Chemoresistance: Detectors to Dormancy
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1 Chemoresistance: Detectors to Dormancy Andy Redfern University of Western Australia Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research Fiona Stanley Hospital
2 Ongoing Projects: What to pack?
3 The Route to Efficacy Indication Prescription Drug Administration Metabolism Biodistribution Cancer Cell
4 The Route to Efficacy Indication Prescription Cancer Cell Uptake & Retention Drug Administration Target Interaction Metabolism Biodistribution Cancer Cell Critical Biochange Cell Damage Cell Death
5 C11-Orf67 Chemo-related Driver Pathways Active Apoptosis Mechanisms Chemosensitive Phenotype Drug Uptake and Retention Active Proliferation
6 Chemo-related Driver Pathways Topoisomerase II & Anthracyclines DiLeo et al Nov;12(12):
7 Chemo-related Driver Pathways Integrated Clusters: To Each Their Own Integrated Cluster 2 High risk ER positive cancers characterised by a chromosome11 amplification. Central to this is orf67,a gene coding for a small protein of unknown function Curtis et al. Nature (7403):
8 C11-Orf67 - Metabolism and Biosynthesis Nodes
9 C11-Orf67 - Metabolism and Biosynthesis Nodes C11Orf67 leads to upregulation of: MTHFD1L - an enzyme involved in tetrahydofolate synthesis and consequently purine and pyrimidine metabolism in mitochondria. ALDH1L2 - a mitochondrial isoform enzyme that converts 10- formyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate Expression of the mitochondrial glycine biosynthesis pathway is associated with mortality in breast cancer patients. Jain et al. Science May 25; 336(6084):
10 C11-Orf67 - Metabolism and Biosynthesis Nodes This raises the question as to whether CMF should form part of the ideal adjuvant treatment for these tumours and whether other anti-folate strategies might be employed.
11 Fluorouracil: Differential Sensitivity and Estrogen Receptor Status
12 C11-Orf67 Chemo-related Driver Pathways Active Apoptosis Mechanisms Chemosensitive Phenotype Drug Uptake and Retention Active Proliferation BMP4
13 Drug Uptake and Retention ATP Binding Cassette Proteins Better Out Than In
14 Locking the Stable Door: Needs the Right Key Local Bladder Ca Local Dox Small Cell Lung Ca - CAV P = 0.290
15 Drug Uptake and Retention The BMP - TGFb Axis
16 Drug Uptake and Retention The BMP - TGFb Axis
17 Drug Uptake and Retention The BMP - TGFb Axis
18 BMP4 Suppresses Metastasis in Breast Cancer Xenographs P<0.01 Effect of BMP4 expression on primary tumour growth in 4T1.2 tumour bearing mice Survival Impact of BMP4 expression on 4T1.2 tumour bearing mice (p<0.001) (p=0.041) Effect of BMP4 expression on rate of distant metastasis in 4T1.2 tumour bearing mice Treatment of 4T1.2 tumour bearing mice with rbmp4 (200ng, twice daily) Cao et al. Cancer Res; 74(18) September 15, 2014.
