taking Visual Role playing

23 Ideas for Intervention Literature Talk about why the character acts the way he does Talk about what the reader knows that the character doesn t know

24 Ideas for Intervention

25 Ideas for Intervention The Theory of Mind Inventory

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27 References and Bibliography Astington, J. W. & Jenkins, J. M. (1995). Theory of mind development and social understanding. In J. Dunn (Ed.), Connections between emotion and understanding in development. Hove, UK: Erlbaum Astington, J. W. & Jenkins, J. M. (1999). A longitudinal study of the relation between language and theory of mind development. Developmental Psychology, 35, Astington, J. W., Pelletier, J., & Homer, B. (2002). Theory of mind and epistemological development: The relation between children's second-order false-belief understanding and their ability to reason about evidence. New Ideas in Psychology, 20, Bailey, P.E, Ruffman, T., Redell, P.G. (2013). Age-related differences in social economic decision making: the ultimatum game. Gerontology Series B Psychological Sciences, 68, Bailey, P.E., Henry, J.D. (2010). Separating component processes of theory of mind in schizophrenia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, Baron-Cohen, S. (1990). Autism: A Specific Cognitive Disorder of & lsquo; Mind-Blindness. International Review of Psychiatry, 2, 1, Baron-Cohen, S., O'Riordan, M., Stone, V., Jones, R., Plaisted, K. (1999). Recognition of Faux Pas by Normally Developing Children and Children with Asperger Syndrome or High-Functioning Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 5, Bar-Tal, Y., Shrira, A., Keinan, G. (2013). The Effect of Stress on Cognitive Structuring. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17, Brüne, M. (2005). Emotion recognition, theory of mind, and social behavior in schizophrenia. Psychiatry research, 133, Cameron, L.A. (1999). Raising the Stakes in the Ultimatum Game: Experimental Evidence from Indonesia. Economic Inquiry. 37, 47 59: Cassidy, K. W, Ball., L. V., M. T., Stetson Werner, R., Feeny, N.,, J. Y. Lutz, D. J., Perkins, A. (1998). Theory of mind concepts in children's literature. Applied Psycholinguistics, 19,

28 References and Bibliography Caputi, M., Lecce, S., Pagnin, A., & Banerjee, R. (2012). Longitudinal effect of theory of mind on later peer relations: The role of prosocial behavior. Developmental Psychology, 48, Cusi, A.M., Nazarov, A., Macqueen, G. N., & McKinnon, M. C. (2013). Theory of mind deficits in patients with mild symptoms of major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Research. De Villiers, J. G., & de Villiers, P, A. (2000). Linguistic determinism and understanding false beliefs. In P. Mitchell & K. J. Riggs (Eds.), Children s reasoning and the mind (pp ). Hove, U.K.: Psychology Press. De Villiers, P. A. (2005). The role of language in theory of mind development: What deaf children tell us. In J. Astington & J. Baird (Eds.), Why language matters for theory of mind. Oxford University Press. De Villiers, J. G., & Pyers, J. E. (2002).Complements to cognition: a longitudinal study of the relationship between complex syntax and false-beliefunderstanding. Cognitive Development, 17, Dunn, J., Brown, J., Slomkowski, C., Tesla, C., & Youngblade, L.M. (1991). Young children s understanding of other people's feelings and beliefs: Individual differences and their antecedents. Child Development, 62, Farrar, M.J., Ashwell, S., & Maag, L. (2005). The Emergence of Phonological Awareness: Connections to Language and Theory of Mind Development. First Language, 25, Fehr, E., Bernhard, H., & Rockenbach, B. (2008). Egalitarianism in young children. Nature, 454, Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2003). The nature of human altruism. Nature, 425, 785. Gallagher, S.,& Hutto,D.D. (2008). Understanding others through primary interaction and narrative practice. InJ. Zlatev, T.P. Racine, C. Sinha, & E. Itkonen (Eds.), The shared mind: Perspectives on intersubjectivity (pp ). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Green, S., Pring, L., & Swettenham, J. (2004). An investigation of first-order false belief understanding of children with congenital profound visual impairment. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22, Güth, W., Schmittberger R., & Schwarze, B. (1982). An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining. Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization, 3, 376.

29 References and Bibliography Hutchins, T.L., Prelock, P.A., & Chace, W. (2008). Test-retest Reliability of a Theory of Mind Task Battery for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities. Online. Ketelaar, L., Rieffe, C., Wiefferink, & M.A., Frijns J. (2012). Does hearing lead to understanding? Theory of Mind in toddlers and preschoolers with cochlear implants. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37, Ketelaar, L., Rieffe, C., Wiefferink, & M.A., Frijns J. (2013). Social competence and empathy in young children with cochlear implants and with normal hearing. The Laryngoscpoe, 123, 2, Lawson, D.W., & Mace, R. (2010). Siblings and childhood mental health: Evidence for a later-born advantage. Social Science & Medicine, 70, Lecciso, F., Petrocchi, S. & Marchetti, A. (2013). Hearing mothers and oral deaf children: an atypical relational context for theory of mind. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 28, Lecce, S., & Hughes, C. (2010). The Italian job?: Comparing theory of mind performance in British and Italian children. British Journal Of Developmental Psychology, 278, Lewis, A., Brown, B., Nolan, P., & Crawford, P. (1996). Interaction, language and the narrative turn in psychotherapy and psychiatry. Social Science and Medicine, 43, Lind, S.E., Bowler & Dermot, M. (2009). Language and Theory of Mind in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 929. Meins, E. & Fernyhough, C. (1999). Linguistic acquisitional style and mentalising development: The role of maternal mind-mindedness. Cognitive Development, 14, Meristo, M., Falkman, K., Hjelmquist, E., Tedoldi, M., Surian, L., & Siegal, M. (2007). Language access and theory of mind reasoning: Evidence from deaf children in bilingual and oral environments. Developmental Psychology, 43, Meltzoff, A.N., & Decety, J. (2003). What imitation tells us about social cognition. The Royal Society,

