A Phase I Clinical Study of High Dose Ketoconazole Plus Weekly Docetaxel for Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer

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1 A Phase I Clinical Study of High Dose Ketoconazole Plus Weekly Docetaxel for Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer William D. Figg,* Sukyung Woo, Wenhui Zhu, Xiaohong Chen, A. Seun Ajiboye, Seth M. Steinberg, Douglas K. Price, John J. Wright, Howard L. Parnes, Philip M. Arlen, James L. Gulley and William L. Dahut From the Clinical Pharmacology Program (WDF, SW, XC), Medical Oncology Branch (WDF, WZ, PMA, JLG, WLD), Molecular Pharmacology Section (WDF, ASA, DKP), Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research (SMS); Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (JJW), and Division of Cancer Prevention (HLP), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Purpose: This phase I study of high dose ketoconazole and docetaxel was designed against castration resistant prostate cancer to determine the maximum tolerated doses, side effects, and pharmacokinetic interaction of co-administered docetaxel and ketoconazole. Materials and Methods: Patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer received weekly docetaxel for 3 of every 4 weeks plus daily ketoconazole. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed on day 1 (docetaxel alone) and day 16 (after ketoconazole). Results: The study enrolled 42 patients at 9 different dose levels. The combination regimens investigated included docetaxel weekly, increasing from 5 to 43 mg/m 2, with starting doses of 600, 800 or 1,200 mg ketoconazole daily. Decreases in prostate specific antigen of 50% or greater were seen in 62% of patients. Of 25 patients with soft tissue disease 7 (28%) had a partial response. Median overall survival was 22.8 months and was significantly greater in docetaxel naïve patients than in patients pretreated with docetaxel (36.8 vs 10.3 months, p ). The most frequently observed adverse events were anemia, edema, fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, sensory neuropathy and elevated liver function tests. The fractional change in docetaxel clearance correlated significantly with ketoconazole exposure (p 0.01). Concomitant ketoconazole increased docetaxel exposure 2.6-fold with 1,200 mg daily, 1.6-fold with 800 mg daily and approximately 1.3 to 1.5-fold with 600 mg daily. Conclusions: Combination regimens using 600 mg ketoconazole daily were fairly well tolerated and the maximum tolerated dose of docetaxel was 32 mg/m 2. Results suggest that the combination has significant antitumor activity in castration resistant prostate cancer. The long survival in the docetaxel naïve cohort warrants additional, larger trials of docetaxel with ketoconazole or possibly CYP17A1 inhibitors such as abiraterone. Key Words: prostatic neoplasms, docetaxel, ketoconazole, drug interactions GIVEN the expansion of an aging population in the United States, prostate cancer is expected to continue as the leading cause of cancer in men and a major public health issue for decades to come. 1 While the disease is initially responsive to hormonal therapy it eventually becomes castration resistant, leading to death within a few years in the majority of patients. 2 Se- Abbreviations and Acronyms ABCB1 ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 ALT alanine transaminase AST aspartate transaminase AUC area under the curve bid twice daily CL clearance CRPC castration resistant prostate cancer CYP cytochrome P450 DLT dose limiting toxicity MTD maximum tolerated dose NCI National Cancer Institute OS overall survival PFS progression-free survival PSA prostate specific antigen SLCO1B3 solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1B3 tid 3 times daily Vss volume of distribution at steady state Submitted for publication October 8, Study received institutional review board approval. Supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. The results and discussions presented herein do not represent the views of these federal agencies. * Correspondence and requests for reprints: Medical Oncology Branch, Building 10/Room 5A01, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland (telephone: ; FAX: ; wdfigg@helix.nih.gov). For another article on a related topic see page /10/ /0 Vol. 183, , June 2010 THE JOURNAL OF UROLOGY Printed in U.S.A by AMERICAN UROLOGICAL ASSOCIATION EDUCATION AND RESEARCH, INC. DOI: /j.juro

