Supporting Information. *Corresponding author phone: (540) ; Current address: Via

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1 Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 05 3 Supporting Information Enhanced Disinfection By- Product Formation Due to Nanoparticles in Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents 4 Jacob W. Metch, Yanjun Ma, Amy Pruden, Peter J. Vikesland* *Corresponding author phone: (540) ; pvikes@vt.edu. Current address: Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 48 Durham Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA Supporting Tables Table S: Effluent Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Effluent Effluent Date TOC (mg/l) Date TOC (mg/l) Average 8.07 Average 7.3 Standard Deviation.68 Standard Deviation.54

2 3 Table S: Effluent ph Effluent Effluent Date ph Date ph Average 7.46 Average 7.46 Standard Deviation 0.5 Standard Deviation 0.7 4

3 5 6 7 Table S3: Trihalomethane and Chloropicrin formation in Presence of AgNPs (with citrate controls) BC BD BD ND B/I BD BD ND Cl NP BD BD ND Cit + E BD BD ND Cit + NW BD BD BD ND NP + NW 34.0 BD.60 BD ND BC BD BD ND B/I BD ND UV then Cl NP BD BD ND Cit + E BD BD ND Cit + NW BD BD BD ND NP + NW 36.5 BD BD BD ND BC BD 5.8 BD B/I BD 8.54 BD Cl NP BD 0.6 BD Cit + E BD Cit + NW BD BD BD ND NP + NW 34.0 BD.60 BD ND BC BD 5.6 BD B/I BD 9.3 BD UV then Cl NP BD 0.68 BD Cit + E BD Cit + NW BD BD BD ND NP + NW 36.5 BD BD BD ND BC: Background Control, B/I: Bulk/Ion Control, NP: Nanoparticle, Cit + E: Citrate and effluent, Cit + NW: Citrate and Nanopure Water, NP + NW: AgNPs and Nanopure Water 8

4 9 0 Table S4: Trihalomethane and Chloropicrin formation in Presence of TiO BC BD BD ND Cl B/I BD BD ND NP BD BD ND BC BD.67 ND UV then Cl B/I BD.6 ND NP BD.65 ND BC BD 7.4 BD Cl B/I BD 7.8 BD NP BD 7.3 BD BC BD.33 BD UV then Cl B/I BD.34 BD NP BD.3 BD Table S5: Trihalomethane and Chloropicrin formation in Presence of NZVI BC BD BD ND Cl B/I BD BD ND NP BD BD ND BC BD BD ND UV then Cl B/I BD BD ND NP BD BD ND BC BD 7.03 BD Cl B/I BD 3.07 BD NP BD 6.68 BD BC BD.06 BD UV then Cl B/I BD NP BD.87 BD

5 3 4 Table S6: Trihalomethane and Chloropicrin formation in Presence of CeO BC BD BD ND Cl B/I BD BD ND NP BD BD ND BC BD BD ND UV then Cl B/I BD BD ND NP BD BD ND BC BD 6.87 BD Cl B/I BD 6.56 BD NP BD 6.67 BD BC BD 9.03 BD UV then Cl B/I BD 8.64 BD NP BD 7.45 BD 5 6 Table S7: Trihalomethane and Chloropicrin formation in Presence of mg/l AgNPs BC BD ND Cl B/I BD ND NP BD ND BC BD ND UV then Cl B/I BD ND NP BD ND BC Cl B/I NP BC UV then Cl B/I NP

6 7 8 Table S8: Trihalomethane and Chloropicrin formation in Presence of 0 mg/l AgNPs BC BD BD ND Cl B/I BD BD ND NP BD BD ND BC BD BD ND UV then Cl B/I BD BD ND NP BD BD ND BC BD BD ND Cl B/I BD BD ND NP BD BD ND BC BD.56 ND UV then Cl B/I BD BD ND NP BD BD ND 9 30 Table S9: Trihalomethane and Chloropicrin formation in Presence of 0 mg/l AgNPs BC BD BD ND Cl B/I BD BD ND NP BD BD ND BC BD BD ND UV then Cl B/I BD BD ND NP BD BD ND BC BD BD ND Cl B/I BD BD ND NP BD BD ND BC BD BD ND UV then Cl B/I BD BD ND NP BD BD ND

7 Table S0: Chloroform Formation in the Presence of Citrate Coated Gold Nanoparticles in Effluent Chloroform Formation (µg/l) Condition Cl UV + Cl BC B/I NP Chloroform quantified using EPA Method 55; B/I: Gold Chloride; NP: Gold nanoparticles synthesized by citrate reduction method Supporting Figures Figure S: A- C: UV- Vis absorbance spectra of effluents at each stage of disinfection (no disinfection, free chlorine, UV, and UV + free chlorine) for background and ion control and AgNPs, at 0 mg/l. D- F: UV- Vis absorbance differential with respect to that condition with no disinfection, for background and ion controls and AgNPs, at 0 mg/l.

8 Figure S: A- C: UV- Vis absorbance spectra of effluents at each stage of disinfection (no disinfection, free chlorine, UV, and UV + free chlorine) for background and ion control and AgNPs, at mg/l. D- F: UV- Vis absorbance differential with respect to that condition with no disinfection, for background and ion controls and AgNPs, at mg/l. 46