Index. E Elderly and dementia, 2 Epilepsy, 59 Escitalopram, 51, 87 Estazolam, 101 Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), 18

Transcription

1 A Abilify, 143 Absolute neutrophil count (ANC), 29 Acetylcholine (Ach), 14, 15 ACTivities of daily living and cognition (ACTION) study, 167 AD Anti-inflammatory Prevention Trial (ADAPT) study, 156 Adverse drug events (ADEs) in ambulatory setting, 183 cardiovascular medications, 183 common medications, 184 and DDIs, 183 prevention/recognition, 197 reporting system, 184 risk factors, 184 types of, 184, 185 Aggression, 204 and agitation, 206 antisocial and borderline personality disorders, 205 beta blockers, 206 carbamazepine, benefits of, 207 curbing, 207 delirium, use, 207 impulsive, 205 mood stabilizers, use, 206 pharmacological management, 205 predatory acts, 205 propranolol and pindolol, use of, 206 treatment with lithium, 208 Agitation, 206, 207 Akathisia, 58, 78 Alprazolam, 91 Alzheimer s disease (AD) discontinuation, 169 duration, pharmacotherapy, 168, 169 mild advantages and disadvantages, oral administration, 163 ChEIs, donepezil, 160, 163, 164 dyadic interventions, 165 galantamine, 163, 164 Ginkgo biloba, 165 huperzine A, 165 memantine, 164 non-pharmacologic approaches, 165 NSAIDs, 165 rivastigmine, 163 side effects, moderate-to-severe ACTION study, 167 CDR, 166 ChEI, 167, 168 dementia, 166 donepezil dose, 166 GDS, 166 memantine, 167 MMSE scores, 166 OPTIMA trial, 167 rivastigmine, 167 side effects, 168 American Psychiatric Association (APA), 48 Amitriptyline, 54 Anticonvulsants, 86, 92 Antidepressant medications and dementia, 125 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 G. T. Grossberg, L. J. Kinsella (eds.), Clinical Psychopharmacology for Neurologists, 225

2 226 Antidepressants alprazolam, 91 amitriptyline, 54 bupropion, 54, 62 BZDs, 89 citalopram, 53 clonazepam, 90 diazepam, 89 duloxetine, 54 escitalopram, 51 lorazepam, 90 MAOIs, 62 mirtazapine, 54, 62, 88 oxazepam, 90 selection, 51, 52 sertraline, 53 SNRIs, 61 SSRIs, 61 TCAs, 62 therapeutic daily dosing, 53 venlafaxine, 53 vilazodone, 89 vortioxetine, 89 Antihypertensives, 155 Antipsychotic medications and dementia, 36, 119, 120, 122, 123 Antipsychotics, 29, 86, alcohol, 207 benzodiazepine, 207 children, delirium, 207 FGAs (see First-generation antipsychotics (FGAs)) parkinson s disease, 149 pregnant women, 148 SGA (see Second-generation antipsychotics (SGA)) third-generation (see Third-generation antipsychotic) treatment, 131 Anxiety, assessment instruments BAI, 80 GAD-7, 78, 79 Geriatric Anxiety Inventory, 80 HADS, 79 STAI, 79 Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, 79 and dementia, 73 elderly, 73 medication management (see Anxiolytics) neurological conditions, 74 Anxiolytics, 76, 77, 92, 93 anticonvulsants, 86, 92 gabapentin, 92 pregabalin, 92 quetiapine, 92, 93 antidepressants, 85 antipsychotics, 86, 92 anxiety symptoms analgesics, 77 antispasmodics, 77 cardiovascular, 77 endocrine, 77 neurologic, 76 psychiatric, 76 respiratory, 77 stimulants, 76 benzodiazepines, 86 buspirone, 91 BZDs, 80 citalopram, 87 duloxetine, 88 escitalopram, 87 fluoxetine, 84 fluvoxamine, 87 hydroxyzine, 91 paroxetine, 84 sertraline, 84 SNRIs, 81, 85, 87 SSRIs, 80, 81, 84, 85 venlafaxine, 87 Aripiprazole, see Abilify Asenapine, see Saphris B Barbiturates, 99 Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), 80 Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), 61 Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), 118, 120, 122, agitation APA guideline, 122 CitAD, 122 etiology, 118 medication selection, 120, 122 side effects, 120, 122 categories, 117 clinical evaluation, 119 medications, 121 mood disorders antidepressant side effects, 125 neuropsychological testing, 126 non-pharmacological interventions, 124 pharmacological interventions, 124, 125 SSRI antidepressants, 125 treatment, 126 non-pharmacological interventions, 118