2 2220 KETOCONAZOLE AND DOCETAXEL FOR METASTATIC PROSTATE CANCER vere morbidity is associated with advanced stages of prostate cancer and treatment for castration resistant prostate cancer is primarily palliative. Recent clinical trials in CRPC demonstrated that docetaxel based chemotherapy regimens have a significant survival advantage in these patients. 3,4 New docetaxel combination regimens are being evaluated to further improve the clinical response. 5 At high doses ketoconazole suppresses androgen production by interfering with the CYP450 dependent enzyme required for steroid synthesis. Androgen deprivation therapy with ketoconazole is used as a secondary hormonal treatment in cases of prostate cancer. Ketoconazole also showed direct cytotoxic effects on prostate tumor when used as a single agent, and synergistic effects preclinically and clinically when combined with chemotherapeutics. 6,7 Combination therapy with ketoconazole and doxorubicin in CRPC resulted in a 55% PSA response rate. 7 We have previously shown that the addition of ketoconazole potentiates the antitumor effects of microtubule-active drugs such as paclitaxel and vinblastine on prostate cancer cells. 6 Based on our observation of the synergistic activity of docetaxel plus ketoconazole against CRPC cells we designed a phase I clinical study of the combination. In addition to its antiandrogen effect, ketoconazole strongly inhibits CYP3A mediated metabolism and is a weak to modest inhibitor of ABCB1. CYP3A4/5 are major metabolic isoenzymes responsible for the in vivo inactivation of docetaxel. Docetaxel and its metabolites are primarily eliminated in feces. ABCB1 is believed to have a primary role in their fecal elimination via biliary excretion because docetaxel is also a substrate for ABCB1. Given the pharmacokinetic properties of docetaxel and ketoconazole, the potential pharmacokinetic interaction between the 2 agents was expected. 8,9 This report describes a phase I study of weekly docetaxel with daily high dose ketoconazole in metastatic CRPC to evaluate the combination treatment safety, tolerability, clinical activity and pharmacokinetic interactions. This trial was designed before the publication of TAX 327, which demonstrated that only docetaxel every 21 days was superior to mitoxantrone and prednisone. We also assessed whether variants in the genes involved in docetaxel disposition are associated with docetaxel pharmacokinetics and ketoconazole mediated drug interactions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was approved by the NCI institutional review board and conducted at the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health. All patients provided written informed consent. Patient Eligibility Eligible patients had histopathological documentation of prostate cancer and evidence of progression of metastatic CRPC, and continued to receive androgen deprivation therapy on study. Patients were excluded from study if they had received substances known to interact with CYP3A mediated activity because of possible interactions with study agents. Prior treatment with docetaxel or ketoconazole was not an exclusion criterion. Treatment Plan Treatment cycles, repeated every 28 days, consisted of weekly docetaxel for 3 consecutive weeks followed by a 1-week rest period, and daily ketoconazole and hydrocortisone. The initial dose of docetaxel was administered alone for pharmacokinetic evaluation without ketoconazole and docetaxel was not given again for approximately 2 weeks. Approximately 2 to 3 days before initiating weekly docetaxel patients began receiving a fixed dose of ketoconazole tid which was continued thereafter. Due to hepatic toxicity observed at the higher ketoconazole doses the study protocol was progressively amended to decrease the starting dose from 1,200 mg daily (400 mg tid) to 800 mg daily (200 mg in the morning and afternoon, and 400 mg at night) to 600 mg daily (200 mg tid). All patients received 8 mg oral dexamethasone at 12 hours and 1 hour before docetaxel infusion, and 12 hours after the infusion. Daily hydrocortisone administration (20 mg in the morning and 10 mg in the evening) commenced on a parallel schedule with ketoconazole administration. Toxicity and Response Evaluation Toxicity grading was performed according to the NCI Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events version 2. DLT was defined as treatment related, occurring within the first cycle of therapy that included grade 3 or greater nonhematological toxicity (excluding nausea and vomiting without symptomatic prophylactic treatment), or grade 4 hematological toxicity defined as grade 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia lasting 3 or more days. Patients with measurable disease were assessed