SPONTANEOUSLY INDUCED RHYTHM OF TIDAL PERIODICITY IN LABORATORY-REARED CARCINUS
|
|
- Cori Wood
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 J. Exp. Biol. (1967), With 2 text-figures Printed in Great Britain SPONTANEOUSLY INDUCED RHYTHM OF TIDAL PERIODICITY IN LABORATORY-REARED CARCINUS BY BARBARA G. WILLIAMS AND E. NAYLOR Department of Zoology, University College of Swansea {Received 7 April 1967) INTRODUCTION There is growing opinion that circadian rhythms have an inherent natural period approximating to that of environmental variables which, in field conditions, maintain exact period and appropriate phase (Pittendrigh, 1958, i960; Cloudsley-Thompson, 1961; Harker, 1964). Evidence supporting this view comes from the results of several workers (Harker, 1953; Pittendrigh, 1954; Aschoff & Meyer-Lohmann, 1954; Hoffman, 1955; Folk, 1955), who have initiated circadian rhythmicity in laboratory-reared organisms which had never experienced environmental rhythms of 24 hr. periodicity. No such evidence is available on the initiation of tidal rhythmicity, and present experiments were planned to investigate the rhythmicity of laboratory-reared shore crabs, Carcinus maenas (L.). Crabs were reared in the normal light/dark regime of the laboratory and away from the influence of tides. Their pattern of locomotor activity was recorded both before and after they were subjected to an environmental perturbation known to re-initiate tidal rhythmicity in crabs removed from the shore (Naylor, 1963). MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens were reared from the egg, through four zoeal stages and one megalopa stage to the first crab stage, using as food the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg and newly hatched nauplii of Artemia salina L. (Williams, 1967). During the larval stages the animals were kept at 12 C. and in an approximately normal light/dark regime. On completing metamorphosis the young crabs were transferred to circulating sea water in a laboratory aquarium and fed every few days on pieces of Mytilus. When they reached a suitable size of about 8 mm. carapace width their pattern of locomotor activity was recorded continuously over a period of several days. To obtain the recording a crab was enclosed in a Perspex tube through which sea water circulated slowly, and across which dim light from a source above impinged on a photo-electric cell beneath. The electrical apparatus recording movements of the crab between the light source and the photo-electric cell was based on that described by Southward & Crisp (1965). It was maintained in a constant temperature room at 15 C. and in which dim red light from a 40 W. bulb was a continuous source of background illumination. After the initial record of activity each crab was then chilled to a temperature of 4 0 C. for 15 hr. and its hourly locomotor activity was recorded again for a few days. Data obtained in these experiments have been analysed for rhythmicity using the method of periodogram analysis (see Enright, 1965). In this, the sequence of hourly
2 230 BARBARA G. WILLIAMS AND E. NAYLOR activity values (x v x t, #3,..., * n ) wa3 scanned for possible rhythms of whole-hour frequencies (/) from 8-30 hr. inclusive, covering a range from less than tidal to greater than circadian periodicity. Each scan of the data correspondingly gave 8-30 mean hourly activity values (X lt X s,..., X/) calculated thus: X 2f+1 x n-f+l X 2f+2 x n-/+2 Averages X 1 X e... X f This gives a form-estimate of possible rhythmicity at each of the twenty-two frequencies tested. Lack of rhythmicity in a scan is indicated when mean hourly values in a form-estimate tend to approximate to the value of over-all mean hourly activity. Rhythmicity is indicated when the means are distributed about a sine curve and therefore show extensive deviation from the over-all mean. Standard deviations of the hourly means were then calculated for each of the form estimates, applying the statistic and so obtaining a value of s for each of the 22 values of/, which may then be plotted on the periodogram. In a periodogram low values for deviation indicate lack of a rhythm of that frequency in the original data, while high deviation of the hourly means at a particular frequency may confirm the hypothesis of rhythmicity. Enright (1965) plots root mean square deviation as 'amplitude' in his periodograms, but in present results coefficient of variability (c.v.) is used. This expresses standard deviation as a percentage of over-all mean hourly activity and permits easier comparison of the results of different experiments. RESULTS Activity patterns were similar in four replicate experiments, each involving a reared crab freshly removed from the light/dark regime of the aquarium, and the average hourly activity of these four crabs over a period of 102 hr. is given in Fig. 1 a. Circadian rhythmicity is apparent in these results, with outbursts of locomotor activity coinciding with what would have been the hours of darkness. The periodogram derived from the results (Fig. 2 a) confirms that conclusion, since the coefficients of variability of the mean values for hourly activity are highest in the frequency range hr. Average hourly activity of the same crabs during a period of 79 hr. after chining is illustrated in Fig. 1 b. One crab unfortunately moulted and died during the chilling treatment, so these results are based on three replicate experiments. In all the survivors there was an outburst of activity immediately after chilling, which was followed by successive outbursts which coincide fairly closely with arrows marked off at 12-4 hr. (tidal) intervals after the time of return to the warm room. The occurrence of the rhythm of approximate tidal periodicity after chilling is confirmed in the periodogram (Fig. 2b), which exhibits peak values for coefficient of variability in the
3 Rhythm of tidal periodicity in laboratory-reared Carcinus 231 frequency range of hr- The peak at hr. in Fig. ib is a multiple of the h*- rhythm and appears as a result of the procedure of periodogram analysis. DISCUSSION In crabs collected from the shore and kept in the laboratory, chilling resets or re-initiates the rhythm of tidal periodicity (Naylor, 1963). Similarly, crabs from a non-tidal dock can be induced by chilling to show tidal rhythmicity when previously circadian rhythmicity was apparent (Naylor, 1963). Induced rhythms of this kind are, of course, not phased with external tides but they indicate that the ability to ( ) Time (hr.) Fig. 1. Average hourly activity of crabs reared in a 24 hr. light/dark regime: (a) on transfer to continuous dim light (4 crabs); (6) after subsequent chilling to 4 0 C. for 15 hr. (3 crabs). (M-midnight; arrows at 12-4 hr intervals after chilling.) show tidal rhythmicity is deep-seated in British Carcinus. Present results in which laboratory-reared crabs are also induced to show a rhythm of approximately tidal periodicity, without having experienced environmental changes of such a frequency, confirm that tidal rhythmicity is very deep seated and suggest that it may be inherited. In nature, tidal variables such as hydrostatic pressure, temperature change and periodical immersion no doubt add to the precision of the period, but these factors act primarily as synchronizers which maintain the correct phase (WiUiams, 1966).