3 227 pharmacological interventions, 119, 120 psychotic symptoms, 123 Benzodiazepines (BZDs), 86, 89 anxiety and sleep disorders, 99 estazolam, 101 receptor agonists, 101 temazepam, 101 triazolam, 102 Bipolar disorder, 50, aggressive behaviors, 204 common factor, 202 differentiations, bipolar I, II and III disorders, 202 episodic illness, 202 levetiracetam, seizures, 204 mood stabilizers, with FDA indications, 203 treatment lithium, valproate, Black box warning (BBW), 21, 22 Brexpiprazole, see Rexulti Bupropion, 54, 62 Buspirone, 91 in mild neurocognitive disorders antihypertensives, 155 Cochrane meta-analysis, 155 diagnostic criteria, 152 dietary supplements, 156, 157 exercise interventions, 157 FINGER, 157 Ginkgo biloba, 156 InDDEx study, 152 MAPT, 157 MCI, 152 medical history and physical examination, 151 NSAIDs, 155, 156 pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions, prediva, 158 risk factors, 152 statins, 155 neurologic and psychiatric disorders, 169, 170 Cognitive impairment, 19, 152, 157 See also Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) C Cariprazine, see Vraylar Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), 36 Central nervous system (CNS), 135, 137 Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs), MCI management, in neurocognitive disorder, 152 in mild AD formulations, dosages and titration schemes, side effects, in moderate-to-severe AD, 167, 168 Citalopram, 53, 87 Citalopram for Agitation in Alzheimer Disease Study (CitAD), 122 Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), 166 Clinically Useful Depression Outcome Scale (CUDOS), 61 Clonazepam, 90 Clozapine, Codeine, 190 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 56, 75, 93 Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), 100 Cognitive enhancers, in AD (see Alzheimer s disease (AD)) D Dementia, 152, , 165, 166 AD, 117 antidepressant medications, 125 antipsychotic medications, 119, 120, 122, 123 antipsychotics, 2 depression, 2 Depression, 2, 55 57, adverse effects, antidepressant, 50 bupropion, 62 MAOIs, 62 mirtazapine, 62 SNRIs, 61 SSRIs, 61 TCAs, 62 bipolar disorder, 50 neurological illnesses epilepsy, 59 multiple sclerosis, 61 parkinson s disease, 60 stroke, 60 PDD, 46, 47 scales, 61 screening, 46 severity and guide treatment, 49 subsyndromal, 46, 47 suicide risk, 50

4 228 Depression (cont.) treatment antidepressant, 55 duration, 56 psychotherapy, 56, 57 residual symptoms, 56 response assessment, 55 Diazepam, 89 Diphenhydramine, 182, Discontinuation AD, 169 syndrome, 59 Dix-Hallpike testing, 182 Drug-dietary interactions herbal medications, 214 OTC, 214 RCVS, 215 toxicity, 215 UDS, 220 Drug-drug interactions (DDIs), 181, 183 and ADEs, risk factors, 184 card, coadministration, substrate, 192 computerized interaction tool, 183 detection and prevention of, 184 list of, 191 prevention/recognition, websites, 197 Drug-drug interactions in elderly, 35, 38, 40 Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 13, 14 Drug interactions in psychopharmacology, 11 Drug metabolism in elderly, 39 Drug regimens in psychopharmacology, 6 Drug toxicity, 39 Duloxetine, 54, 88 Dysthymia, 47 E Elderly and dementia, 2 Epilepsy, 59 Escitalopram, 51, 87 Estazolam, 101 Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), 18 The Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER), 157 First-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) chlorpromazine, 132 efficacy and indications, 135 MOA, 134 neurological adverse effects, peripheral side effects, pharmacology, representative drugs and potency, 133 vs. SGA, Fluoxetine, 84 Flurazepam, 102 Fluvoxamine, 87 Ford Insomnia in Response to Stress Test (FIRST), 111 The French Multi-Domain Alzheimer s Prevention Trial (MAPT), 157 G Gabapentin, 92 Gastrointestinal issues (GI), 20 Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), 73, 82 DSM-5, 78 SSRIs and SNRIs, 81 symptoms, 75 Generalized anxiety disorder 7 (GAD-7), 78, 79 General principles of psychopharmacology, 17 drug-drug interactions, 11 FDA drug approval, neurotransmitter systems, pharmacodynamics, 9 11 pharmacokinetics, 6 9 psychotropic drugs, 18 side effects (see Psychotropic drugs, side effects) Geodon, 143 Geriatric Anxiety Inventory, 80 Geriatric psycho-pharmacotherapy, 36, 37 Ginkgo biloba, 156, 165 Global Deterioration Scale (GDS), 166 Glutamate, 16 F Fanapt, 144 FDA drug approval DEA schedules, 13 NDA, 12 OLDU, 13 phase 1, 2 and 3, 12 H Hepatic insufficiency, 27, 28 Herbal medications, 214, 216 See also Over-the-counter (OTC) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), 61, 79 Hydrocodone, 182, , 195

