Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases Report AMERICAS

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1 Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases Report AMERICAS Version posted at on 27 July 2017

2 - ii - Copyright and Permissions ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre), All rights reserved. HPV Information Centre publications can be obtained from the HPV Information Centre Secretariat, Institut Català d Oncologia, Avda. Gran Via de l Hospitalet, L Hospitalet del Llobregat (Barcelona) Spain. hpvcentre@iconcologia.net. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate HPV Information Centre publications - whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution- should be addressed to the HPV Information Centre Secretariat, at the above address. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part the HPV Information Centre concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended the HPV Information Centre in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the HPV Information Centre to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the HPV Information Centre be liable for damages arising from its use. The development of this report has been supported by grants from the European Comission (7th Framework Programme grant HEALTH-F , HEALTH-F , HPV AHEAD). Recommended citation: Bruni L, Barrionuevo-Rosas L, Albero G, Serrano B, Mena M, Gómez D, Muñoz J, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S. ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre). Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases in Americas. Summary Report 27 July [Date Accessed]

3 - iii - Abbreviations Abbreviation HPV PREHDICT Project Table 1: Abbreviations Full term Human papillomavirus Health economic modelling of prevention strategies for HPV-related diseases in European countries ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cervical Cancer Genital warts Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis Squamous intraepithelial lesions Low-grade cervical lesions High-grade cervical lesions Invasive cervical cancer Carcinoma in situ Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia HPV Information Centre GW RRP SIL LSIL HSIL ICC CIS CIN AIN2/3 Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and/or 3 VIN 2/3 Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and/or 3 VaIN 2/3 Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and/or 3 PeIN 2/3 Penile intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and/or 3 95% CI 95% confidence interval N Number of cases tested HPV Prev HPV prevalence ASR Age-standardised rate MSM Men who have sex with men Non MSM Heterosexual men SCC Squamous cell carcinomas STI Sexually transmitted infections HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome TS Type specific EIA Enzyme immunoassay RLBM Reverse line blotting method RFLP Restriction fragment length polymorphism RHA Reverse hybridisation assay RLH Reverse line hybridisation LiPA Line probe assay SBH Southern blot hybridisation ISH In situ hybridisation MABA Micro array-based assay LBA Line blot assay HC2 Hybrid Capture 2 SAT Suspension array technology PCR Polymerase chain reaction SPF Short primer fragment q-pcr Quantitative polymerase chain reaction RLBH Reverse line blot hybridisation RT-PCR Real-time polymerase chain reaction DBH Dot blot hybridisation HR High risk DSA Direct sequence analysis MAA Microchip array assay

4 - iv - Executive summary Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is now a well-established cause of cervical cancer and there is growing evidence of HPV being a relevant factor in other anogenital cancers (anus, vulva, vagina and penis) as well as head and neck cancers. HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for about 70% of all cervical cancer cases worldwide. HPV vaccines that prevent HPV 16 and 18 infections are now available and have the potential to reduce the incidence of cervical and other anogenital cancers. This report provides key information for Americas on: cervical cancer; other anogenital cancers, and head and neck cancers; HPV-related statistics; factors contributing to cervical cancer; cervical cancer screening practises; HPV vaccine introduction, and other relevant immunization indicators. The report is intended to strengthen the guidance for health policy implementation of primary and secondary cervical cancer prevention strategies in the region. Americas has an estimated population of million women aged 15 years and older who are at risk of developing cervical cancer. Current estimates indicate that every year 83,195 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 35,673 die from the disease. Cervical cancer ranks* as the fourth most frequent cancer among women in Americas. * Ranking of cervical cancer incidence to other cancers among all women according to highest incidence rates (ranking 1st). Ranking is based on crude incidence rates (actual number of cervical cancer cases). Ranking using age-standardized rate (ASR) may differ. Population Table 2: Key statistics on Americas and its regions Women at risk for cervical cancer (Female population aged >=15 yrs) in millions Burden of cervical cancer Americas Caribbean Central America Northern America South America Annual number of new cervical cancer cases 83,195 5,018 18,792 14,377 45,008 Standardised incidence rates per 100,000 population Annual number of cervical cancer deaths 35,673 2,254 6,937 7,108 19,374 Standardised mortality rates per 100,000 population Burden of cervical HPV infection Prevalence (%) of HPV 16 and/or HPV 18 among women with: Normal cytology Low-grade cervical lesions (LSIL/CIN-1) High-grade cervical lesions (HSIL/ CIN-2 / CIN-3 / CIS) Cervical cancer LSIL, low-grade intraepithelial lesions; HSIL, high-grade intraepithelial lesions; CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; CIS, carcinoma in-situ. Please see the specific sections for more information.

5 LIST OF CONTENTS - v - Contents Abbreviations Executive summary iii iv 1 Introduction 1 2 Demographic and socioeconomic factors 3 3 Burden of HPV-related cancers Cervical cancer Incidence Mortality Comparison of incidence and mortality Anogenital cancers other than the cervix Anal cancer Vulvar cancer Vaginal cancer Penile cancer Head and neck cancers Pharyngeal cancer (excluding nasopharynx) HPV-related statistics HPV burden in women with normal cervical cytology, cervical precancerous lesions or invasive cervical cancer HPV prevalence in women with normal cervical cytology HPV type distribution among women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cervical lesions and cervical cancer HPV type distribution among HIV+ women with normal cervical cytology Terminology HPV burden in anogenital cancers other than the cervix Anal cancer and precancerous anal lesions Vulvar cancer and precancerous vulvar lesions Vaginal cancer and precancerous vaginal lesions Penile cancer and precancerous penile lesions HPV burden in men HPV burden in the head and neck Burden of oral HPV infection in healthy population HPV burden in head and neck cancers Factors contributing to cervical cancer Sexual behaviour and reproductive health indicators HPV preventive strategies Cervical cancer screening practices HPV vaccination HPV vaccine licensure and introduction Protective factors for cervical cancer References Glossary 163

6 LIST OF FIGURES - vi - List of Figures 1 American regions Population pyramid of the Americas Population trends in four selected age groups in the Americas for Age-standardised incidence rates (ASR) of cervical cancer in regions of the Americas (estimates for 2012) Age-standardised incidence rates of cervical cancer in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among all women and women aged years, according to incidence rates in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Comparison of the ten most frequent cancers in all women in the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) 11 9 Comparison of the ten most frequent cancers in women aged years by the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) Age-specific incidence of cervical cancer in the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) Annual number of new cases of cervical cancer by age group in American regions (estimates for 2012) Annual number of cases and age-specific incidence rates of cervical cancer in the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) Annual number of cases and age-specific incidence rates of cervical cancer in the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) (Continued) Time trends in cervical cancer incidence type in Brazil (cancer registry data) Time trends in cervical cancer incidence type in Canada (cancer registry data) Time trends in cervical cancer incidence type in Colombia (cancer registry data) Time trends in cervical cancer incidence type in Ecuador (cancer registry data) Time trends in cervical cancer incidence type in the USA (cancer registry data) Age-standardised mortality rates (ASR) of cervical cancer in American regions (estimates for 2012) Age-standardised mortality rates of cervical cancer in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among all women and women aged years, according to mortality rates in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Comparison of the ten most frequent cancer deaths in women aged years in the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) Comparison of the ten most frequent cancer deaths in women of all ages in the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) Age-specific mortality of cervical cancer in the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) Annual number of deaths of cervical cancer by age group in American regions (estimates for 2012) Annual number of deaths and age-specific mortality rates of cervical cancer in the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) Annual number of deaths and age-specific mortality rates of cervical cancer in the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) (Continued) Age-specific incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer in the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) Age-standardised incidence rates of anogenital cancers other than the cervix in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Age-standardised incidence rate of other anogenital cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Time trends in anal cancer incidence in Brazil (cancer registry data) Time trends in anal cancer incidence in Canada (cancer registry data) Time trends in anal cancer incidence in Colombia (cancer registry data) Time trends in anal cancer incidence in Costa Rica (cancer registry data) Time trends in anal cancer incidence in Ecuador (cancer registry data) Time trends in anal cancer incidence in the USA (cancer registry data) Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in Brazil (cancer registry data) Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in Canada (cancer registry data) Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in Colombia (cancer registry data) Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in Costa Rica (cancer registry data) Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in Ecuador (cancer registry data) Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in USA (cancer registry data) Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in Brazil (cancer registry data) Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in Canada (cancer registry data) Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in Colombia (cancer registry data) Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in Costa Rica (cancer registry data) Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in Ecuador (cancer registry data) Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in USA (cancer registry data) Time trends in penile cancer incidence in Brazil (cancer registry data) Time trends in penile cancer incidence in Canada (cancer registry data) Time trends in penile cancer incidence in Colombia (cancer registry data) Time trends in penile cancer incidence in Costa Rica (cancer registry data)