according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). PFS and OS were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log rank test was used for comparison among groups. PSA response was analyzed with the chisquare test. All p values were 2-tailed with p 0.05 considered statistically significant. In terms of pharmacokinetic and genotyping studies, pharmacokinetic evaluations were performed on day 1 (docetaxel alone) and day 16 (after ketoconazole, see Appendix). RESULTS This study enrolled 42 patients between April 2002 and June 2009 (table 1). Before enrollment 15 patients (35%) had received docetaxel therapy and 2 had received ketoconazole. Patients received 9 different combination regimens (table 2). Patients who began with 1,200 mg ketoconazole reached the MTD of docetaxel at 5 mg/m 2 due to hepatic toxicity. The starting dose of ketoconazole was subsequently decreased to 800 mg daily. At this dose of ketoconazole

3 KETOCONAZOLE AND DOCETAXEL FOR METASTATIC PROSTATE CANCER 2221 Table 1. Patient characteristics Median pt age (range) 66 (44 84) No. race: White 38 Black 4 No. Gleason score: 6 or Less No. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status: No. prior therapy: Median prior therapies 2 Docetaxel 15 Thalidomide 9 Estramustine 5 Sorafenib 5 Bevacizumab 4 Mitoxantrone 3 Immunotherapy 12 Radiotherapy 29 Median ng/ml PSA at enrollment (range) 76.5 (1.4 4,677) Median U/l lactate dehydrogenase (range) (99 1,273) Median U/l alkaline phosphatase (range) 99 (44 1,561) Median gm/dl hemoglobin (range) 12.5 ( ) and 10 mg/m 2 docetaxel 1 of 3 patients had reversible grade 3 hepatic toxicity. Therefore, 3 additional patients were added to this dose level, 1 of whom experienced grade 3 elevated liver enzymes. No grade 3/4 hematological or docetaxel related toxicities were observed at 10 mg/m 2 docetaxel. Subsequently the initial ketoconazole dose was reduced to 600 mg daily with a starting docetaxel dose of 10 mg/m 2. This ketoconazole dose was well tolerated and allowed for the increase of docetaxel as called for in the protocol. The MTD of docetaxel was 32 mg/m 2. Toxicity Observed toxicities in 42 patients are summarized in table 3. Grade 1/2 anemia was observed in 50% of patients and 3 (7%) experienced grade 3 anemia. Table 2. Dose escalation schema Dose Level No. Pts Wkly Docetaxel (mg/m 2 ) Ketoconazole tid (mg/day) , , Table 3. Incidence of treatment related adverse events Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 No. hematological: Anemia Leukopenia 1 2 Neutropenia Febrile neutropenia 1 Lymphopenia 7 Thrombocytopenia 3 No. nonhematological: Supraventricular arrhythmia 1 Edema 15 2 Pericardial effusion 1 Thrombosis/embolism 2 Fatigue Nail changes 8 4 Anorexia 7 2 Constipation Diarrhea Change in taste 6 Melena/gastrointestinal bleeding 1 1 Nausea Vomiting 10 2 Infection Muscle weakness 10 4 Dyspnea 8 Sensory neuropathy 12 4 No. metabolic/laboratory abnormalities: Increased AST/ALT Increased total bilirubin Increased alkaline phosphatase Hypoalbuminemia 8 11 Hyperglycemia The incidence of grade 3/4 neutropenia (1) or febrile neutropenia (1) was low (2%). Low grade nonhematological toxicities that occurred in at least 15% of patients included fatigue, insomnia, anorexia, diarrhea, dyspepsia, muscle weakness, tearing, dyspnea and abdominal pain. Other common grade 1/2 toxicities attributed to docetaxel included edema, nail changes, taste disturbances, nausea, vomiting and sensory neuropathy. Grade 3 fatigue was noted in 12% of patients and 10% experienced grade 3 diarrhea. Toxicities attributed to ketoconazole included transient increases in serum AST/ALT (56%), bilirubin and/or alkaline phosphatase, especially at 800 and 1,200 mg daily. For most patients with grade 2/3 AST/ALT increase the ketoconazole dose was reduced and/or temporarily discontinued. Of the 7 patients with grade 3 hepatic toxicities 5 had received an initial dose of 800 mg daily or greater and 2 were taken off study due to elevated liver enzymes. The DLTs of the combinations using 600 mg daily ketoconazole were grade 3 fatigue and grade 3 dehydration at 43 mg/m 2 docetaxel. Response to Therapy Overall 62% (26 of 42) of patients had a 50% or greater PSA decrease. More than half of the patients