30 References and Bibliography Moeller, M.,P. & Schick, B. (2006). Relations between maternal input and theory of mind understanding in deaf children. Child Development, 77, Nicholas, J.G., & Geers, A.E. (2006). Effects of early auditory experience on the spoken language of deaf children at 3 years of age. Ear Hear, 27, O Reilly, K., Peterson, C. C., & Wellmann, H. M. (2014) Sarcasm and advance theory of mind understanding in children and adults with prelingual deafness. Developmental Psychology, 50, 7, Pelletier, J. & Astington, J. W. (2004). Action, consciousness and theory of mind: Children's ability to coordinate story characters' actions and thoughts. Early Education and Development, 15, Peterson, C. C. (2002). Drawing insights from pictures: The development of concepts of false drawing and false belief in children with deafness, normal hearing and autism. Child Development, 73, Peterson, C. C. (2009). Development of socio-cognitive and communication skills in children born deaf. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50, Peterson, C. C. & Siegal, M. (2000). Insights into theory of mind from deafness and autism. Mind & Language,15, Peterson, C.C. & Siegal, M. (2002). Mind reading and moral awareness in popular and rejected preschoolers. Psychological Science, 10, Peterson, C.C., Slaughter, V.P., & Paynter, J. (2007). Social maturity and theory of mind in typically developing children and those on the autism spectrum. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, Punch, R., & Hyde, M. (2011). Social Participation of Children and Adolescents With Cochlear Implants: A Qualitative Analysis of Parent, Teacher, and Child Interviews. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 16, Remmel, E., & Peters, K. (2009). Theory of mind and language in children with cochlear implants. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 14, Roch-Levecq, A. C. (2006). Production of basic emotions by children with congenital blindness: Evidence for the embodiment of theory of mind. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24, 3,

31 References and Bibliography Roch-Levecq, A. C. (2001). Relationship between quality of familial interactions and acquisition of a theory of mind in blind children. Dissertation Abstracts International, 61(11-B), Ruffman, T., Slade, L., Rowlandson, K., Rumsey, & C., Garnham, A. (2003). How language relates to belief, desire, and emotion understanding. Cognitive Development, 18, Ruffman, T., Perner, J., & Parkin, L. (1999). How parenting style affects false-belief understanding. Social Development, 8, Ruffman, T., Perner, J., Naito, M., Parkin, L., Clements, W., & Zahn-Waxler, C., (1998). Older (but not younger) Siblings Facilitate False Belief Understanding. Developmental Psychology, 34, Samson, D., & Apperly, I.A. (2010). There is More to Mind Reading than having Theory of Mind Concepts. Infant and Child Development, 19, Sarant, J., & Garrad, P. (2014). Parenting Stress in Parents of Children With Cochlear Implants: Relationships Among Parent Stress, Child Language, and Unilateral Versus Bilateral Implants. The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education., 19, Schick, B., & De Villiers, J. (2007). Language and Theory of Mind: A Study of Deaf Children. Child Development, 78, Shahaeian, A., Peterson, C.C., Slaughter V., & Wellman, H.M. (2011). Culture and the Sequence of Steps in Theory of Mind Development. Developmental Psychology, 47, 5, Shakoor, S., Jaffee, S.R. Bowes, L., Ouellet-Morin, I., Andreou, P., Happe, F., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2012). A prospective longitudinal study of children s theory of mind and adolescent involvement in bullying. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, Slaughter, V., Dennis, M.J. & Pritchard, M. (2002). Theory of mind and peer acceptance in preschool children. British Journal of Psychology, 20, Sprong, M., Schothorst, P., Vos E., Hox, J., & Van Engeland, H. (2007). Theory of Mind in Schizophrenia. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 19, 5-13.

32 References and Bibliography Stratta, P. Bustini, M., Daneluzzo, E., Riccardi, I., D Arcangelo, M., & Rossi, A. (2011). Deconstructing theory of mind in schizophrenia. Psychiatry research, 190, Sundqvist, A. et al, (2014). Understanding minds: Early cochlear implantation and the development of theory of mind in children with profound hearing impairment. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, online. Sutton, J., Smith, P.K., Swettenham, J. (1999). Bullying and Theory of Mind. A Critique of the Social Skills Deficit view of anti-social behaviour. Social Development, 8, Tager-Flusberg, H., Joseph, R.M. et al, (2005). Self-ordered pointing in children with autism: failure to use verbal mediation in the service of working memory? Neuropsychologia, 43, Weifferink, C.H., Rieffe, C., Ketelaar, L., De Raeve, L., & Frinjs, J.H.M. (2013). Emotion Understanding in Deaf Education with a Cochlear Implant, Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 18 (2): Wellman, H.M. (2012) Theory of mind: Better methods, clearer findings, more development, European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 3, Wellman, H.M., & Liu, D. (2004). Scaling of theory-of-mind tasks. Child Development, 75, Wellman, H.M., Fang, F., Peterson, C.C. (2011) Sequential progressions in a theory of mind scale: Longitudinal perspectives.child Development, 67, Wellman, H.M., & Peterson, C.C. (2013). Deafness, Thought Bubbles, and Theory-of-Mind Development. Developmental Psychology, online. Westby, C., & Robinson, R. (2014). A developmental perspective for promoting theory of mind. Topics in Language Disorders, 34, 4, Wolkenstein, L. et al, (2011). I can see what you feel, but I can t deal with it: Impaired theory of mind in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 132,