19 ABCG2 expression (mrna) (Arbitary units) NF-kB activity ABCG1 expression (mrna) (Arbitary units) % of living cells BMP4 Induces ABC Protein Synthesis and Chemosensitivity P<0.05 P<0.001 P<0.01 4T1.2 4T1.2 -BMP4 4T1.2 4T1.2 -BMP4 4T1.2 rbmp4 P<0.01 P<0.01 4T1.2 4T1.2 BMP4 4T1.2 BMP4 4T1.2
20 Metastasis-free survival (%) BMP4 Correlates with Improved Outcome In Unselected Patients HR=0.59, p=0.12 Months from Dx Breast cancer specific survival BMP4 positive HR 0.54, Chi-sq p = 0.048
21 C11-Orf67 Chemo-related Driver Pathways PKR Active Apoptosis Mechanisms Chemosensitive Phenotype Drug Uptake and Retention Active Proliferation BMP4
22 Apoptosis Modulation
23 Project : Active Apoptosis Mechanisms Protein Kinase RNA Activated: Toxin-Triggerman Kinase RNA Binding PKR Activation PKR Inhibition Redfern et al PNAS 110(16):
24 Project : Active Apoptosis Mechanisms Protein Kinase RNA Activated: Toxin-Triggerman - EIF2a Protein Synthesis Inhibition Cell Death
25 Project : PKR Associated with Higher DFS and OS After Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Early Breast Cancer 100 Disease-free survival survival (%) (%) HR=0.25, p=0.02 PKR Negative PKR Positive PACT negative PACT positive Time from diagnosis (years)
26 % with clinical benefit Project : PKR Associated with Higher Response Rate to Chemotherapy Metastatic Patients Given Chemotherapy: All Types P=0.10 P= PACT PKR
27 Project : Active Apoptosis Mechanisms PACT: Sensitising Mouse Fibroblasts to Anthracyclines FLAG-EV FLAG-PACT Mitomycin C (ng/ml) Bennett et al Blood, 108(3):
28 C11-Orf67 Chemo-related Driver Pathways PKR Active Apoptosis Mechanisms - Chemosensitive Phenotype ER Signalling Drug Uptake and Retention Active Proliferation BMP4
29 Apoptosis Resistance
30 Bcl-2 relative mrna level Project : Active Apoptosis Mechanisms Estrogen Signalling and Chemoresistance Comparison of Bcl-2 Immunoreactivity and ER/PR Status in Breast Cancer Clinical Specimens Impact of Anti-estrogens on Bcl-2 Expression in Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF7 fulvestrant tamoxifen Bhargava et al. Am J Path 145(3) 1994 Diel et al. Breast Cancer Res Treat 58:
31 Combination Index Combination Index Project : Active Apoptosis Mechanisms Estrogen Signalling and Chemoresistance Effects of combination treatments with Anti-estrogens and Cytotoxics on Breast Cancer Cells Doxorubicin Docetaxel fulvestrant tamoxifen OH-tamoxifen >1 antagonism <1 synergism Fraction affected Fraction affected Adjuvant Sequential v Concurrent Chemotherapy and Tamoxifen: The INT-0100 Study Disease-free Survival: HR 0.84, p=0.055 Overall Survival: HR 0.83, p=0.043 Ikeda et al. Cancer Sci (11): Albain et al. Lancet ,
32 Project : Active Apoptosis Mechanisms Aromatase Inhibition and Chemoresistance The efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant chemotherapy /- letrozole in postmenopausal women with locally advanced breast cancer: a randomized phase III clinical trial. Responses (%) Chemo-AI Chemo p value ELIMINATE: Randomised phase II trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy /- concurrent aromatase inhibitor endocrine therapy to down-stage large oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer. Mohammadianpanah et al. Breast Cancer Res Treat Apr;132(3):853-61
33 Active Apoptosis Mechanisms ELIMINATE: Translational Studies Anti-Estrogen Action: Cell cycle Anti-Estrogen Action: Apoptosis Adapted from Musgrove and Sutherland. Nat Rev Cancer Sep;9(9):631-43
34 Active Apoptosis Mechanisms ELIMINATE: Translational Studies Proliferation Apoptosis
35 C11-Orf67 Chemo-related Driver Pathways TR-b Chemosensitive Phenotype PKR Active Apoptosis Mechanisms - ER Signalling Drug Uptake and Retention BMP4 Active Proliferation
36 Active Apoptosis Mechanisms Thyroid Receptors and Apoptosis
37 Active Apoptosis Mechanisms Thyroid Receptors and Apoptosis
38 Active Apoptosis Mechanisms Thyroid Receptors and Apoptosis TRb knockdown sensitises triple negative breast tumour cells to chemotherapeutics. Trb agonists increase docetaxelinduced apoptosis (evidenced by cleaved PARP)
39 C11-Orf67 PKR Chemo-related Driver Pathways TR-b Active Apoptosis Mechanisms - Chemosensitive Phenotype ER Signalling Drug Uptake and Retention - EMT - Active Proliferation BMP4
40 Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition
41 Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition EMT Staining: CK19 - Vimentin Co-expression Co-expression (mag) Cytokeratin 19 Vimentin DAPI