4 2222 KETOCONAZOLE AND DOCETAXEL FOR METASTATIC PROSTATE CANCER demonstrated a 50% or greater PSA decrease in all combination regimens except that of 10 mg/m 2 docetaxel and 600 mg daily ketoconazole (25%). PSA responses were slightly higher in patients without prior docetaxel therapy (18 of 27, 67%) than in those pretreated with docetaxel (8 of 15, 53%, p 0.50). Of the patients with soft tissue disease 7 of 25 (28%) had a partial response with a tumor reduction of 31% to 72% by RECIST. Of those 7 patients with partial response 5 had a 50% or greater PSA decrease, 2 had increases in PSA and 3 had previous docetaxel based treatment. Median PFS was 11.1 months for all patients, 15 for those without prior docetaxel therapy and 5.2 for those with docetaxel refractory disease (p 0.19; fig. 1, A). After a median potential followup of 65.8 months 33 of 42 patients died. Median OS was 22.8 months for all patients, which exceeded the Halabi predicted survival of 14 months. 10 Median survival was 36.8 months for docetaxel naïve patients and 10.3 months for those with docetaxel refractory disease (p ; fig. 1, B). Pharmacokinetics and Interaction Analysis Ketoconazole pharmacokinetics in the presence of docetaxel were assessed 2 to 3 days after initiating daily ketoconazole. The increase in ketoconazole exposure was more than proportional to the dose given. The mean AUC 7 hours,ss during 1 dosing interval was g hour per ml at 200 mg and g hour per ml at 400 mg. Our data were comparable to previously reported values for single agent ketoconazole at 200 mg ( g hour per ml) 11,12 and 400 mg ( g hour per ml), 13,14 suggesting little or no effect of concomitant docetaxel on ketoconazole pharmacokinetics. We also found no noticeable effect of docetaxel dose on ketoconazole exposure (fig. 2, A). All 42 patients completed the evaluation of docetaxel pharmacokinetics alone and subsequent interaction with ketoconazole. At 16 to 43 mg/m 2 docetaxel mean plasma concentrations were slightly higher in the presence of 600 mg ketoconazole daily (fig. 2, B). A distinct change was seen with lower docetaxel doses plus 800 or 1,200 mg ketoconazole daily. The mean geometric ratio at 600 mg ketoconazole daily was 1.68 (90% CI ), which was statistically significant (p 0.01) compared to a ratio of 1 (ie no change in AUC). Ketoconazole at a dose of 800 mg daily yielded a 1.6-fold increase (90% CI , p 0.01) in docetaxel AUC but was not statistically different from 600 mg ketoconazole daily (fig. 2, C). Exposure to docetaxel with 1,200 mg ketoconazole daily was 2.62 times higher than docetaxel alone (90% CI , p 0.001) and significantly higher than 2 lower ketoconazole doses. Docetaxel CL was reduced 56% with 1,200 mg ketoconazole daily, 34% with 800 mg daily and 18% with 600 mg daily. Docetaxel V ss was 15% to 50% lower with ketoconazole than docetaxel alone. Docetaxel half-life was minimally affected. Fractional changes in docetaxel AUC (p , r ) and CL (p 0.01, r 2 0.2) were significantly correlated with ketoconazole exposure (fig. 2, D), albeit in a weak to moderate manner, but not with liver function, age, creatinine clearance or albumin. Genotypes Of 35 white patients 7 carried a fully variant form of all 3 ABCB1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (TTT/ TTT diplotype) and median docetaxel CL was twice that of noncarriers of the TTT/TTT diplotype (p 0.06; fig. 3, A). In patients on 600 mg ketoconazole daily, docetaxel CL and V ss appeared to be less influenced by ketoconazole in carriers (eg near the ratio of 1; fig. 3, D and E) than in noncarriers which, in turn, led to less change in docetaxel AUC (fig. 3, F), although this finding was statistically insignificant. The polymorphism in CYP3A4/5 and SLCO1B3 was not associated with docetaxel pharmacokinetics. Figure 1. PFS (A) and OS (B) for patients with or without prior docetaxel therapy

5 KETOCONAZOLE AND DOCETAXEL FOR METASTATIC PROSTATE CANCER 2223 Figure 2. Pharmacokinetic interaction between docetaxel and ketoconazole (KETO). Effects of docetaxel on exposure to ketoconazole (A) in patients receiving 1,200, 800 or 600 mg ketoconazole daily. Mean plasma concentration of docetaxel vs time profiles (B) at doses of 16 to 43 mg/m 2 in absence (open circles) and presence (closed circles) of 600 mg ketoconazole daily. Fold changes in docetaxel AUC by ketoconazole co-administration (C) are shown, as is correlation between ketoconazole AUC and fold changes in docetaxel CL (D). Solid line is generated from linear regression and broken lines represent 95% CI. DISCUSSION Ketoconazole is used as a second line hormonal agent in CRPC based on the ability to reduce androgen biosynthesis. At the standard single agent dose of 1,200 mg daily 30% to 80% of patients have a 50% or greater PSA decrease While randomized trials are needed for further confirmation, ketoconazole also appears to enhance the effect of chemotherapeutic agents including doxorubicin 7 and mitoxantrone. 