7 LIST OF FIGURES - vii - 53 Time trends in penile cancer incidence in Ecuador (cancer registry data) Time trends in penile cancer incidence in USA (cancer registry data) Age-standardised incidence rates of head and neck cancer in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Age-standardised incidence rate of head and neck cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Comparison of cancer incidence and mortality of pharynx (excluding nasopharynx) in males by age group in the Americas and its regions. Includes ICD-10 codes: C09-10,C12-14 (estimates for 2012) Comparison of cancer incidence and mortality of pharynx (excluding nasopharynx) in females by age group in the Americas and its regions. Includes ICD-10 codes: C09-10,C12-14 (estimates for 2012) Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas Crude age-specific HPV prevalence (%) and 95% confidence interval in women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas and its regions Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study (continued) Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study (continued) Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study (continued) Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study (continued) Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by country and study Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by country and study (continued) Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by country and study Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by country and study (continued) Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in the Americas by country and study Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in the Americas by country and study (continued) Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types among women with and without cervical lesions in the Americas and its regions Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types among women with and without cervical lesions in the Americas and its regions (continued) Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types among women with invasive cervical cancer by histology in the Americas and its regions Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types among women with invasive cervical cancer by histology in the Americas and its regions (continued) Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in the Americas and the World Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and the World Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in the Americas and the World Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and the World Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vaginal cancer cases in the Americas and the World Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and the World Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in penile cancer cases in the Americas and the World Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and the World Prevalence of female tobacco smoking in the Americas Total fertility rates in the Americas Prevalence of hormonal contraceptive use in the Americas Prevalence of HIV in the Americas Percentage of 15-year-old girls who report sexual intercourse in the Americas Status of HPV vaccination programmes in the Americas Prevalence of male circumcision in the Americas Prevalence of condom use in the Americas

8 LIST OF TABLES - viii - List of Tables 1 Abbreviations iii 2 Key statistics on Americas and its regions iv 3 Population (in millions) estimates in the Americas for Sociodemographic indicators in the Americas Incidence of cervical cancer in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Cervical cancer mortality in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Incidence of anal cancer in the Americas by cancer registry and sex Incidence of vulvar cancer in the Americas by cancer registry Incidence of vaginal cancer in the Americas by cancer registry Incidence of penile cancer in the Americas by cancer registry Cancer incidence of pharynx (excluding nasopharynx) in the Americas and its regions by sex. Includes ICD-10 codes: C09-10, C12-14 (estimates for 2012) Cancer mortality of pharynx (excluding nasopharynx) in the Americas and its regions by sex. Includes ICD-10 codes: C09-10, C12-14 (estimates for 2012) Prevalence of HPV 16/18 in women with normal cytology, precancerous cervical lesions and invasive cervical cancer in the Americas Type-specific HPV prevalence in women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cervical lesions and invasive cervical cancer in the Americas Type-specific HPV prevalence among invasive cervical cancer cases in the Americas by histology American studies on HPV prevalence among HIV women with normal cytology American studies on HPV prevalence among anal cancer cases (male and female) American studies on HPV prevalence among AIN 2/3 cases (male and female) American studies on HPV prevalence among vulvar cancer cases American studies on HPV prevalence among VIN 2/3 cases American studies on HPV prevalence among vaginal cancer cases American studies on HPV prevalence among VaIN 2/3 cases American studies on HPV prevalence among penile cancer cases American studies on HPV prevalence among PeIN 2/3 cases American studies on anogenital HPV prevalence among men American studies on anogenital HPV prevalence among men from special subgroups American studies on oral HPV prevalence among healthy population American studies on HPV prevalence among cases of oral cavity cancer American studies on HPV prevalence in cases of oropharyngeal cancer American studies on HPV prevalence in cases of hypopharyngeal or laryngeal cancer Cervical cancer screening policies in the Americas HPV vaccination policies for the female population in the Americas References of studies included Glossary

9 1 INTRODUCTION Introduction Figure 1: American regions The HPV Information Centre aims to compile and centralise updated data and statistics on human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV-related cancers. This report aims to summarise the data available to fully evaluate the burden of disease in Americas and to facilitate stakeholders and relevant bodies of decision makers to formulate recommendations on the prevention of cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. Data include relevant cancer statistic estimates, epidemiological determinants of cervical cancer such as demographics, socioeconomic factors, risk factors, burden of HPV infection in women and men, and cervical screening and immunisation practises. The report is structured into the following sections: Section 2, Demographic and socioeconomic factors. This section summarises the sociodemographic profile of Americas. For analytical purposes, Americas is divided into four regions: Caribbean, Central America, Northern America, South America (Figure 1).

10 1 INTRODUCTION Section 3, Burden of HPV-related cancers. This section describes the current burden of invasive cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers in Americas with estimates of prevalence, incidence and mortality rates. Section 4, HPV-related statistics. This section summarises reports on prevalence of HPV and HPV type-specific distribution in women with normal cytology, women with precancerous lesions and invasive cervical cancer. In addition, the burden of HPV in other anogenital cancers (anus, vulva, vagina, and penis) is presented. Section 5, Factors contributing to cervical cancer. This section describes factors that can modify the natural history of HPV and cervical carcinogenesis such as the use of smoking, parity, oral contraceptive use and co-infection with HIV. Section 6, Sexual behaviour and reproductive health indicators. This section presents sexual and reproductive behaviour indicators that may be used as proxy measures of risk for HPV infection and anogenital cancers. Section 7, HPV preventive strategies. This section presents preventive strategies that include basic characteristics and performance of cervical cancer screening status, status of HPV vaccine licensure introduction, and recommendations in national immunisation programmes. Section 8, Protective factors for cervical cancer. This section presents the prevalence of male circumcision and condom use.

11 2 DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS Demographic and socioeconomic factors Table 3: Population (in millions) estimates in the Americas for 2017 Region / Country Male Female years 15+ years Total years 15+ years Total Americas 1,a,± Caribbean 1,b,± Antigua & Bar. 1,± Bahamas 1,± Barbados 1,± Cuba 1,± Dominica 2,± Dominican Rep. 1,± Grenada 1,± Haiti 1,± Jamaica 1,± St Kitts & Nev. 2,± St Lucia 1,± St Vincent 1,± Trinidad & Tob. 1,± Central America 1,± Belize 1,± Costa Rica 1,± El Salvador 1,± Guatemala 1,± Honduras 1,± Mexico 1,± Nicaragua 1,± Panama 1,± Northern America 1,c,± Canada 1,± USA 1,± South America 1,d,± Argentina Bolivia 1,± Brazil 1,± Chile 1,± Colombia 1,± Ecuador 1,± Guyana 1,± Paraguay 1,± Peru 1,± Suriname 1,± Uruguay 1,± Venezuela 1,± Latin America & Caribbean 1,± Data accessed on 27 Mar Please refer to original source for methods of estimation. a Aggregated by the HPV Information Centre pooling its individual areas/countries. b Including Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Caribbean Netherlands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Sint Maarten (Dutch part) and Turks and Caicos Islands. c Including Bermuda, Greenland, and Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon. d Including Falkland Islands (Malvinas). Year of estimate: ± 2017; Data sources: 1 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, DVD Edition. Available at: org/unpd/wpp/download/standard/population/. [Accessed on March 21, 2017]. 2 International Programs Center for Demographic and Economic Studies, Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau. International Database. Available at population/international/data/idb/informationgateway.php. [Accessed on March 21, 2017].