4 232 BARBARA G. WILLIAMS AND E. NAYLOR Several authors have shown that animals reared in constant laboratory conditions can rapidly develop overt persistent rhythms with a natural period of approximately 24 hr. (Harker, 1953; Pittendrigh, 1954; Aschoff & Meyer-Lohmann, 1954; Hoffman, 1955; Folk, 1955). Harker (1953) initiated a persistent circadian swimming rhythm in laboratory-reared larvae of the mayfly Ecdyonurus torrentis after exposing them to only one 24 hr. cycle of light and dark, while Pittendrigh (i960) showed that a light flash of ^jjw sec- was sufficient to initiate a 24 hr. eclosion rhythm in aperiodic Drosophila. Present work differs somewhat from those results in that the crabs, though is? 50 - ~ 40 - ^ 30 H 20 H I «10-I d Frequency (hr.) o 20- c te 10 - I I I I I I I I I I I l^ I I I T I 1 I I I Frequency (hr.) Fig. a. Periodogram analyses of data in Fig. 1: (a) crabs before chilling; (b) crabs after chilling (see text for procedure). reared in the absence of tides, were exposed to 24 hr. cycles of light and dark during development. It is, however, unlikely that crabs in the present experiments learned the tidal rhythm as an approximate submultiple of the 24 hr. light/dark cycle in which they were reared. Carcinus from the relatively tideless Mediterranean are subjected to predominantly 24 hr. cycles in their environment but they do not exhibit a hr. rhythm when chilled (Naylor, 1961, 1963). In addition, it is unlikely that the crabs learned the new periodicity as a function of the 15 hr. chilling period, which was deliberately chosen not to be a simple multiple or submultiple of 12-4 hr. Moreover, it has previously been shown that similar approximately tidal rhythmicity is induced in crabs chilled for various lengths of time from 6-24 hr. (Naylor, 1963).
5 Rhythm of tided periodicity in laboratory-reared Carcinus 233 It is possible to take the view that the appearance of hr. rhythmicity after chilling for 6 hr. or more is entirely an artifact, of no significance in nature. However, the same phenomenon has recently been reported in shore fishes (Gibson, 1967) and it would be surprising to find such induced rhythms, so close to tidal frequency, which are not of adaptive significance. Moreover, temperatures of 4 0 C. are not far below environmental temperatures for Carcinus in winter, when their rhythmicity is observed to disappear. In addition, as indicated above, chilling does not induce approximately tidal rhythmicity in Carcinus from the non-tidal Mediterranean (Naylor, 1961). On present evidence it seems, therefore, that approximate tidal rhythmicity is an inherited and adaptive feature of the behavioural physiology of Carcinus in tidal waters. Synchronization by normal environmental variables or by sudden cold shock results in the expression of this property as overt tidal rhythmicity. These results are in general agreement with the ' multiple clock hypothesis' for the control of rhythmicity which postulates the presence of numerous clocks of approximately tidal and circadian (twice-tidal) periodicity in Carcinus (Naylor, i960). The rhythm of laboratory-reared crabs before chilling could be the expression of circadian clocks which are phased by the environmental light/dark cycle, while the rhythmicity after chilling is the expression of approximately tidal clocks which are synchronized for the first time by the chilling procedure. SUMMARY 1. Laboratory-reared shore crabs show circadian rhythmicity which is transformed to approximate tidal rhythmicity after a period of chilling to 4 0 C. 2. Periodogram analysis of the results characterizes the periodicity of the two types of rhythm, which suggest that the ability to show a rhythm of tidal periodicity is an inherited feature of shore-crab physiology. We are grateful to S.R.C. who provided financial support to one of us (B.G.W.) and to Mr G. Thomas who constructed the aktograph. REFERENCES ASCHOFF, J. & MEYER-LOHMANN, J (1954). Angeborene 24-Stunden Periodik beim Kttchen. Pflugers Arch. get. Phynol. 360, CLOUDSLEY-THOMPSON, J. L. (1961). Rhythmic Activity in Animal Physiology and Behaviour, 236 pp. New York and London: Academic Press. ENRIGHT, J. T. (1965). The search for rhythmicity in biological time-series. J. theoret. biol. 8, FOLK, G. E. (1955). Modification by light and feeding of the 34-hour rhythm of activity in rodents. Proc. V. Conference. Soc. pro. Studio Rhythmi Biologict, Stockholm. Ed. A. Sollberger. GIBSON, R. N. (1967). Experiments on the tidal rhythm of Blennaa pholu. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 47, HARKER, J. E. (1953). The diurnal rhythm of activity of mayfly nymphs J. Exp. Biol. 30, HARKER, J. E. (1964). The Physiology of Diurnal Rhythms, 114 pp. Cambridge University Press. HOFFMAN, K. (1955). AktivitStsregistrierungen bei frisch geschlupften Eidechsen. Z. vergl. Physiol NAYLOR, E. (i960). Locomotory rhythms in Carcinus maenas (L.) from non-tidal conditions. J. Exp. Biol. 37, NAYLOR, E. (1961). Spontaneous locomotor rhythm in Mediterranean Carcinus. Pubbl. Stax. Zool. Napoli 33, NAYLOR, E. (1963). Temperature relationships of the locomotor rhythm of Carcinus. J. Exp. Biol. 40, Exp. B10L 47, 2
6 234 BARBARA G. WILLIAMS AND E. NAYLOR PITTENDRIGH, C. S. (1954). On temperature-independence in the clock-system controlling emergence time in Drosophila. Proc. natn. Acad. Sri. U.S.A. 40, PITTENDRIGH, C. S. (1958). Perspectives in the study of biological clocks. In Perspective! in Marine Biology, pp Ed. A. A. Buzzati-Traverse University California Press. PITTENDRIGH, C. S. (i960). Circadian rhythms and circadian organization of living systems. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 25, SOUTHWARD, A. J. & CRISP, D. J. (1965). Activity rhythms of barnacles in relation to respiration and feeding. J. mar. biol. An. UJC. 45, WILLIAMS, B. G. (1966). Studies on the development and control of rhythmic activity of Carrimu maenas (L.). Ph.D. Thesis: University College of Swansea, Wales. WILLIAMS, B. G. (1967). Laboratory rearing of the larval stages of Carrimu maenas (L.). J. Nat. Hist. (In press).