5 229 Hydroxyzine, 91 Hypnotics, see Sedative and hypnotics Hyponatremia, 19, 59 I Iloperidone, see Fanapt Inducers, 188, Inhibitors, , 192 MAO inhibitor, 182, 186 P450 enzyme 2D6, 182 P-glycoprotein, 187 Insomnia, 110 acute/chronic, 97 epilepsy, 97 ICSD-3, 98 treatment algorithm, 110 (see also Treatment considerations for insomnia) Intellectual disability, 208, 209 International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Third Edition (ICSD-3), 98 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), 59 Interpersonal therapy (IPT), 57 Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA), 206 Invega, L Latuda, Lithium aggressive behaviors, management, 204 in bipolar disorder, initiating and monitoring, for bipolar disorder, 203 intellectual disability, treatment, 208 personality disorders, 205 schizophrenia treatment, 205 Lorazepam, 90 Lurasidone, see Latuda M Major depressive disorder APA guidelines, 49 diagnosis, 48 NICE guidelines, 49 MAOIs, see Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) Mechanism of action (MOA), 134, 140 Melatonin, 104 Memantine, 164, , 171 Metoprolol, 182, 189, 191 Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 73, 152, Mirtazapine, 54, 62, 88 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 62 Mood disorders antidepressant side effects, 125 neuropsychological testing, 126 non-pharmacological interventions, 124 pharmacological interventions, 124, 125 SSRI antidepressants, 125 treatment, 126 Mood stabilizers, 201 bipolar disorder (see Bipolar disorder) personality disorder, 206 schizophrenia spectrum, 205 Multiple sclerosis, 61 N Neurobiology and psychopharmacology, 30 Neurocognitive disorders antihypertensives, 155 antipsychotics, 207 ChEIs, 152 Cochrane meta-analysis, 155 delirium, 207 diagnostic criteria, 152 dietary supplements, 156, 157 exercise interventions, 157 FINGER, 157 Ginkgo biloba, 156 InDDEx study, 152 ISA, 206 MAPT, 157 MCI, 152 medications, 206 mood stabilizers, 207 NSAIDs, 155, 156 pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions, prediva, 158 propranolol and pindolol, 206 risk factors, 152 statins, 155 TBI, 206 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), 136, 137 Neurological conditions, 73, 74, 78, 84 Neurology and elderly, 2 Neuropsychiatric side effects, 40 Neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia (NPS), see Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD)

6 230 Neurotoxicity, 185 Neurotransmitter systems Ach, 14, 15 adrenergic receptors, 15 cholinergic transmission, 15 dopamine, 16 glutamate, 16 muscarinic receptors, 15 nicotinic receptors, 15 New drug application (NDA), 12 Non-rapid eye movement (NREM), 98 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 155, 156, 165 O Occupational therapy, 74 Off-label drug use (OLDU), 13 Olanzapine, see Zyprexa Optimizing Transdermal Exelon in Mild-to- Moderate Alzheimer s disease (OPTIMA) trial, 167 Orexin antagonist, 104 Over-the-counter (OTC) dextromethorphan, 216 drug interactions, 216 herbal, neurologic syndromes, 215 weight loss supplements, Oxazepam, 90 P Paliperidone, see Invega Panic disorder, 75, 81 83, 87, 88, 91, 93 Parkinson s disease, 60 Paroxetine, 84 Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), 61 PDD, see Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) P450 enzyme system, 2 CYP1A2, 189 CYP2C9, 189 CYP2C19, 189 CYP2D6, 2C19 and 2C9, 188, 189 CYP3A4, 189 description, 187 enzymes, 187 glucuronidation and sulfation (phase II), 187 monamine oxidation (phase I), 187 P-glycoprotein, (phase III), 187 pharmacogenomic differences, 182 Periodic drug tapering/discontinuation, 41 Persistent depressive disorder (PDD), 47 Personality disorders antisocial and borderline, 205 cluster B, 205 individuals, 205 mood stabilizers, 206 nonpsychotic personality disorders, 205 substance misuse, 205 Pharmacodynamics, 9, 10 Pharmacokinetics absorption, 6 accumulation, 9 antidepressants, 6 clearance, 8 cytochrome P450 system, 8 distribution, 7 metabolism, 7 oral drugs, 7 SSRIs, 8 Pharmacology for elderly, 1 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality (PSQI), 111 Pregabalin, 92 Pregnant and nursing women antidepressants, 25 antipsychotics, 25 FDA categories and descriptions, 24 lithium, 26 mental illness, 24 penfluridol and haloperidol, 24 SSRI, 25 Problem-solving therapy (PST), 57 Prodrugs, 182, Psychiatric disorders and neurologist, 2 Psychopharmacology for neurologists behavioral disturbances, 1, 2 depression, 2 elderly and dementia, 2 psychiatric medications, 2 Psychopharmacology general principles, see General principles of psychopharmacology Psycho-pharmacotherapy in elderly, 36, 40 Psychotherapy, 56, 57, 74 Psychotic symptoms, 123 Psychotropic drugs, side effects cardiovascular, cognitive impairment, 19 drug withdrawal/discontinuation, 23 EPS, 18 GI, 20