12 2 DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS Figure 2: Population pyramid of the Americas Males Females Under 5 9,793,412 15,513,714 8,407,610 10,570,770 12,627,783 14,861,788 17,574,349 19,720,202 22,194,766 24,256,673 26,664,846 28,426,683 29,263,025 30,602,118 30,405,634 31,375,418 32,428,037 33,297,294 35,243,098 35,663,885 38,183,811 37,964,243 39,726,986 38,669,239 40,560,775 39,106,437 40,077,044 38,574,065 39,735,140 38,201,467 38,680,092 37,112,984 38,462,406 36,843,548 Population (in thousands) in Americas by sex and age group Data accessed on 27 Mar Please refer to original source for methods of estimation. Aggregated by the HPV Information Centre pooling its individual areas/countries. Year of estimate: 2017; Data sources: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, DVD Edition. Available at: unpd/wpp/download/standard/population/. [Accessed on March 21, 2017]. Number of women (in millions) Figure 3: Population trends in four selected age groups in the Americas for 2017 Projections Women yrs Girls yrs Number of women (in millions) Projections All Women 500 Women yrs Female population trends in Americas Number of women by year and age group Data accessed on 27 Mar Please refer to original source for methods of estimation. Aggregated by the HPV Information Centre pooling its individual areas/countries. Year of estimate: 2017; Data sources: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, DVD Edition. Available at: unpd/wpp/download/standard/population/. [Accessed on March 21, 2017].

13 2 DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS Table 4: Sociodemographic indicators in the Americas Indicator Male Female Total Population in thousands 1,± 500, , ,010,789.4 Population growth rate (%) Median age of the population (in years) Population living in urban areas (%) Crude birth rate (births per 1,000) Crude death rate (deaths per 1,000) Life expectancy at birth (in years) 3,a,b Adult mortality rate (probability of dying between 15 and 60 years old per 1,000) 4 Under age five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 3,c Density of physicians (per 1,000 population) 5,d Gross national income per capita (PPP current international $) 6,e Adult literacy rate (%) (aged 15 and older) Youth literacy rate (%) (aged years) Net primary school enrollment ratio Net secondary school enrollment ratio Data accessed on 27 Mar Please refer to original source for methods of estimation. a World Population Prospects, the 2015 revision (WPP2015). New York (NY): United Nations DESA, Population Division. b WHO annual life tables for based on the WPP2015, on the data held in the WHO Mortality Database and on HIV mortality estimates prepared by UNAIDS. WHO Member States with a population of less than in 2015 were not included in the analysis. c Levels & Trends in Child Mortality. Report Estimates Developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. New York (NY), Geneva and Washington (DC): United Nations Children s Fund, World Health Organization, World Bank and United Nations; 2015 ( Web_9_Sept_15.pdf, accessed 26 March 2016). d Number of medical doctors (physicians), including generalist and specialist medical practitioners, per population. e GNI per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GNI is gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current international dollars based on the 2011 ICP round. Year of estimate: ± 2017; Data sources: 1 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, DVD Edition. Available at: org/unpd/wpp/download/standard/population/. [Accessed on March 21, 2017]. 2 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, CD-ROM Edition. Available at: https: //esa.un.org/unpd/wup/cd-rom/. [Accessed on March 21, 2017]. 3 World Health Statistics Geneva, World Health Organization, Available at: html. [Accessed on March 21, 2017]. 4 World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory data repository. Available at: [Accessed on March 21, 2017]. 5 The 2016 update, Global Health Workforce Statistics, World Health Organization, Geneva ( [Accessed on March 21, 2017]. 6 World Bank, World Development Indicators Database. Washington, DC. International Comparison Program database. Available at: aspx?source=world-development-indicators#. [Accessed on March 21, 2017]. 7 UNESCO Institute for Statistics Data Centre [online database]. Montreal, UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Available at: [Accessed on March 21, 2017].

14 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Burden of HPV-related cancers 3.1 Cervical cancer Cancer of the cervix uteri is the 4th most common cancer among women worldwide, with an estimated 527,624 new cases and 265,672 deaths in 2012 (GLOBOCAN). The majority of cases are squamous cell carcinoma followed by adenocarcinomas. (Vaccine 2006, Vol. 24, Suppl 3; Vaccine 2008, Vol. 26, Suppl 10; Vaccine 2012, Vol. 30, Suppl 5; IARC Monographs 2007, Vol. 90) This section describes the current burden of invasive cervical cancer in Americas and its regions with estimates of the annual number of new cases, deaths, incidence and mortality Incidence KEY STATS. About 83,195 new cervical cancer cases are diagnosed annually in Americas (estimates for 2012). Cervical cancer ranks* as the 4 th leading cause of female cancer in Americas. Cervical cancer is the 2 nd most common female cancer in women aged 15 to 44 years in Americas. * Ranking of cervical cancer incidence to other cancers among all women according to highest incidence rates (ranking 1st). Ranking is based on crude incidence rates (actual number of cervical cancer cases). Ranking using age-standardized rate (ASR) may differ. Figure 4: Age-standardised incidence rates (ASR) of cervical cancer in regions of the Americas (estimates for 2012) Central America 23.5 Caribbean 21.0 South America 20.3 Data accessed on 15 Nov Northern America Cervical cancer: Age standardised mortality rate per 100,000 women World Standard. Female (All ages) (Continued on next page)

15 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Figure 4 continued from previous page) Rates per 100,000 women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: Figure 5: Age-standardised incidence rates of cervical cancer in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Data accessed on 15 Nov Rates per 100,000 women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

16 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 6: Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Bolivia Guyana Suriname Nicaragua Paraguay Venezuela Peru Belize Dominican Rep. Honduras Ecuador Jamaica Barbados Haiti El Salvador Trinidad & Tob. Mexico Guatemala Argentina Bahamas Uruguay Panama Colombia Cuba Brazil Chile Costa Rica USA Canada St Vincent** St Lucia** St Kitts & Nev.** Grenada** Dominica** Antigua & Bar.** Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 women World Standard. Female (All ages) ** No rates are available. Data accessed on 15 Nov Rates per 100,000 women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

17 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Table 5: Incidence of cervical cancer in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Cumulative risk (%) Ranking of CC Area N cases Crude rate a ASR a ages 0-74 years b All women Women years Americas 83, Caribbean 5, Antigua & Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Cuba 1, Dominica Dominican Republic 1, Grenada Haiti 1, Jamaica St Kitts & Nevis St Lucia St Vincent & The Grenadines Trinidad & Tobago Central America 18, Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala 1, Honduras Mexico 13, Nicaragua Panama Northern America 14, Canada 1, USA 12, South America 45, Argentina 4, Bolivia 2, Brazil 18, Chile 1, Colombia 4, Ecuador 2, Guyana Paraguay 1, Peru 4, Suriname Uruguay Venezuela 4, Latin America & Caribbean 68, Data accessed on 15 Nov ASR: Age-standardized rate, Standardized rates have been estimated using the direct method and the World population as the reference; Standardised rates have ben estimated using the direct method and the World population as the reference. Ranking of cervical cancer incidence to other cancers among all women ages years according to highest incidence rates (ranking 1st). Ranking is based on crude incidence rates (actual number of cervical cancer cases). Ranking using ASR may differ. a Rates per 100,000 women per year. b Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