[ 4 8i ] LOCOMOTORY RHYTHMS IN CARCINUS MAENAS FROM NON-TIDAL CONDITIONS
[ 4 8i ] LOCOMOTORY RHYTHMS IN CARCINUS MAENAS FROM NON-TIDAL CONDITIONS (L.) BY E. NAYLOR Department of Zoology, University College of Swansea {Received 23 February i960) INTRODUCTION In a previous communication
More informationTIDAL ACTIVITY RHYTHM OF THE HERMIT PAGURUS GEMINUS MCLAUGHLIN.
Title TIDAL ACTIVITY RHYTHM OF THE HERMIT PAGURUS GEMINUS MCLAUGHLIN Author(s) Imafuku, Michio Citation PUBLICATIONS OF THE SETO MARINE BIO LABORATORY (1981), 26(4-6): 327-336 Issue Date 1981-9-3 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/17635
More informationINTERNAL FACTORS CONTROLLING THE SUB- OESOPHAGEAL GANGLION NEURO SECRETORY CYCLE IN PERIPLANETA AMERICANA L.
INTERNAL FACTORS CONTROLLING THE SUB- OESOPHAGEAL GANGLION NEURO SECRETORY CYCLE IN PERIPLANETA AMERICANA L. BY JANET E. HARKER Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge {Received 31 August 1959)
More informationAre there separate circatidal and circadian clocks in the shore crab Carcinus maenas?
Vol. 52: 1-6. 1989 l MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Published February 16 - - Are there separate circatidal and circadian clocks in the shore crab Carcinus maenas? D. G. Reid, E.
More information[ i6 5 ] STUDIES IN DIURNAL RHYTHMS
[ i6 ] STUDIES IN DIURNAL RHYTHMS I. RHYTHMIC BEHAVIOUR IN MILLIPEDES BY J. L. CLOUDSLEY-THOMPSON From the Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge* {Received"] September 0) (With Six Text-figures)
More informationAN ANALYSIS OF A CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF OVIPOSITION IN ONCOPELTUS FASCIATUS
J. Exp. Biol. (1973). 56, 3S3-359 353 With 6 text-figures Printed in Great Britain AN ANALYSIS OF A CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF OVIPOSITION IN ONCOPELTUS FASCIATUS BY MARY ANN RANKIN, ROY L. CALDWELL* AND HUGH
More informationFACTORS CONTROLLING THE DIURNAL RHYTHM OF ACTIVITY OF PERIPLANETA AMERICANA L.
[ 224 ] FACTORS CONTROLLING THE DIURNAL RHYTHM OF ACTIVITY OF PERIPLANETA AMERICANA L. BY JANET E. HARKER Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge {Received 7 October 1955) INTRODUCTION Two main
More informationDESYNCHRONIZATION OF HUMAN CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS. Jurgen ASCHOFF, Ursula GERECKE AND Riitger WEVER
The Japanese Journal of Physiology 17, pp.450-457, 1967 DESYNCHRONIZATION OF HUMAN CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS Jurgen ASCHOFF, Ursula GERECKE AND Riitger WEVER Max-Planck-Institut fiir Verhaltensphysiologie 8131
More informationBY B. PADMANABHANAIDU AND R. RAMAMURTHY Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India. {Received 23 May i960)
J. Exp. Biol. (1961), 38, 35-41 25 With 3 text-figures Printed in Great Britain THE INFLUENCE OF SEX AND SIZE ON THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE, THE CHLORIDE AND THE FREE AMINO ACIDS OF THE BLOOD OF THE FRESHWATER
More informationSemi-Lunar Variations of Endogenous Circa-Tidal Rhythms of Activity and Respiration in the Isopod Eurydice pulchra
Vol. 4: 85-90, 1981 I MARINE ECOLOGY - PROGRESS SERIES Mar. Ecol. hog. Ser. Published January 31 Semi-Lunar Variations of Endogenous Circa-Tidal Rhythms of Activity and Respiration in the Isopod Eurydice
More informationCIRCADIAN LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY AND ITS ENTRAINMENT BY FOOD IN THE CRAYFISH PROCAMBARUS CLARKI
J. exp. Biol. 19, 9 21 (1994) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1994 9 CIRCADIAN LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY AND ITS ENTRAINMENT BY FOOD IN THE CRAYFISH PROCAMBARUS CLARKI FRANCISCO FERNÁNDEZ
More information[485] THE BREAKDOWN OF THE THORACIC GLAND IN THE ADULT INSECT, RHODNIUS PROLIXUS
[485] THE BREAKDOWN OF THE THORACIC GLAND IN THE ADULT INSECT, RHODNIUS PROLIXUS BY V. B. WIGGLESWORTH Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge (Received 3 November 1954) The thoracic or ' prothoracic'
More informationTHE DAILY RHYTHM OF ACTIVITY OF THE COCKROACH, BLATTA ORIENTALIS L.
