By Sam Toppa BME 281 URI, Fall 2016

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1 By Sam Toppa BME 281 URI, Fall 2016

2 Concussions and diagnostics A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) caused by a blow to the head or whiplash; brain rebounds off the inner walls of skull. Symptoms- These rage from disorientation to memory loss; nausea, vomiting, dizziness, etc. Affect roughly 2 million people each year

Recent History of Concussion Diagnostics For the past 30 years the computerized tomography (CT) scan has bee used to determine the extent of injury Expensive!

3 Recent History of Concussion Diagnostics For the past 30 years the computerized tomography (CT) scan has bee used to determine the extent of injury Expensive!~$5000 Recently, Biomarkers used to determine extent of MTBI Current tech takes >24 hours to prep and analyze samples A cheaper, and faster, option is needed

4 Current Tech- Exosomes as Biomarkers Detection of specific exosomes have been proven to indicate MTBI, and extent of injury Glutamate Receptor 2 (GluR2) Exosome- a tiny vesicle created and released from plasma membrane of various cells. Pass through the blood brain barrier (BBB) CELL-SPECIFIC Detecting these exosome biomarkers requires a centrifugation technique to separate them out of a sample; requires >24 hours and bulky lab equipment

of hardware and smart phone app software Fast,

5 MicroMed- optofluidic exosome diagnostic tool Designed at University of Pennsylvania Combination of hardware and smart phone app software Fast, low-cost option for diagnosing and monitoring concussions

6 MicroMed Basics Separates the desired biomarkers from background materials in blood sample Uses enzyme amplification to make the biomarkers visible enough for the camera of the smartphone ^^All on a microchip the size of a quarter! Smartphone app determines the presence and concentration of the biomarkers and gives fast feedback to the user.

7 How Micromed works 1. Blood sample mixed with micro beads on-chip for 30 mins. 2. Negative pressure supply pulls sample through porous membrane- separates smaller desired exosomes from background particles. 3. Beads that made it this far are trapped in second membrane, washed with saline, and coated in chemifluorescent solution for enzyme amplification. 4. Flash used with optofluidic device to activate fluorescent coated microbeads, making biomarkers visible to the camera. 5. App deciphers data and determines presence and concentration of GluR2 biomarkers.

8 Procedure Neural cells of mice were examined and tested for the presence of biomarkers to confirm past research on the subject This proved correlation between neural tissue and GLUR2 biomarkers Mice given controlled MTBI and blood samples tested with traditional centrifugation techniques and also with the micro med Mice that did not receive MTBI were used as a control group for comparison

9 Results MicroMed had successful detection of GluR2 biomarkers in samples from individuals with MTBI Read time ~1 hour Majority of hardware 3D printed-very cheap compared to traditional CT scans or centrifugation techniques

10 Limitations ~70% successful true-positive reading compared to samples tested through centrifugation

11 Results-Future of Micromed User-friendly at-home use by patients for long term monitoring of recovery Increase efficacy Microchips that detect biomarkers for other diseases Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Cardiovascular disease

12 Works Cited REFERENCES "SMARTPHONE-ENABLED OPTOFLUIDIC EXOSOME DIAGNOSTIC FOR CONCUSSION RECOVERY." N.P., 8 AUG CNN. "EXPLAIN IT TO ME: CONCUSSIONS." YOUTUBE. YOUTUBE, 24 JAN WEB. 30 SEPT "CONCUSSION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS." CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION. CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION, 16 FEB WEB. 30 SEPT STAFF, BY MAYO CLINIC. "CONCUSSION." TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS. N.P., 2 APR WEB. 30 SEPT CONDITIONS/CONCUSSION/BASICS/TESTS-DIAGNOSIS/CON "BIOMARKERS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE." N.P., 6 MAY WEB. 30 SEPT

Contact Sports and Concussion. Get your head in the game keep your head in the game!

Contact Sports and Concussion. Get your head in the game keep your head in the game! Contact Sports and Concussion Get your head in the game keep your head in the game! Contact sports with concussion potential at UMW http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yiqzdbk3m40 Safety First Safety First