18 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 7: Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among all women and women aged years, according to incidence rates in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Data accessed on 15 Nov Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

19 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 8: Comparison of the ten most frequent cancers in all women in the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) Americas Northern America Breast 67.6 Breast 91.6 Lung 21.6 Lung 33.8 Colorectum(a) 17.6 Colorectum(a) 22.7 Cervix uteri 14.9 Thyroid 20.0 Corpus uteri 12.3 Corpus uteri 19.1 Thyroid 12.1 Melanoma of skin 12.2 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) 7.0 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) 10.2 Ovary 6.8 Kidney 8.3 Melanoma of skin 6.2 Ovary 8.1 Leukaemia 5.6 Leukaemia Caribbean South America Breast 46.1 Breast 52.1 Cervix uteri 21.0 Cervix uteri 20.3 Colorectum(a) 16.6 Colorectum(a) 14.6 Lung 13.5 Lung 10.7 Corpus uteri 10.4 Thyroid 8.4 Stomach 5.1 Stomach 7.0 Ovary 5.0 Ovary 5.8 Liver 4.5 Corpus uteri 5.5 Thyroid 4.2 Pancreas 4.4 Pancreas 3.6 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) Central America Breast 32.8 Cervix uteri 23.5 Stomach 8.2 Colorectum(a) 7.1 Corpus uteri 6.6 Liver 6.6 Ovary 5.0 Leukaemia 4.9 Lung 4.9 Thyroid Age standardised incidence rate per 100,000 women in Americas Data accessed on 15 Nov a Includes anal cancer (C21). b Includes HIV disease resulting in malignant neoplasms (B21). Data sources: (Continued on next page)

20 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Figure 8 continued from previous page) Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

21 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 9: Comparison of the ten most frequent cancers in women aged years by the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) Americas Northern America Breast 27.2 Breast 40.2 Cervix uteri 15.3 Thyroid 23.0 Thyroid 12.2 Melanoma of skin 10.0 Melanoma of skin 3.9 Cervix uteri 8.0 Colorectum(a) 3.6 Colorectum(a) 5.8 Ovary 3.2 Corpus uteri 4.0 Leukaemia 2.5 Ovary 3.4 Brain, nervous system 2.4 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) 3.3 Corpus uteri 2.3 Hodgkin lymphoma 3.2 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) 2.3 Leukaemia Caribbean South America Breast 23.1 Breast 22.7 Cervix uteri 20.2 Cervix uteri 17.2 Ovary 3.4 Thyroid 8.7 Thyroid 2.8 Ovary 3.0 Colorectum(a) 2.4 Colorectum(a) 2.8 Corpus uteri 2.3 Brain, nervous system 2.2 Brain, nervous system 2.0 Leukaemia 2.0 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) 1.8 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) 2.0 Leukaemia 1.7 Stomach 1.7 Stomach 1.6 Corpus uteri Central America Cervix uteri Breast Ovary Thyroid Leukaemia Stomach Brain, nervous system Colorectum(a) Corpus uteri Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) Age standardised incidence rate per 100,000 women in Americas Data accessed on 15 Nov a Includes anal cancer (C21). b Includes HIV disease resulting in malignant neoplasms (B21). Data sources: (Continued on next page)

22 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Figure 9 continued from previous page) Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: Figure 10: Age-specific incidence of cervical cancer in the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) Age specific incidence rates of cervical cancer per 100, Americas Caribbean Central America Northern America South America >=75 Data accessed on 15 Nov Rates per 100,000 women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

23 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 11: Annual number of new cases of cervical cancer by age group in American regions (estimates for 2012) South America Central America Northern America Caribbean Annual number of new cases of cervical cancer 45,000 40,500 36,000 31,500 27,000 22,500 18,000 13,500 9,000 4, ,915* 22,725* 17,537* * South America years: 11,385 cases years: 22,975 cases. 65+ years: 10,645 cases. * Central America years: 6,106 cases years: 9,668 cases. 65+ years: 3,017 cases. * Northern America years: 3,872 cases years: 7,805 cases. 65+ years: 2,697 cases. * Caribbean years: 1,362 cases years: 2,467 cases. 65+ years: 1,178 cases. Data accessed on 15 Nov Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

24 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 12: Annual number of cases and age-specific incidence rates of cervical cancer in the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) Americas 60 Age specific rates of cervical cancer(a) ,000 42,915* 40,000 36,000 32,000 Annual number of cases of cervical cancer 28,000 24,000 20,000 16,000 22,679* 17,537 12,000 8,000 4, * Americas yrs: 180 cases yrs: 2,047 cases yrs: 4,668 cases yrs: 6,901 cases yrs: 8,883 cases yrs: 9,817 cases yrs: 9,862 cases yrs: 8,951 cases yrs: 7,771 cases yrs: 6,514 cases. Data accessed on 15 Nov a Rates per 100,000 women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

25 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 13: Annual number of cases and age-specific incidence rates of cervical cancer in the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) (Continued) Caribbean Northern America Age specific rates of cervical cancer(a) Annual number of cases of cervical cancer ,000 22,500 20,000 17,500 15,000 12,500 10,000 7,500 5,000 2, ,467* 1,362* 1, Central America Age specific rates of cervical cancer(a) ,000 22,500 20,000 17,500 15,000 12,500 10,000 7,500 5,000 2, ,805* 3,872* 2, South America Annual number of cases of cervical cancer ,000 22,500 20,000 17,500 15,000 12,500 10,000 7,500 5,000 2, ,668* 6,106* 3, ,000 22,500 20,000 17,500 15,000 12,500 10,000 7,500 5,000 2, ,975* 11,385* 10, * Caribbean yrs: 49 cases yrs: 150 cases yrs: 279 cases yrs: 385 cases yrs: 499 cases yrs: 575 cases yrs: 604 cases yrs: 507 cases yrs: 418 cases yrs: 363 cases. * Central America yrs: 22 cases yrs: 548 cases yrs: 1,249 cases yrs: 1,835 cases yrs: 2,452 cases yrs: 2,575 cases yrs: 2,318 cases yrs: 1,969 cases yrs: 1,618 cases yrs: 1,188 cases. * Northern America yrs: 28 cases yrs: 367 cases yrs: 858 cases yrs: 1,175 cases yrs: 1,444 cases yrs: 1,657 cases yrs: 1,764 cases yrs: 1,690 cases yrs: 1,468 cases yrs: 1,226 cases. * South America yrs: 82 cases yrs: 987 cases yrs: 2,291 cases yrs: 3,519 cases yrs: 4,506 cases yrs: 5,010 cases yrs: 5,176 cases yrs: 4,785 cases yrs: 4,267 cases yrs: 3,737 cases. Data accessed on 15 Nov (Continued on next page)

26 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Figure 13 continued from previous page) a Rates per 100,000 women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