267 THE DAILY RHYTHM OF ACTIVITY OF THE COCKROACH, BLATTA ORIENTALIS L. I. AKTOGRAPH EXPERIMENTS, ESPECIALLY IN RELATION TO LIGHT BY D. L. GUNN From the Zoology Department, University of Birmingham (Received
More informationCIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF LOCOMOTION AND ITS TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE IN BLATTELLA GERMANIC A
jf. Exp. Biol. (1971). 54. 187-198 With 9 text-figures Printed in Great Britain jgy CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF LOCOMOTION AND ITS TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE IN BLATTELLA GERMANIC A BY HANS DREISIG AND ERIK TETENS
More informationTHE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY IN THE LIZARD HOPLODACTYLUS PACIF1CUS, AND ITS POSSIBLE TAXONOMIC USE
TANE 22, 1976 THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY IN THE LIZARD HOPLODACTYLUS PACIF1CUS, AND ITS POSSIBLE TAXONOMIC USE by J.A. Benson Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New
More informationRECALL OF PAIRED-ASSOCIATES AS A FUNCTION OF OVERT AND COVERT REHEARSAL PROCEDURES TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 114 PSYCHOLOGY SERIES
RECALL OF PAIRED-ASSOCIATES AS A FUNCTION OF OVERT AND COVERT REHEARSAL PROCEDURES by John W. Brelsford, Jr. and Richard C. Atkinson TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 114 July 21, 1967 PSYCHOLOGY SERIES!, Reproduction
More informationSHORT AND LONG MEMORIES IN OCTOPUS AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE VERTICAL LOBE SYSTEM
J. Exp. Biol. (1970), 53. 385-393 385 With 4 text-figures fprinted in Great Britain SHORT AND LONG MEMORIES IN OCTOPUS AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE VERTICAL LOBE SYSTEM BY J. Z. YOUNG Department of Anatomy,
More informationThe effect of eyestalk removal and eyestalk extract injection on the light and dark adaptation in the crab Sesarma boulengeri Calman
Marina Mesopotamica Volume 7, Number 2, pp. 241 247 (1992) The effect of eyestalk removal and eyestalk extract injection on the light and dark adaptation in the crab Sesarma boulengeri Calman Abdullah
More informationLIGHT AND HIGH POTASSIUM CAUSE SIMILAR PHASE SHIFTS OF THE APLYSIA EYE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.
J. exp. Biol. (1981), 94. 345~349 345 With 3 figures ferina nted in Great Britain LIGHT AND HIGH POTASSIUM CAUSE SIMILAR PHASE SHIFTS OF THE APLYSIA EYE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM. BY JON W. JACKLET AND DAVID P.
More informationBiological clocks defy circadian rhythms
NATURE NEWS Biological clocks defy circadian rhythms Two marine animals have tidal and monthly timekeepers that work independently of daily cycle. Eliot Barford 26 September 2013 Print The bristle worm
More informationDIURNAL PATTERNS OF TRYPTIC ENZYME ACTIVITY IN SEA BREAM LARVAE UNDER DIFFERENT FEEDING REGIMES
DIURNAL PATTERNS OF TRYPTIC ENZYME ACTIVITY IN SEA BREAM LARVAE UNDER DIFFERENT FEEDING REGIMES M.Sc. Sinem Zeytin Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur, Büsum Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel 6.Büsumer
More informationCIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF OUTPUT FROM NEURONES IN THE EYE OF APLYSIA III. EFFECTS OF LIGHT ON CLOCK AND RECEPTOR OUTPUT MEASURED IN THE OPTIC NERVE
J. exp. Biol. (1977), 70, 183-194 183 With 5 figures Printed in Great Britain CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF OUTPUT FROM NEURONES IN THE EYE OF APLYSIA III. EFFECTS OF LIGHT ON CLOCK AND RECEPTOR OUTPUT MEASURED
More informationChronobiology Biological rhythm Ultradian Infradian Circadian Circatidal Circalunar Circannual Endogenous Free-running Pacemaker Target tissue
Chronobiology Biological rhythm Ultradian Infradian Circadian Circatidal Circalunar Circannual Endogenous Free-running Pacemaker Target tissue Overt rhythm Nocturnal Diurnal LL DD LD 12:12 Study of biological
More informationBiological Clocks. Lu Chen, Ph.D. MCB, UC Berkeley. What is biological clock?
Biological Clocks Lu Chen, Ph.D. MCB, UC Berkeley 1 What is biological clock? All eukaryotes and some prokaryotes display changes in gene activity, biochemistry, physiology, and behavior that wax and wane
More informationBiological Clocks. Lu Chen, Ph.D. MCB, UC Berkeley. Why Does Melatonin Now Outsell Vitamin C??
Biological Clocks Lu Chen, Ph.D. MCB, UC Berkeley 1 Why Does Melatonin Now Outsell Vitamin C?? Wake / sleep complaints are extremely prevalent. Much melatonin is consumed in an attempt to overcome the
More informationRhythms of Barbiturate-Induced Sleep Time in Deermice Entrained to Non-Twenty-Four Hour Photocycles
Physiology & Behavior, Vol. 31, pp. 379-383. Pergamon Press Ltd., 1983. Printed in the U.S.A. Rhythms of Barbiturate-Induced Sleep Time in Deermice Entrained to Non-Twenty-Four Hour Photocycles NANCY G.
More informationIn situ studies on physiology and behaviour in two colour forms of the shore crab Carcinus maenas in relation to season
P MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 189: 221-231, 1999 Published November 26 Mar Ecol Prog Ser In situ studies on physiology and behaviour in two colour forms of the shore crab Carcinus maenas in relation
More informationRhythms of Locomotion Expressed by Limulus polyphemus, the American Horseshoe Crab: II. Relationship to Circadian Rhythms of Visual Sensitivity
Reference: Biol. Bull. 215: 46 56. (August 2008) 2008 Marine Biological Laboratory Rhythms of Locomotion Expressed by Limulus polyphemus, the American Horseshoe Crab: II. Relationship to Circadian Rhythms
More informationGENOTYPIC-ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS FOR VARIOUS TEMPERATURES IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
GENOTYPIC-ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS FOR VARIOUS TEMPERATURES IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER P. A. PARSONS University of California, Davis, California ' Received May 6, 1959 NTERACTIONS between genotype and
More informationDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University (General Education Buildings), Tsushima 2-1-1, Okayama 700, Japan
Journal of Oceanography, Vol. 56, pp. 93 to 102. 2000 Hatching of an Estuarine Crab, Sesarma haematocheir: Factors Affecting the Timing of Hatching in Detached Embryos, and Enhancement of Hatching Synchrony
More informationThe effects of water pressure, temperature, and current cycles on circatidal rhythms expressed by the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus
Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology Vol. 44, No. 1, January 2011, 43 60 The effects of water pressure, temperature, and current cycles on circatidal rhythms expressed by the American horseshoe
More informationThe Possible Role of Extra-ocular Photoreceptors in the Entrainment of Lobster Circadian Rhythms to Light:Dark Cycles
University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Honors Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Spring 2013 The Possible Role of Extra-ocular Photoreceptors in the Entrainment
More informationAbsence of Adaptive Modification in Developing Retinotectal Connections
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 528-532, March 1971 Absence of Adaptive Modification in Developing Retinotectal Connections in Frogs after Visual Deprivation or Disparate
More informationACCELERATED METAMORPHOSIS OF FROG TADPOLES BY INJECTIONS OF EXTRACT OF ANTERIOR LOBE PITUITARY GLAND AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF IODINE.