19 Improved response rates have been observed with an Adriamycin -ketoconazole regimen (55%) compared to Adriamycin alone (33%). In a preclinical study the antitumor activity of microtubule agents against prostate cancer was significantly enhanced when combined with ketoconazole. 6 Ketoconazole also potentiates the cytotoxic activity of docetaxel, the standard of care for metastatic CRPC. To further evaluate this synergistic effect we designed a phase I clinical trial of this combination for metastatic CRPC. In solid tumors docetaxel is normally administered weekly or every 21 days. Toxicities associated with docetaxel appear to be schedule dependent. Grade 3/4 neutropenia is significantly more common in patients on a 21-day schedule (32%) than in those receiving weekly docetaxel (2%). 3 With weekly docetaxel myelosuppression is not a significant DLT while fatigue is the most commonly reported DLT. In our study rates of grade 3/4 anemia (7%) and grade 3/4 neutropenia (2%) were similar to those reported by Tannock et al. 3 Patients in our combination regimens experienced more grade 3/4 fatigue (12%) than has been reported in patients receiving weekly docetaxel alone (5%). 3 Rates of gastrointestinal side effects including nausea and/or vomiting (50%) and diarrhea (38%) were slightly higher with our combination regimens than in the TAX 327 study of weekly docetaxel. Rates of fluid retention characterized by peripheral edema were also higher in this study (40%) than those previously reported (12%).

6 2224 KETOCONAZOLE AND DOCETAXEL FOR METASTATIC PROSTATE CANCER Figure 3. Effects of ABCB1 polymorphism on pharmacokinetics of docetaxel alone (A to C) and in presence of 600 mg ketoconazole daily (D to F). We observed the limited tolerability of 1,200 and 800 mg ketoconazole daily when combined with weekly docetaxel, which led to a significant dose reduction to 600 mg daily. A total of 35 instances of grade 2 or greater elevated liver enzymes were reported in 14 patients. Treatment interruption and/or dose reduction of ketoconazole was indicated for 57% of these patients, and treatment was discontinued for 2. Higher grades of ketoconazole related hepatic toxicity were seen in this study compared to others evaluating the same doses of ketoconazole. In a phase I clinical trial using 55 mg/m 2 docetaxel every 21 days combined with increasing doses of ketoconazole in CRPC the MTD of ketoconazole was 800 mg bid. 9 Two-thirds of patients receiving 1,200 mg ketoconazole bid had DLTs of febrile neutropenia and fatigue. However, no liver toxicity was reported. Ketoconazole pharmacokinetics in our patients were similar to those in healthy subjects in previous studies and other disease settings. 11,12,14,20 We also found that docetaxel did not appear to alter ketoconazole exposure. The difference in toxicity profiles appears to be primarily attributable to different dosing schedules of docetaxel (weekly vs every 21 days) and ketoconazole (bid vs tid), and different study populations. In this study the combination resulted in significant PSA response and OS in patients with CRPC. A 50% PSA decrease was seen in 67% of docetaxel naïve patients with a median OS of 36.8 months compared to the Halabi predicted median OS of 15.8 months. 10 These results compare favorably to the clinical benefits observed with ketoconazole combined with antiandrogen withdrawal in the CALGB (Cancer and Leukemia Group B) 9583 trial (27% with 50% or greater PSA decrease) 21 and weekly docetaxel alone in the TAX 327 trial (48% with 50% or greater PSA decrease and 17.8 months OS). 3,22 Our results suggest that the combination has significant additive and possibly synergistic antitumor activity in CRPC. The underlying mechanism of the ketoconazole/docetaxel interaction is not fully understood. Although concomitant ketoconazole increased the total docetaxel exposure, the clinical benefits observed with this combination cannot be explained solely in terms of the pharmacokinetic interaction because similar results cannot be achieved by increasing docetaxel concentrations by doubling the dose. A previous in vitro study demonstrated that ketoconazole abrogated the recovery of PC3 cells following the removal of paclitaxel from the cell culture media. 6 CONCLUSIONS Concomitant ketoconazole significantly increased docetaxel exposure in a dose dependent manner. Genetic polymorphisms of metabolic enzymes and transporters responsible for docetaxel disposition did not appear to have a significant role in overall