27 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 14: Time trends in cervical cancer incidence type in Brazil (cancer registry data) Recent trend : 4.6 ( 6.5 to 2.6) (1, b) Overall trend : 4.1 ( 5.1 to 3.1) (1, a) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) All ages (2) yrs (2) yrs (2) Data accessed on 27 Apr a Estimated annual percentage change based on the trend variable from the net drift for the most recent two 5-year periods. b Estimated annual percentage change based on the trend variable from the net drift for 15 years, from Data sources: 1 Vaccarella S, Lortet-Tieulent J, Plummer M, Franceschi S, Bray F. Worldwide trends in cervical cancer incidence: Impact of screening against changes in disease risk factors. eur J Cancer 2013;49: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) Figure 15: Time trends in cervical cancer incidence type in Canada (cancer registry data) Recent trend : 2.2 ( 3.0 to 1.4) (1, b) Overall trend : 2.0 ( 2.2 to 1.7) (1, a) All ages (2, c) yrs (2, c) yrs (2, c) Data accessed on 27 Apr a Estimated annual percentage change based on the trend variable from the net drift for the most recent two 5-year periods. b Estimated annual percentage change based on the trend variable from the net drift for 20 years, from c The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan. Data sources: 1 Vaccarella S, Lortet-Tieulent J, Plummer M, Franceschi S, Bray F. Worldwide trends in cervical cancer incidence: Impact of screening against changes in disease risk factors. eur J Cancer 2013;49: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

28 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 16: Time trends in cervical cancer incidence type in Colombia (cancer registry data) Recent trend : 0.4 ( 2.1 to 1.4) (1, b) Overall trend : 2.1 ( 2.6 to 1.5) (1, a) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) All ages (2) yrs (2) yrs (2) Data accessed on 27 Apr a Estimated annual percentage change based on the trend variable from the net drift for the most recent two 5-year periods. b Estimated annual percentage change based on the trend variable from the net drift for 20 years, from Data sources: 1 Vaccarella S, Lortet-Tieulent J, Plummer M, Franceschi S, Bray F. Worldwide trends in cervical cancer incidence: Impact of screening against changes in disease risk factors. eur J Cancer 2013;49: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: Figure 17: Time trends in cervical cancer incidence type in Ecuador (cancer registry data) Recent trend : 6.6 ( 8.7 to 4.4) (1, b) Overall trend : 5.2 ( 6.3 to 4.1) (1, a) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) All ages (2) yrs (2) yrs (2) Data accessed on 27 Apr a Estimated annual percentage change based on the trend variable from the net drift for the most recent two 5-year periods. b Estimated annual percentage change based on the trend variable from the net drift for 15 years, from Data sources: 1 Vaccarella S, Lortet-Tieulent J, Plummer M, Franceschi S, Bray F. Worldwide trends in cervical cancer incidence: Impact of screening against changes in disease risk factors. eur J Cancer 2013;49: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

29 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) Figure 18: Time trends in cervical cancer incidence type in the USA (cancer registry data) Recent trend : 3.4 ( 5.5 to 1.2) Black; 1.2 ( 2.2 to 0.2) White (1, b) Overall trend : 3.6 ( 3.9 to 3.4) Black; 1.8 ( 1.9 to 1.7) White (1, a) All ages (2, c) yrs (2, c) yrs (2, c) Data accessed on 27 Apr a Estimated annual percentage change based on the trend variable from the net drift for the most recent two 5-year periods. b Estimated annual percentage change based on the trend variable from the net drift for 35 years, from c The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: California: San Francisco, Connecticut, Georgia: Atlanta, Hawaii, Iowa, Michigan: Detroit, New Mexico, Utah and Washington: Seattle. Data sources: 1 Vaccarella S, Lortet-Tieulent J, Plummer M, Franceschi S, Bray F. Worldwide trends in cervical cancer incidence: Impact of screening against changes in disease risk factors. eur J Cancer 2013;49: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

30 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Mortality KEY STATS. About 35,673 new cervical cancer deaths occur annually in Americas (estimates for 2012). Cervical cancer ranks* as the 5 th leading cause of female cancer deaths in Americas. Cervical cancer is the 2 nd most common female cancer deaths in women aged 15 to 44 years in Americas. * Ranking of cervical cancer incidence to other cancers among all women according to highest incidence rates (ranking 1st). Ranking is based on crude incidence rates (actual number of cervical cancer cases). Ranking using age-standardized rate (ASR) may differ. Figure 19: Age-standardised mortality rates (ASR) of cervical cancer in American regions (estimates for 2012) Central America 8.9 South America 8.6 Caribbean 8.6 Northern America Cervical cancer: Age standardised mortality rate per 100,000 women World Standard. Female (All ages) Data accessed on 15 Nov Rates per 100,000 women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

31 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 20: Age-standardised mortality rates of cervical cancer in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Data accessed on 15 Nov ASR: Age-standardized rate, Standardized rates have been estimated using the direct method and the World population as the reference; Rates per 100,000 women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: Table 6: Cervical cancer mortality in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Cumulative risk (%) Ranking of CC Area N cases Crude rate a ASR a ages 0-74 years b All women Women years Americas 35, Caribbean 2, Antigua & Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Cuba Dominica (Continued on next page)

32 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 6 continued from previous page) Cumulative risk (%) Ranking of CC Area N cases Crude rate a ASR a ages 0-74 years b All women Women years Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica St Kitts & Nevis St Lucia St Vincent & The Grenadines Trinidad & Tobago Central America 6, Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico 4, Nicaragua Panama Northern America 7, Canada USA 6, South America 19, Argentina 2, Bolivia Brazil 8, Chile Colombia 1, Ecuador 1, Guyana Paraguay Peru 1, Suriname Uruguay Venezuela 1, Latin America & Caribbean 28, Data accessed on 15 Nov ASR: Age-standardized rate, Standardized rates have been estimated using the direct method and the World population as the reference; Standardised rates have ben estimated using the direct method and the World population as the reference. Ranking of cervical cancer mortality to other cancers among all women ages years according to highest mortality rates (ranking 1st). Ranking is based on crude mortality rates(actual number of cervical cancer deaths). Ranking using AST may differ. a Rates per 100,000 women per year. b Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

33 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 21: Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among all women and women aged years, according to mortality rates in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Data accessed on 15 Nov Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

34 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 22: Comparison of the ten most frequent cancer deaths in women aged years in the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) Americas Northern America Breast 4.0 Breast 3.8 Cervix uteri 3.3 Cervix uteri 1.5 Leukaemia 1.5 Colorectum(a) 1.3 Brain, nervous system 1.1 Leukaemia 1.0 Colorectum(a) 1.1 Lung 1.0 Stomach 1.0 Brain, nervous system 0.9 Lung 0.9 Ovary 0.7 Ovary 0.9 Melanoma of skin 0.5 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) 0.6 Stomach 0.5 Liver 0.5 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) Caribbean South America Breast 5.0 Breast 4.3 Cervix uteri 3.9 Cervix uteri 4.3 Leukaemia 1.2 Leukaemia 1.6 Brain, nervous system 1.1 Brain, nervous system 1.3 Ovary 1.1 Colorectum(a) 1.2 Stomach 1.1 Stomach 1.2 Colorectum(a) 0.9 Lung 0.9 Lung 0.9 Ovary 0.9 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) 0.8 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) 0.7 Liver 0.6 Liver Central America Cervix uteri 4.0 Breast 3.1 Leukaemia 2.2 Stomach 1.5 Ovary 1.0 Brain, nervous system 0.8 Colorectum(a) 0.7 Liver 0.6 Lung 0.6 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) Age standardised mortality rate per 100,000 women in Americas Data accessed on 15 Nov a Includes anal cancer (C21). b Includes HIV disease resulting in malignant neoplasms (B21). Data sources: (Continued on next page)

35 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Figure 22 continued from previous page) Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