ACCELERATED METAMORPHOSIS OF FROG TADPOLES BY INJECTIONS OF EXTRACT OF ANTERIOR LOBE PITUITARY GLAND AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF IODINE.* BY E. A. SPAUL, Birkbeck College (University of London). WITH TWO
More informationEFFECT OF LIGHT ON THE ORIENTATION AND MOVEMENT IN DASYCHONE CINGULATA GRUBE
EFFECT OF LIGHT ON THE ORIENTATION AND MOVEMENT IN DASYCHONE CINGULATA GRUBE BY R. THEODORE SRINIVASAGAM (Zoological Research Laboratory, University of Madras, Madraa) Received July 27, 1962 (Communicated
More informationJosé Luis Zambonino-Infante, Pantelis Katharios, Giorgos Koumoundouros & Amos Tandler
José Luis Zambonino-Infante, Pantelis Katharios, Giorgos Koumoundouros & Amos Tandler 1. Introduction Malformations in seabass and gilthead seabream hatcheries were extensively studied in the FineFish
More informationThe effect of light exposure on Drosophila melanogaster survival
The effect of light exposure on Drosophila melanogaster survival Grace M. Chen, Caroline M. Kim, Steve Lee, Elsie Ng ABSTRACT The purpose of our study was to observe how exposure to light affects the survival
More informationTHE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ANTENNAL GLAND OF CARCINUS MAENAS (L.)
J. Exp. Biol. (1969), 51, 41-45 Printed in Great Britain THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ANTENNAL GLAND OF CARCINUS MAENAS (L.) V. SOME NITROGENOUS CONSTITUENTS IN THE BLOOD AND URINE BY R. BINNS Dept. of Zoology,
More informationCircatidal rhythms of locomotion in the American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus: Underlying mechanisms and cues that influence them
Current Zoology 56 (5): 499 517, 2010 Circatidal rhythms of locomotion in the American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus: Underlying mechanisms and cues that influence them Christopher C. CHABOT 1*, Winsor
More informationRearing of the Larval Crab, Portunus trituberculatus,
Mem. Fac. Fish., Kagoshima Univ. Vol. 32 pp. 121-127(1983) Rearing of the Larval Crab, Portunus trituberculatus, with the Artificial Microparticulate Diets Akio Kanazawa *\ Shin-ichi Teshima *\ Tadashi
More informationActivity rhythms expressed by juvenile American horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus
University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Master's Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Fall 2012 Activity rhythms expressed by juvenile American horseshoe crabs,
More informationCIRCADIAN RHYTHMS IN OCTOPUS VULGARIS
Coleoid cephalopods through time (Warnke K., Keupp H., Boletzky S. v., eds) Berliner Paläobiol. Abh. 03 171-177 Berlin 2003 CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS IN OCTOPUS VULGARIS D. V. Meisel 1*, R. A. Byrne 1, M. Kuba
More informationBINOCULAR DEPTH PERCEPTION IN SMALL-ANGLE
Brit. J. Ophthal. (1959) 43, 662. BINOCULAR DEPTH PERCEPTION IN SMALL-ANGLE STRABISMUS* BY E. J. NAYLOR AND A. STANWORTH Department of Ophthalmology, University of Manchester MEASUREMENTS of the binocular
More informationCooling as Reinforcing Stimulus in Aplysia
AM. ZOOI.OCIST, 12:507-512 (1972). Cooling as Reinforcing Stimulus in Aplysia PAUL DOWNEY AND BEHRUS JAHAN-PARWAR Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610 and Worcester Foundation
More informationMake sure you remember the Key Concepts
A2 Psychology Term 1 Module 4 Physiological Psychology Biological Rhythms, Sleep and Dreaming Area of Study: Biological Rhythms. Lesson 7 Getting you Thinking pg 403 Make sure you remember the Key Concepts
More informationSTUDIES ON THE DAILY RHYTHMIC ACTIV Title.