42 Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition EMT Presence Before Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: Influence on Outcome N pcr Relapse 5 yr BrC death 5yr Any relapse Any BrC death EMT Absent EMT Present Chi-sq p
43 Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition EMT Presence After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: Influence on Outcome N pcr Relapse 5 yr BrC death 5yr Any relapse Any BrC death EMT Absent 8 NA EMT Present 9 NA Chi-sq p No EMT EMT
44 Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Precedent for Differing Phenotypes Within Epithelial Mesenchymal Transitioned Breast Cancer Cells
45 Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Potential Mechanisms of Chemoresistance Arising from Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition: MDR Induction
46 C11-Orf67 PKR Chemo-related Driver Pathways TR-b Active Apoptosis Mechanisms - Chemosensitive Phenotype ER Signalling Drug Uptake and Retention BMP4 - EMT Dense Collagen - Active Proliferation
47 Dormancy: The Sleeping Giant Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Dense Collagen, EMT and Dormancy
48 Proliferation Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Dense Collagen, EMT and Dormancy Proliferation with Collagen Density Laser capture and PCR expression analysis of single primary tumour cells v intratumoural cells p27 knockdown reverses the SPC state Raviraj et al. Clin Exp Metastasis (2012) 29:
49 Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Impacts on Chemoresistance & Local Relapse Intra-tumour Cells P<0.01 Single Primary Cells DMSO 10um 100um DMSO 10um 100um P<0.01
50 C11-Orf67 PKR Chemo-related Driver Pathways TR-b Active Apoptosis Mechanisms - Chemosensitive Phenotype ER Signalling Drug Uptake and Retention BMP4 - Notch EMT Dense Collagen - Active Proliferation
51 Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Impact of Notch Pathway Activity on Chemoresistance Indigenous outcomes Meng et al. Cancer Res 2009;69:
52 Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Impact of Notch Pathway Activity on Chemoresistance Candy et al. British Journal of Cancer (2013) 109,
53 Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Impact of Notch Pathway Activity on Chemoresistance A validation study repeating this analysis in an independent cohort will also look at correlations between NOTCH signalling and EMT.
54 C11-Orf67 How to Translate to Clinical Care? PKR Chemo-related Driver Pathways TR-b Active Apoptosis Mechanisms - Chemosensitive Phenotype ER Signalling Drug Uptake and Retention - Notch EMT Dense Collagen - Active Proliferation BMP4
55 Anti- Metabolites C11-Orf67 How to Translate to Clinical Care? PKR?TRBP KD Chemo-related Driver Pathways Thyroid Hormone Analogues TR-b Active Apoptosis Mechanisms - Chemosensitive Phenotype ER Signalling Estrogen Receptor Antagonists Drug Uptake and Retention - Gamma Secretase Inhibitors Notch EMT Salinomycin Etoposide - Tribble1 Dense manipulation Collagen Active Proliferation rbmp4 BMP4
56 Enoughs Enough
57 Summary A number of native and induced biological mechanisms exist that may contribute to chemoresistance. Many are potentially exploitable to enhance therapeutic outcomes. Certain phenotypes may render the tumour sensitive to certain chemotherapies C11Orf67 for anti-metabolites shows promise. Reactivating apoptotic potential through triggering (eg PKR) or effector mechanisms (eg Bcl2 inhibition through ER blockade) may prove effective. Multidrug resistance targeting has not yet proven effective. Mechanisms controlling expression rather than function (eg BMP4) may meet with more success. EMT triggers and mechanisms are diverse with similarly diverse effects on outcome. Screen-identified agents with efficacy against mesenchymally shifted cells (eg salinomycin, etoposide) could add efficacy to current treatments. Study of EMT arising as a result of chemotherapy exposure, dense breast tissue, NOTCH signalling or other stimuli may yield alternative routes to target the mesenchymal state.
58 Acknowledgements A/Prof Pilar Blancafort, Harry Perkins Institute C11 Orf67 Prof Robin Anderson, Peter MacCallum Centre BMP4 Prof Peter Leedman, Harry Perkins TRb, PKR, NOTCH A/Prof Lilian Soon, University of Sydney SPCs, Tribble1 Prof Rik Thompson, Queensland Uni of Tech Empathy
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