36 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 23: Comparison of the ten most frequent cancer deaths in women of all ages in the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) Americas Northern America Lung 15.9 Lung 23.5 Breast 14.0 Breast 14.8 Colorectum(a) 7.4 Colorectum(a) 7.8 Cervix uteri 5.9 Pancreas 5.9 Pancreas 5.0 Ovary 5.0 Ovary 4.3 Leukaemia 3.2 Stomach 3.7 Brain, nervous system 2.6 Leukaemia 3.4 Cervix uteri 2.6 Liver 3.3 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) 2.6 Brain, nervous system 2.7 Liver Caribbean South America Breast 15.1 Breast 14.0 Lung 12.1 Lung 8.9 Colorectum(a) 9.1 Cervix uteri 8.6 Cervix uteri 8.6 Colorectum(a) 7.7 Liver 4.4 Stomach 5.7 Stomach 4.0 Pancreas 4.4 Pancreas 3.6 Liver 3.7 Corpus uteri 3.3 Ovary 3.6 Ovary 3.0 Brain, nervous system 3.2 Leukaemia 2.7 Leukaemia Central America Breast Cervix uteri Stomach Liver Lung Colorectum(a) Leukaemia Pancreas Ovary Gallbladder Age standardised mortality rate per 100,000 women in Americas Data accessed on 15 Nov a Includes anal cancer (C21). b Includes HIV disease resulting in malignant neoplasms (B21). Data sources: (Continued on next page)

37 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Figure 23 continued from previous page) Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: Figure 24: Age-specific mortality of cervical cancer in the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) Age specific mortality rates of cervical cancer per 100, Americas Caribbean Central America Northern America South America >=75 Data accessed on 15 Nov Rates per 100,000 women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

38 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 25: Annual number of deaths of cervical cancer by age group in American regions (estimates for 2012) South America Northern America Central America Caribbean Annual number of cervical cancer deaths 20,000 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2, ,020* 13,476* 4,168* * South America years: 2,503 cases years: 9,813 cases. 65+ years: 7,057 cases. * Northern America years: 568 cases years: 3,644 cases. 65+ years: 2,896 cases. * Central America years: 888 cases years: 3,592 cases. 65+ years: 2,456 cases. * Caribbean years: 209 cases years: 971 cases. 65+ years: 1,067 cases. Data accessed on 15 Nov Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

39 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 26: Annual number of deaths and age-specific mortality rates of cervical cancer in the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) Americas 60 Age specific rates of cervical cancer(a) ,000 17,500 18,020* Annual number of deaths of cervical cancer 15,000 12,500 10,000 7,500 13,476 5,000 4,161* 2, * Americas yrs: 12 cases yrs: 137 cases yrs: 620 cases yrs: 1,325 cases yrs: 2,067 cases yrs: 2,852 cases yrs: 3,629 cases yrs: 3,997 cases yrs: 3,944 cases yrs: 3,598 cases. Data accessed on 15 Nov a Rates per 100,000 women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

40 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 27: Annual number of deaths and age-specific mortality rates of cervical cancer in the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) (Continued) Caribbean Northern America Age specific rates of cervical cancer(a) Annual number of deaths of cervical cancer ,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2, * 1, * Central America Age specific rates of cervical cancer(a) ,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2, ,644* 2, * South America Annual number of deaths of cervical cancer ,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2, * 3,592* 2,456 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 2,503* 9,813* 7, * Caribbean yrs: 3 cases yrs: 6 cases yrs: 31 cases yrs: 63 cases yrs: 106 cases yrs: 161 cases yrs: 213 cases yrs: 225 cases yrs: 209 cases yrs: 163 cases. * Central America yrs: 2 cases yrs: 25 cases yrs: 118 cases yrs: 276 cases yrs: 467 cases yrs: 655 cases yrs: 763 cases yrs: 781 cases yrs: 752 cases yrs: 641 cases. * Northern America yrs: 1 cases yrs: 16 cases yrs: 77 cases yrs: 176 cases yrs: 298 cases yrs: 437 cases yrs: 637 cases yrs: 823 cases yrs: 878 cases yrs: 869 cases. * South America yrs: 6 cases yrs: 90 cases yrs: 395 cases yrs: 812 cases yrs: 1,200 cases yrs: 1,599 cases yrs: 2,016 cases yrs: 2,168 cases yrs: 2,105 cases yrs: 1,925 cases. Data accessed on 15 Nov (Continued on next page)

41 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Figure 27 continued from previous page) a Rates per 100,000 women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

42 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Comparison of incidence and mortality Figure 28: Age-specific incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer in the Americas and its regions (estimates for 2012) 70 Americas 70 Northern America Age specific rates of cervical cancer per 100, Caribbean >= South America >= >= >= >=75 70 Central America Incidence Mortality Data accessed on 15 Nov Rates per 100,000 women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

43 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Anogenital cancers other than the cervix Data on the role of HPV in anogenital cancers other than the cervix are limited, but there is an increasing body of evidence strongly linking HPV DNA with cancers of the anus, vulva, vagina, and penis. Although these cancers are much less frequent compared to cancer of the cervix, their association with HPV make them potentially preventable and subject to similar preventative strategies as those for cervical cancer. (Vaccine 2006, Vol. 24, Suppl 3; Vaccine 2008, Vol. 26, Suppl 10; Vaccine 2012, Vol. 30, Suppl 5; IARC Monographs 2007, Vol. 90) Figure 29: Age-standardised incidence rates of anogenital cancers other than the cervix in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Data accessed on 08 May ASR: Age-standardized rate, rates per 100,000 per year. Please refer to original source for methods. Other anogenital cancer cases (vulvar, vaginal, anal, and penile). GLOBOCAN quality index for availability of incidence data: - For Argentina, Brazil: High quality regional (coverage between 10% and 50%). - For Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia, Barbados, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Haiti, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, El Salvador, Suriname, Venezuela: No data. - For Canada, Costa Rica, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, USA: High quality national data or high quality regional (coverage greater than 50%). (Continued on next page)

44 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Figure 29 continued from previous page) - For Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Jamaica: High quality regional (coverage lower than 10%). - For Mexico, Peru: Regional data (rates). - For Trinidad & Tobago: National data (rates). GLOBOCAN quality index of methods for calculating incidence: Methods to estimate the sex- and age-specific incidence rates of cancer for a specific country: - For Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador: Estimated from national mortality by modelling using incidence mortality ratios derived from recorded data in country-specific cancer registries - For Bahamas, Belize, Barbados, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Paraguay, El Salvador, Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela: Estimated from national mortality estimates using modelled survival - For Bolivia: Age/sex specific rates for "all cancers" were partitioned using data on relative frequency of different cancers (by age and sex) - For Canada, Costa Rica, Martinique, Puerto Rico, USA: Rates projected to For Uruguay: Most recent rates applied to 2012 population Data sources: Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Int J Cancer Apr 1. doi: /ijc [Epub ahead of print]. PMID:

45 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 30: Age-standardised incidence rate of other anogenital cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Barbados Uruguay El Salvador USA Canada Bahamas Argentina Trinidad & Tob. Brazil Guyana Bolivia Suriname Jamaica Costa Rica Peru Panama Cuba Colombia Chile Haiti Honduras Ecuador Dominican Rep. Belize Paraguay Mexico Guatemala Venezuela Nicaragua St Vincent** St Lucia** St Kitts & Nev.** Grenada** Dominica** Antigua & Bar.** Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 women World Standard ** No rates are available. Data accessed on 08 May ASR: Age-standardized rate, rates per 100,000 per year. Please refer to original source for methods. (Continued on next page)