STUDES ON THE DALY RHYTHMC ACTV Title THE SEA-PEN, CAVERNULARA OBESA VALENCENNES. -XV. ONTOGENC DEV OF THE DALY RHYTHMC ACTVTY- Author(s) Mori, Syuiti; Tanase, Hidetomo Citation PUBLCATONS OF THE SETO
More informationCorrelation between Membrane Potential Responses and Tentacle Movement in the Dinoflagellate Noctiluca miliaris
ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 21: 131 138 (2004) 2004 Zoological Society of Japan Correlation between Membrane Potential Responses and Tentacle Movement in the Dinoflagellate Noctiluca miliaris Kazunori Oami* Institute
More informationPLANKTON LAB SEATTLE AQUARIUM OVERVIEW:
PLANKTON LAB SEATTLE AQUARIUM GRADES: 9 12 DURATION: 30 60 minutes MATERIALS: - Plankton sample - Dissecting microscopes - Petri dishes - Droppers - Plankton ID cards - Student lab worksheets STANDARDS:
More informationDevelopment of a testing method simulating running waters for chronic testing of invertebrate species
Development of a testing method simulating running waters for chronic testing of invertebrate species Maria Brüggemann, Karsten Schlich, Kerstin Hund-Rinke, Christoph Schäfers Background and Aim Background
More informationThe Cyclic Production of 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the Opilionid. Western Michigan University
AM. ZOOLOGIST, 6:187-193 (1966). The Cyclic Production of 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the Opilionid DONA J. FOWLER AND CLARENCE J. Western Michigan University GOODNIGHT SYNOPSIS. Techniques were developed for
More informationCircadian Rhythm in Dugesia Tigrina and Its Correlation With Regeneration
University of the Incarnate Word The Athenaeum Theses & Dissertations 8-1974 Circadian Rhythm in Dugesia Tigrina and Its Correlation With Regeneration Mary Michael Brandt Incarnate Word College Follow
More informationRhythms of Locomotion Expressed by Limulus polyphemus, the American Horseshoe Crab: I. Synchronization by Artificial Tides
Reference: Biol. Bull. 215: 34 45. (August 2008) 2008 Marine Biological Laboratory Rhythms of Locomotion Expressed by Limulus polyphemus, the American Horseshoe Crab: I. Synchronization by Artificial Tides
More informationCOPULATION AND EGG-PRODUCTION IN RHODNIUS PROLIXUS: THE ROLE OF THE SPERMATHECAE
J. Exp. BM. (1965), 4*. 373-378 3-73 With 1 text-figure Printed in Great Britain COPULATION AND EGG-PRODUCTION IN RHODNIUS PROLIXUS: THE ROLE OF THE SPERMATHECAE BY K. G. DAVEY Institute of Parasitology,
More informationansesthesia; an oncometer was used for measurement of the splenic Laboratory, Cambridge.)
6I2.4I3:6I2.I43 CAUSE OF RHYTHMICAL. CONTRACTION OF THE SPLEEN. BY J. BARCROFT AN Y. NISIMARU' (Okayama). (From the Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge.) Roy [1881] was the first to discover the rhythmical
More informationRELATION BETWEEN THYROID GLAND, METAMOR- PHOSIS, AND GROWTH. BY EDUARD IYHLENHUTH. (Received for publication, February 1, 1919.)
RELATION BETWEEN THYROID GLAND, METAMOR- PHOSIS, AND GROWTH. BY EDUARD IYHLENHUTH. (From the Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.) (Received for publication, February 1, 1919.)
More informationTEMPERATURE AND THE RESPONSIVE MECHANISM OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
385 TEMPERATURE AND THE RESPONSIVE MECHANISM OF CARDIAC MUSCLE II. TEMPERATURE AND THE RATE OF THE RHYTHM OF THE ISOLATED SINUS BY DUGALD E. S. BROWN (Washington Square College, New York University). (Received
More informationA COMPARISON OF TRANSMITTER AND SYNEPHRINE ON LUMINESCENCE INDUCTION IN THE FIREFLY LARVA
J. Exp. Biol. (197a), 57. 737-743 737 ^Vith 5 text-figures WPrinted in Great Britain A COMPARISON OF TRANSMITTER AND SYNEPHRINE ON LUMINESCENCE INDUCTION IN THE FIREFLY LARVA BY ALBERT D. CARLSON Department
More informationTHE UPTAKE OF CADMIUM INTO THE HAEMOLYMPH OF THE SHORE CRAB CARCINUS MAENAS: THE RELATIONSHIP WITH COPPER AND OTHER DIVALENT CATIONS
Jexp. Biol. (1977), 67, 147-161 With 8 figures Printed in Great Britain THE UPTAKE OF CADMIUM INTO THE HAEMOLYMPH OF THE SHORE CRAB CARCINUS MAENAS: THE RELATIONSHIP WITH COPPER AND OTHER DIVALENT CATIONS
More informationC.17. HONEYBEES - AC UTE CONTACT TOXICITY TEST. This acute toxicity test method is a replicate of the OECD TG 214 (1998).
C.17. HONEYBEES - AC UTE CONTACT TOXICITY TEST 1. METHOD This acute toxicity test method is a replicate of the OECD TG 214 (1998). 1.1 INTRODUCTION This toxicity test is a laboratory method, designed to
More informationTHE SWIMMING OF NYMPHON GRACILE (PYCNOGONIDA): THE ENERGETICS OF SWIMMING AT CONSTANT DEPTH
J. exp. Biol. (i 977), 71. 205-an 205 JWtA a figures in Great Britain THE SWIMMING OF NYMPHON GRACILE (PYCNOGONIDA): THE ENERGETICS OF SWIMMING AT CONSTANT DEPTH BY ELFED MORGAN Department of Zoology and
More informationAge factor in the induced metamorphosis of thyroidectomized tadpoles
/. Embryol exp. Morph. Vol. 25, 3, pp. 331-338, 1971 331 Printed in Great Britain Age factor in the induced metamorphosis of thyroidectomized tadpoles By C. Y. HSU 1, N. W. YU 1 AND H. M. LIANG 1 From
More informationascending phases began to diverge was taken to mark the onset of decay in the
605 J. Physiol. (I954) I24, 605-6I2 THE DURATION OF THE PLATEAU OF FULL ACTIVITY IN FROG MUSCLE BY J. M. RITCHIE From the National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, N.W. 7 (Received 26
More informationPreliminary translation by J. B. Sochasky
^ %^ ïq yc]" FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA Translation Series No. 2676 Ki30_^"RTxsG ry^ STUDY OF A POPULATION OF CARCINUS MAENAS L. FROM THE COASTS OF THE ENGLISH CHANNEL: GENITAL OVARIAN CYCLE By
More informationclosely resembling that following an antidromic impulse [Eccles and
185 6I2.833. 96 REFLEX INTERRUPTIONS OF RHYTHMIC DISCHARGE. By E. C. HOFF, H. E. HOFF AND D. SHEEHAN1. (New Haven, Conn.) (From the Laboratory of Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine.) (Received
More informationCircadian Rhythms in Insects
CHAPTER 6 Circadian Rhythms in Insects Janet E. Harker Zoology Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 6.1. LOCOMOTORY RHYTHMS 191 6.1.1 Walking Rhythms 191 6.1.2 Flight Activity 198 6.1.3 The
More informationCircadian rhythms of body temperature in shift-workers at a coalface
Brit. J. industr. Med., 197, 27, 266272 ircadian rhythms of body temperature in shiftworkers at a coalface W. P. OLQUHOUN and R. S. EDWARDS Medical Research ouncil, Applied Psychology Unit, ambridge olquhoun,
More informationActivity rhythms in some burrowing decapods R. J. A. ATKINSON 82 E. NAYLOR
Helgol';inder wiss. Meeresunters. 24, 192-201 (1973) Activity rhythms in some burrowing decapods R. J. A. ATKINSON 82 E. NAYLOR Marine Biological Station, University of Liverpool; Port Erin, Isle of Man
More informationGamal M. Abd El-Nasser Central Lab for Aquaculture Research Abbassa, Sharkia, Egypt. Key words: Clarias gariepinus, larvae, feeding, primary nursing.