7 KETOCONAZOLE AND DOCETAXEL FOR METASTATIC PROSTATE CANCER 2225 systemic exposure to docetaxel in the presence of ketoconazole. Combination regimens using 600 mg ketoconazole daily were fairly well tolerated and the MTD of docetaxel was 32 mg/m 2. Ketoconazole at 1,200 and 800 mg daily with weekly docetaxel showed limited tolerability with frequent liver function abnormalities. The combination therapy was active and led to significantly longer OS in docetaxel naïve patients than in those pretreated with docetaxel. Recently there has been intense interest in drugs targeting androgen receptors or androgen synthesis in CRPC. Our study demonstrates that combinations of chemotherapy and drugs targeting androgen synthesis in CRPC are highly active, and warrant further exploration in larger randomized trials. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The nursing staff of the NCI, and the research nurses (David Draper) and the fellows of the Medical Oncology Branch at NCI provided assistance in the clinical trial. APPENDIX Pharmacokinetic Interaction Studies Blood samples were obtained before, and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 24, 32, 48 and 56 hours after the start of docetaxel infusion. The plasma was separated immediately and stored at 70C until analysis. All samples were analyzed using an assay validated for the simultaneous measurement of docetaxel and ketoconazole. Briefly 100 l plasma were transferred to a glass centrifuge tube and 1 ml methyl tert-butyl ether containing the internal standard, paclitaxel, was added. After vortex mixing and centrifuging, the supernatant layer was collected and dried. Then the residue was reconstituted with a mixture of methanol/0.1% formic acid (volume of solute per volume of solvent 60:40), out of which a 5 l solution was injected into the ACQUITY UPLC. Mass analysis was achieved by a Quattro Premier triple quadrupole mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization method. The compounds were separated on a Symmetry Shield Rp18 column ( mm, 3.5 m) using a mobile phase consisting of methanol (B)/0.1% formic acid (A) at a flow rate of 0.2 ml per minute. Initial condition, 40% B was gradually increased to 65% within the first 4 minutes of gradient run, then held for 3 minutes before it was set to the initial condition. The total run time was 8 minutes. Three ion transitions were monitored: docetaxel, m/z (mass-to-charge ratio); ketoconazole, , m/z; paclitaxel, , m/z. Assay range was 1 to 1,000 ng/ml for docetaxel and 1 to 15 g/ml for ketoconazole. Accuracy and precision of 3 concentrations of quality control samples ranged from 98% to 104.3% and 0% to 3.2% for docetaxel, and 99.3% to 104.3% and 1.2% to 4.2% for ketoconazole. For docetaxel, pharmacokinetic parameters included the area under the plasma curve (AUC) extrapolated to infinity, CL, V ss and terminal half-life. For ketoconazole values of minimum concentration and maximum concentration at steady state were obtained by inspection; AUC 7 hours,ss was calculated based on 6 to 8 samples serially collected up to 7 hours during 1 dosing interval. The values of docetaxel AUC were natural log-transformed and compared with and without concomitant ketoconazole using a linear mixed-effects model, with ketoconazole treatment as a fixed factor and subject as a random factor. The least square mean and 90% confidence intervals for the mean difference between ketoconazole treatments were estimated from the model and exponentiated to obtain geometric mean ratio and confidence intervals on the original scale. A 2-tailed Mann-Whitney test was used for 2 group comparisons. Genotyping Analysis Genomic DNA was extracted from plasma using a QiaBlood DNA extraction kit (Qiagen, Valencia, California). Direct nucleotide sequencing polymerase chain reaction was conducted using the BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kit V1.1 on an ABI PRISM 3130xl Genetic Analyzer The most likely ABCB1 diplotype was computed only in the Caucasian population using an expectation maximization algorithm implemented in HelixTree. ABCB1 diplotypes were constituted from ABCB1 1236C-2677G-3435C for a correlative study using a previously reported method, 23 and further categorized into 2 groups, carrier or noncarrier, based on whether or not an individual carried ABCB1 TTT/TTT diplotype. REFERENCES 1. Smith BD, Smith GL, Hurria A et al: Future of cancer incidence in the United States: burdens upon an aging, changing nation. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: Damber JE and Aus G: Prostate cancer. Lancet 2008; 371: Tannock IF, de Wit R, Berry WR et al: Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. 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