46 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Other anogenital cancer cases (vulvar, vaginal, anal, and penile). ( Figure 30 continued from previous page) GLOBOCAN quality index for availability of incidence data: - For Nicaragua, Venezuela, Guatemala, Paraguay, Belize, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Haiti, Panama, Suriname, Bolivia, Guyana, Bahamas, El Salvador, Barbados: No data. - For Mexico, Peru: Regional data (rates). - For Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Jamaica: High quality regional (coverage lower than 10%). - For Costa Rica, Canada, USA, Uruguay: High quality national data or high quality regional (coverage greater than 50%). - For Brazil, Argentina: High quality regional (coverage between 10% and 50%). - For Trinidad & Tobago: National data (rates). GLOBOCAN quality index of methods for calculating incidence: Methods to estimate the sex- and age-specific incidence rates of cancer for a specific country: - For Nicaragua, Venezuela, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Belize, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Haiti, Panama, Peru, Jamaica, Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad & Tobago, Bahamas, El Salvador, Barbados: Estimated from national mortality estimates using modelled survival - For Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Brazil, Argentina: Estimated from national mortality by modelling using incidence mortality ratios derived from recorded data in country-specific cancer registries - For Costa Rica, Canada, USA: Rates projected to For Bolivia: Age/sex specific rates for "all cancers" were partitioned using data on relative frequency of different cancers (by age and sex) - For Uruguay: Most recent rates applied to 2012 population Data sources: de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer Anal cancer Anal cancer is rare in the general population with an average worldwide incidence of 1 per 100,000, but is reported to be increasing in more developed regions. Globally, there are an estimated 27,000 new cases every year (de Martel C et al. Lancet Oncol 2012;13(6):607-15). Women have higher incidences of anal cancer than men. Incidence is particularly high among populations of men who have sex with men (MSM), women with history of cervical or vulvar cancer, and immunosuppressed populations, including those who are HIV-infected and patients with a history of organ transplantation. These cancers are predominantly squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinomas, or basaloid and cloacogenic carcinomas. Table 7: Incidence of anal cancer in the Americas by cancer registry and sex Male Female Country / Registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b N cases a Crude rate c ASR c Caribbean Antigua & Bar Bahamas Barbados Cuba 1 Villa Clara Dominica Dominican Rep Grenada Haiti Jamaica 1 Kingston and St Andrew St Kitts & Nev St Lucia St Vincent Trinidad & Tob Central America Belize Costa Rica 1 (Continued on next page)

47 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 7 continued from previous page) Male Female Country / Registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b N cases a Crude rate c ASR c National El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Northern America Canada 1 Alberta British Columbia Manitoba National New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon USA 1 Alabama Alabama (Black) Alabama (White) Alaska Alaska (American Indian) Arizona Arizona (American Indian) Arizona (Asian and Pacific Islander) Arizona (Black) Arizona (White) Arkansas Arkansas (Black) Arkansas (White) California California (American Indian) California (Asian and Pacific Islander) California (Black) California (White) (Continued on next page)

48 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 7 continued from previous page) Male Female Country / Registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b N cases a Crude rate c ASR c California, Los Angeles County California, Los Angeles County (Asian and Pacific Islander) California, Los Angeles County (Black) California, Los Angeles County (Chinese) California, Los Angeles County (Filipino) California, Los Angeles County (Hispanic White) California, Los Angeles County (Japanese) California, Los Angeles County (Korean) California, Los Angeles County (Non-Hispanic White) California, Los Angeles County (White) California: San Francisco California: San Francisco (Asian and Pacific Islander) California: San Francisco (Black) California: San Francisco (Hispanic White) California: San Francisco (Non-Hispanic White) California: San Francisco (White) Colorado Colorado (Asian and Pacific Islander) Colorado (Black) Colorado (White) Connecticut Connecticut (Black) Connecticut (White) Delaware Delaware (Black) Delaware (White) Florida Florida (Asian and Pacific Islander) Florida (Black) Florida (White) Georgia (Continued on next page)

49 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 7 continued from previous page) Male Female Country / Registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b N cases a Crude rate c ASR c Georgia (Asian and Pacific Islander) Georgia (Black) Georgia (White) Georgia, Atlanta Georgia, Atlanta (Black) Georgia, Atlanta (White) Hawaii Hawaii (Chinese) Hawaii (Filipino) Hawaii (Hawaiian) Hawaii (Japanese) Hawaii (White) Idaho Illinois Illinois (Asian and Pacific Islander) Illinois (Black) Illinois (White) Indiana Indiana (Black) Indiana (White) Iowa Kentucky Louisiana , Louisiana (Black) , Louisiana (White) , Louisiana, New Orleans , Louisiana, New Orleans (Black) Louisiana, New Orleans (White) , , Maine Massachusetts Massachusetts (Asian and Pacific Islander) Massachusetts (Black) Massachusetts (White) Michigan Michigan (Asian and Pacific Islander) Michigan (Black) Michigan (White) (Continued on next page)

50 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 7 continued from previous page) Male Female Country / Registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b N cases a Crude rate c ASR c Michigan, Detroit Michigan, Detroit (Black) Michigan, Detroit (White) Mississippi Missouri Missouri (Black) Missouri (White) Montana Montana (American Indian) Nebraska Nebraska (Black) Nebraska (White) New Hampshire New Jersey New Jersey (Black) New Jersey (White) New Mexico New Mexico (Hispanic White) New Mexico (Non-Hispanic White) New Mexico (White) New York State New York State (Asian and Pacific Islander) New York State (Black) New York State (White) North Carolina North Carolina (American Indian) North Carolina (Asian and Pacific Islander) North Carolina (Black) North Carolina (White) North Dakota NPCR (42 States) NPCR (42 States) (American Indian) NPCR (42 States) (Asian and Pacific Islander) NPCR (42 States) (Black) NPCR (42 States) (White) Ohio Ohio (Asian and Pacific Islander) Ohio (Black) Ohio (White) Oklahoma (Continued on next page)

51 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 7 continued from previous page) Male Female Country / Registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b N cases a Crude rate c ASR c Oklahoma (American Indian) Oklahoma (Black) Oklahoma (White) Oregon Oregon (Asian and Pacific Islander) Oregon (Black) Oregon (White) Pennsylvania Pennsylvania (Asian and Pacific Islander) Pennsylvania (Black) Pennsylvania (White) Puerto Rico Rhode Island Rhode Island (Black) Rhode Island (White) SEER (18 Registries) SEER (18 Registries) (Asian and Pacific Islander) SEER (18 Registries) (Black) SEER (18 Registries) (Hispanic White) SEER (18 Registries) (Non-Hispanic White) SEER (18 Registries) (White) SEER (9 Registries) SEER (9 Registries) (Black) SEER (9 Registries) (White) South Carolina South Carolina (Black) South Carolina (White) South Dakota Tennessee Tennessee (Black) Tennessee (White) Texas Texas (Asian and Pacific Islander) Texas (Black) Texas (White) Utah Vermont Virginia Virginia (Asian and Pacific Islander) (Continued on next page)

52 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 7 continued from previous page) Male Female Country / Registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b N cases a Crude rate c ASR c Virginia (Black) Virginia (White) Washington State Washington, Seattle West Virginia Wisconsin Wisconsin (Black) Wisconsin (White) Wyoming South America Argentina 1 Bahia Blanca Cordoba Mendoza Tierra del Fuego Bolivia Brazil 1 Aracaju Belo Horizonte Cuiaba Fortaleza Goiania Sao Paulo Chile 1 Bío Bío Province Region of Antofagasta Valdivia Colombia 1 Bucaramanga Cali Manizales Pasto Ecuador 1 Cuenca Quito Guyana Paraguay Peru 2 Trujillo Suriname Uruguay 1 National Venezuela Latin America & Caribbean Data accessed on 05 May a Accumulated number of cases during the period in the population covered by the corresponding registry. b Rates per 100,000 men per year. c Rates per 100,000 women per year. (Continued on next page)