7 231 hyponatremia, 19 rash, 21 SD, 17 serum glucose alterations, 20 weight gain, 17 weight loss, 19 Psychotropic medication in elderly adverse reactions, 39 drug-drug interactions, risk, 35 formulations, 38 hepatic and renal, 37 medication cost, 43 patients and families education, 42 psychoactive agents, 42 reduce medications, 41 Q Quetiapine, 92, see Seroquel R Recurrent syncopal events, 181 Renal insufficiency, 26, 27 Resident education, 182 Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS), 215 Rexulti, 145 Risperdal, see Risperidone Risperidone, 142 S Saphris, 144 Second-generation antipsychotics (SGA) adverse effects, 141 aripiprazole, 143 asenapine, 144 atypical antipsychotics, 139 brexpiprazole, 145 cariprazine, 145 clozapine, efficacy and indications, 140 vs. FGA, iloperidone, 144 lurasidone, MOA, 140 olanzapine, 142 paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, 142 symptoms, 138 ziprasidone, 143 Sedative and hypnotics, 106, 107 alcohol- and substance-dependent patients, 108 antidepressants, 105, 106 barbiturates, 97, 99 BDZ, 97, 101, 102 BZD, 99, 101, 102 CBT-I, 100 elderly, 108 melatonin, 104 neurological assessment, 99 non-benzodiazepine receptor, 103 orexin antagonist, 104 side effects chronic use, 107 falls, 107 memory loss, 107 rebound insomnia, 106 residual effects, 107 zaleplon, 104 zolpidem, 102 zopiclone, 103 Sedative and sleep, , 105 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 8, 61, 81, 84, 85 Seroquel, Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), 61, 81, 85, 87 Serotonin plus antidepressants, 62 Serotonin syndrome, 58 clinical features of, 186 clinical syndromes, 185 cyproheptadine, 186 description, 185 serotonergic drugs, 186 signs and symptoms of, 183 symptoms and signs, 186 treatment of, 186 and triptans, risks, 185 Sertraline, 53, 84 Sexual dysfunction (SD), 17, 57 Sleep and rapid eye movement (REM), 98 Sleep and sedatives, , 105 Sleep hygiene, 100 Slow-wave sleep (SWS), 98 SNRIs, see Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SSRIs, see Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), 79 Stroke, 60

8 232 Suboptimal renal function (SRF), 26, 27 Substrates, 188, 189, 191 DDI mechanism, 192 P450, 190 tamoxifen, 190 Subsyndromal depression, 47 T Tardive dyskinesia, 136 TCAs, see Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) Temazepam, 101 Therapeutic drug monitoring ANC, 29 antipsychotics, 29 lithium serum levels, 28 TCA, 29 WBC, 29 Third-generation antipsychotic dopamine deficiency syndrome, 146 LAIs, 146, 147 Tranquilizers, 132 Traumatic brain injury (TBI), 206 Treatment considerations for insomnia alcohol-dependent patients, 107 comorbid conditions, 108, 109 FIRST, 111 Triazolam, 102 Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), 29, 62 U Urine drug screening (UDS), 220 V Valproate aggressive behaviors, management, 204 in bipolar disorder, curbing aggression, 207 initiating and monitoring, for bipolar disorder, 203 intellectual disability, 208 personality disorders, 205 schizophrenia, 205 Venlafaxine, 53, 87 Vilazodone, 89 Vortioxetine, 89 Vraylar, 145 W World Health Organization-Five Well-Being (WHO-5), 61 Z Zaleplon, 104 Ziprasidone, see Geodon Zolpidem, 102 Zopiclone, 103 Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, 79 Zyprexa, 142