Egypt J. Aquat. BioL
More informationConsumption and utilization of food in different instars of muga silkworm Antberses assama Westwood
Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.), Vol. 98, No.2, March 1989, pp. 99-103. Printed in India. Consumption and utilization of food in different instars of muga silkworm Antberses assama Westwood A BARAH,
More informationUniversity of Groningen. Learning and circadian behavior Daan, S. Published in: Journal of Biological Rhythms DOI: /
University of Groningen Learning and circadian behavior Daan, S Published in: Journal of Biological Rhythms DOI: 10.1177/074873000129001396 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version
More informationACTIVE TRANSPORT OF SODIUM BY THE ISOLATED MIDGUT OF HYALOPHORA CECROPIA
J. Exp. Biol. (1971). 54. 269-374 269 With 1 text-figure Printed in Great Britain ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF SODIUM BY THE ISOLATED MIDGUT OF HYALOPHORA CECROPIA BY W. R. HARVEY AND K. ZERAHN* Department of Biology,
More informationC.16. HONEYBEES - AC UTE ORAL TOXICITY TEST. This acute toxicity test method is a replicate of the OECD TG 213 (1998).
C.16. HONEYBEES - AC UTE ORAL TOXICITY TEST 1. METHOD This acute toxicity test method is a replicate of the OECD TG 213 (1998). 1.1 INTRODUCTION This toxicity test is a laboratory method, designed to assess
More informationUsually the modification of sweating was maintained throughout the. However, in 1950, Takagi and Sakurai, also working in Japan, reported
THE EFFECT ON SWEATING OF PRESSURE ON THE BODY SURFACE. By E. S. WATKINS. From the Hot Climate Physiological Research Unit, Oshodi, Lagos, Nigeria. (Received for publication 25th October 1955) KuNO [1934]
More informationOrcadian Rhythm in Goldfish Visual Sensitivity
Orcadian Rhythm in Goldfish Visual Sensitivity Carl J. Bassi ond Maureen K. Powers To determine whether rod-mediated vision in goldfish is regulated by a circadian clock, absolute threshold was measured
More informationTHE ABSENCE OF VASOCONSTRICTOR REFLEXES IN THE FORE- HEAD CIRCULATION. EFFECTS OF COLD1
THE ABSENCE OF VASOCONSTRICTOR REFLEXES IN THE FORE- HEAD CIRCULATION. EFFECTS OF COLD1 ALRICK B. HERTZMAN AND LAURENCE W. ROTH From the Department of Physiology, St. Louis University School of Medicine,
More informationTemporal Pattern of Circadian Rhythm in Sportsmen
Temporal Pattern of Circadian Rhythm in Sportsmen Venugopal et al Temporal Pattern of Circadian Rhythm in Sportsmen Venugopal 1, R., Gupta 2, O. and Patel 2, H. 1 Head, School of Studies in Physical Education,
More informationFERTILIZATION IN THE SEA-URCHIN AS A FUNCTION OF SPERM-TO-EGG RATIO
FERTILIZATION IN THE SEA-URCHIN AS A FUNCTION OF SPERM-TO-EGG RATIO H. TIMOURIAN, C. E. HUBERT and R. N. STUART Bio-Medical Division, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, University of California, Livermore,
More information[ 337 J THE EFFECT OF VERTICAL LOBE REMOVAL ON THE PERFORMANCE OF OCTOPUSES IN RETENTION TESTS
[ J THE EFFECT OF VERTICAL LOBE REMOVAL ON THE PERFORMANCE OF OCTOPUSES IN RETENTION TESTS BY M. J. WELLS AND J. WELLS Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, and Stazione Zoologica, Naples (Received
More informationabnormally high compared to those encountered when animals are fed by University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, U.S.A.
J. Phy8iol. (1965), 181, pp. 59-67 59 With 5 text-ftgure8 Printed in Great Britain THE ANALYSIS OF GLUCOSE MEASUREMENTS BY COMPUTER SIMULATION* BY R. G. JANES "D J. 0. OSBURN From the Departments of Anatomy
More informationThe unstable production of grouper fry in the hatchery is one of the constraints in the
Effect of KIKO technology on growth and survival of grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus larvae Ofelia S. Reyes Aquaculture Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 5021 Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines
More informationMaintenance of function in single epithelial cells spatially isolated from similar cells
J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 90, 409-414 (1985) 409 Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1985 Maintenance of function in single epithelial cells spatially isolated from similar cells S.
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level *0280516567* MARINE SCIENCE 9693/02 Paper 2 AS Data Handling and Free Response
More informationA CIRCADIAN RHYTHM IN THE LOCOMOTOR BEHAVIOUR OF THE GIANT GARDEN SLUG LIMAX MAXIMUS
exp. Biol. (i977)» 66, 47-64 47 ih 10 figures Printed in Great Britain A CIRCADIAN RHYTHM IN THE LOCOMOTOR BEHAVIOUR OF THE GIANT GARDEN SLUG LIMAX MAXIMUS BY P. G. SOKOLOVE, C. M. BEISWANGER, D. J. PRIOR
More informationCOMPARISON BETWEEN AUTORHYTHMOMETRIC METHODS AND A BASELINE MEASUREMENT OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS IN NIGHT-WORKERS
J. Human Ergol.,11, Suppl.: 385-391(1982) COMPARISON BETWEEN AUTORHYTHMOMETRIC METHODS AND A BASELINE MEASUREMENT OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS IN NIGHT-WORKERS R. MOOD and G. HILDEBRANDT Institut fur Arbeitsphysiologie
More informationCENTRAL CONTROL OF AN INSECT SENSORY INTERNEURONE
J. Exp. Biol. (1970), S3, 137-145 With 4 text-figures Printed in Great Britain CENTRAL CONTROL OF AN INSECT SENSORY INTERNEURONE BY J. M. MCKAY* Department of Zoology, Makerere University College, Kampala,
More informationMaize redness. a serious threat to corn production Disease epidemiology and strategies for control of the insect-vector Reptalus panzeri
International Symposium on Current Trends in Plant Protection Maize redness a serious threat to corn production Disease epidemiology and strategies for control of the insect-vector Reptalus panzeri moderator:
More informationCircadian Rhythms in Physiology and Behavior. The Persistence of Memory, Salvador Dali, 1931
Circadian Rhythms in Physiology and Behavior The Persistence of Memory, Salvador Dali, 1931 Homeostasis and Rhythms? Homeostasis (Bernard, 1878): All the vital mechanisms, however varied they may be, have
More informationMechanisms of Behavioral Modulation
Feb 19: Rhythms Mechanisms of Behavioral Modulation "Global" modulating mechanisms: act on diverse neural subsystems, changing threshold, selectivity, or strength of many responses EXAMPLES: hormones and
More informationEFFECTS OF FREQUENT MILKING ON MILK SECRETION DURING LACTATION IN THE GOAT: RELATION TO FACTORS WHICH LIMIT THE RATE OF SECRETION
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology (1982) 67, 33-31 Printed in Great Britain EFFECTS OF FREQUENT MILKING ON MILK SECRETION DURING LACTATION IN THE GOAT: RELATION TO FACTORS WHICH LIMIT THE RATE
More informationph AS A FACTOR INFLUENCING MATURATION OF PENAEUS INDICUS IN CAPTIVITY
ph AS A FACTOR INFLUENCING MATURATION OF PENAEUS INDICUS IN CAPTIVITY M. S. MuTHU, A. LAXMINARAYANA AND K. H. MOHAMED Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-lS. ABSTRACT Unilaterally eye-ablated
More informationDiurnal Pattern of Reaction Time: Statistical analysis
Diurnal Pattern of Reaction Time: Statistical analysis Prepared by: Alison L. Gibbs, PhD, PStat Prepared for: Dr. Principal Investigator of Reaction Time Project January 11, 2015 Summary: This report gives
More informationAssociation between the Echinoid Evechinus chloroticus (Val.) and the Clingfish Dellichthys morelandi Briggs
Association between the Echinoid Evechinus chloroticus (Val.) and the Clingfish Dellichthys morelandi Briggs TREVOR G. DIX 1 ABSTRA~T: The ec~inoid Evechin1ls chlo1"otic1ls (Val.) provides shelter and
More informationDevelopment of Hamster Circadian Rhythms. I. Within-Litter Synchrony of Mother and Pup Activity Rhythms at Weaning1
BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 33, 353-362 (1985) Development of Hamster Circadian Rhythms. I. Within-Litter Synchrony of Mother and Pup Activity Rhythms at Weaning1 FRED C. DAVIS2 and ROGER A. GORSKI Laboratory
More informationDepartment of Psychology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY, 8, 749-754 (1973), Abstract No. I228R Effects of Prior Exposure to Animate Objects on Approach Tendency in Chicks SUSAN SAEGERT and D. W. RAJECKI 1 Department of Psychology, The University
More informationFIXED-RATIO PUNISHMENT1 N. H. AZRIN,2 W. C. HOLZ,2 AND D. F. HAKE3
JOURNAL OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR VOLUME 6, NUMBER 2 APRIL, 1963 FIXED-RATIO PUNISHMENT1 N. H. AZRIN,2 W. C. HOLZ,2 AND D. F. HAKE3 Responses were maintained by a variable-interval schedule
More informationZooplankton community structure and size spectra linked to phytoplankton and hydrographic features on the Faroe Shelf in spring
Zooplankton community structure and size spectra linked to phytoplankton and hydrographic features on the Faroe Shelf in spring Sólvá Jacobsen, Eilif Gaard, Karin M. H. Larsen, Sólvá K. Eliasen Faroe Islands
More informationEVIDENCE THAT OCTOPUS IS COLOUR BLIND
J. exp. Biol. (1977). 70, 49-55 49 With 1 figure Printed in Great Britain EVIDENCE THAT OCTOPUS IS COLOUR BLIND BY J. B. MESSENGER Department of Zoology, University of Sheffield and Stazione Zoologica,
More informationArtificial organisms that sleep
Artificial organisms that sleep Marco Mirolli 1,2, Domenico Parisi 1 1 Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council Viale Marx 15, 137, Rome, Italy parisi@ip.rm.cnr.it 2
More informationThe Effects of Nutrition on Reproduction in the Eastern Rainbowfish, Melanotaenia splendida splendida
The Effects of Nutrition on Reproduction in the Eastern Rainbowfish, Melanotaenia splendida splendida Thesis submitted by Amanda Catherine BADGER BSc (Dalhousie University) March 2004 for the degree of
More informationBio-Rhythms. Biorhythms. Presented by: Dr. Magdy Akladios 1. What is a Biorhythm. Biorhythms Theory. SENG/ INDH 5334: Human Factors Engineering
SENG/ INDH 5334: Human Factors Engineering Bio-Rhythms By: Magdy Akladios, PhD, PE, CSP, CPE, CSHM 1 What is a Biorhythm A biorhythm is a hypothetical cyclic pattern of alterations in physiology, emotions,
More information