53 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 7 continued from previous page) Data sources: 1 Forman D, Bray F, Brewster DH, Gombe Mbalawa C, Kohler B, Piñeros M, Steliarova-Foucher E, Swaminathan R and Ferlay J eds (2013). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. X (electronic version) Lyon, IARC. 2 Curado. M. P., Edwards, B., Shin. H.R., Storm. H., Ferlay. J., Heanue. M. and Boyle. P., eds (2007). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. IX. IARC Scientific Publications No. 160, Lyon, IARC. 10 Figure 31: Time trends in anal cancer incidence in Brazil (cancer registry data) Anal cancer in men Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) All ages yrs yrs * 1989* 1990* 1991* 1992* 1993* 1994* 1995* * 1999* 2000* 2001* 2002* 2003* * 2006* 2007 Anal cancer in women 10 Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) All ages yrs yrs * 1989* 1990* 1991* 1992* * 1996* 1997* * * * 2007 *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr Data was provided by the Goiania registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

54 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 32: Time trends in anal cancer incidence in Canada (cancer registry data) Anal cancer in men Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) All ages yrs yrs 1978* * 1981* * * 1986* * * * 1996* Anal cancer in women 5 Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) All ages yrs yrs 1978* * 1981* * 1984* * 1987* 1988* * *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

55 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 33: Time trends in anal cancer incidence in Colombia (cancer registry data) Anal cancer in men Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) All ages yrs yrs * * 1986* * * * * 1996* * 2000* 2001* * 2004* 2005* Anal cancer in women 10 Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) All ages yrs yrs 1983* 1984* * * 1990* 1991* * * 1997* * 2001* *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr Data was provided by the Cali registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

56 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 34: Time trends in anal cancer incidence in Costa Rica (cancer registry data) Anal cancer in men Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) All ages yrs yrs * 1981* 1982* 1983* 1984* 1985* 1986* 1987* 1988* 1989* 1990* 1991* * 1994* 1995* 1996* * 1999* 2000* * * 2006* 2007* Anal cancer in women 5 Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) All ages yrs yrs 1980* * 1983* 1984* * 1988* 1989* 1990* 1991* 1992* 1993* 1994* * 1997* 1998* 1999* * 2003* 2004* * 2007 *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr Data was provided by the national registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

57 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 35: Time trends in anal cancer incidence in Ecuador (cancer registry data) Anal cancer in men Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) All ages yrs yrs * 1986* 1987* 1988* 1989* 1990* 1991* 1992* 1993* 1994* 1995* 1996* * 1999* * 2002* 2003* 2004* 2005* 2006* 2007* Anal cancer in women 10 Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) All ages yrs yrs 1985* 1986* 1987* 1988* 1989* * 1993* 1994* 1995* * 1999* 2000* * 2003* * 2006* 2007* *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr Data was provided by the Quito registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

58 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 36: Time trends in anal cancer incidence in the USA (cancer registry data) Anal cancer in men Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) All ages yrs yrs * 1977* * Anal cancer in women 5 Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) All ages yrs yrs * * *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: California: San Francisco, Connecticut, Georgia: Atlanta, Hawaii, Iowa, Michigan: Detroit, New Mexico, Utah and Washington: Seattle. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: NOTE. Time trends in cancer incidence are shown only in countries with available data.

59 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Vulvar cancer Cancer of the vulva is rare among women worldwide, with an estimated 27,000 new cases in 2008, representing 4% of all gynaecologic cancers (de Martel C et al. Lancet Oncol 2012;13(6):607-15). Worldwide, about 60% of all vulvar cancer cases occur in more developed countries. Vulvar cancer has two distinct histological patterns with two different risk factor profiles: (1) basaloid/warty types (2) keratinising types. Basaloid/warty lesions are more common in young women, are very often associated with HPV DNA detection (75-100%), and have a similar risk factor profile as cervical cancer. Keratinising vulvar carcinomas represent the majority of the vulvar lesions (>60%), they occur more often in older women and are more rarely associated with HPV (IARC Monograph Vol 100B) Table 8: Incidence of vulvar cancer in the Americas by cancer registry Female Country Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b Caribbean Antigua & Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Cuba 1 Villa Clara Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica 1 Kingston and St Andrew St Kitts & Nevis St Lucia St Vincent & The Grenadines Trinidad & Tobago Central America Belize Costa Rica 1 National El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Northern America Canada 1 Alberta British Columbia Manitoba National New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon USA 1 Alabama Alabama (Black) Alabama (White) Alaska Alaska (American Indian) Arizona (Continued on next page)

60 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 8 continued from previous page) Female Country Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b Arizona (American Indian) Arizona (Asian and Pacific Islander) Arizona (Black) Arizona (White) Arkansas Arkansas (Black) Arkansas (White) California California (American Indian) California (Asian and Pacific Islander) California (Black) California (White) California, Los Angeles County California, Los Angeles County (Asian and Pacific Islander) California, Los Angeles County (Black) California, Los Angeles County (Chinese) California, Los Angeles County (Filipino) California, Los Angeles County (Hispanic White) California, Los Angeles County (Japanese) California, Los Angeles County (Korean) California, Los Angeles County (Non-Hispanic White) California, Los Angeles County (White) California: San Francisco California: San Francisco (Asian and Pacific Islander) California: San Francisco (Black) California: San Francisco (Hispanic White) California: San Francisco (Non-Hispanic White) California: San Francisco (White) Colorado Colorado (Asian and Pacific Islander) Colorado (Black) Colorado (White) Connecticut Connecticut (Black) Connecticut (White) Delaware Delaware (Black) Delaware (White) Florida Florida (Asian and Pacific Islander) Florida (Black) Florida (White) Georgia Georgia (Asian and Pacific Islander) Georgia (Black) Georgia (White) Georgia, Atlanta Georgia, Atlanta (Black) Georgia, Atlanta (White) Hawaii (Continued on next page)

61 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 8 continued from previous page) Female Country Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b Hawaii (Chinese) Hawaii (Filipino) Hawaii (Hawaiian) Hawaii (Japanese) Hawaii (White) Idaho Illinois Illinois (Asian and Pacific Islander) Illinois (Black) Illinois (White) Indiana Indiana (Black) Indiana (White) Iowa Kentucky Louisiana , Louisiana (Black) , Louisiana (White) , Louisiana, New Orleans , Louisiana, New Orleans (Black) , Louisiana, New Orleans (White) , Maine Massachusetts Massachusetts (Asian and Pacific Islander) Massachusetts (Black) Massachusetts (White) Michigan Michigan (Asian and Pacific Islander) Michigan (Black) Michigan (White) Michigan, Detroit Michigan, Detroit (Black) Michigan, Detroit (White) Mississippi Missouri Missouri (Black) Missouri (White) Montana Montana (American Indian) Nebraska Nebraska (Black) Nebraska (White) New Hampshire New Jersey (Continued on next page)

62 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 8 continued from previous page) Female Country Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b New Jersey (Black) New Jersey (White) New Mexico New Mexico (Hispanic White) New Mexico (Non-Hispanic White) New Mexico (White) New York State New York State (Asian and Pacific Islander) New York State (Black) New York State (White) North Carolina North Carolina (American Indian) North Carolina (Asian and Pacific Islander) North Carolina (Black) North Carolina (White) North Dakota NPCR (42 States) NPCR (42 States) (American Indian) NPCR (42 States) (Asian and Pacific Islander) NPCR (42 States) (Black) NPCR (42 States) (White) Ohio Ohio (Asian and Pacific Islander) Ohio (Black) Ohio (White) Oklahoma Oklahoma (American Indian) Oklahoma (Black) Oklahoma (White) Oregon Oregon (Asian and Pacific Islander) Oregon (Black) Oregon (White) Pennsylvania Pennsylvania (Asian and Pacific Islander) Pennsylvania (Black) Pennsylvania (White) Puerto Rico Rhode Island Rhode Island (Black) Rhode Island (White) SEER (18 Registries) SEER (18 Registries) (Asian and Pacific Islander) SEER (18 Registries) (Black) SEER (18 Registries) (Hispanic White) SEER (18 Registries) (Non-Hispanic White) SEER (18 Registries) (White) SEER (9 Registries) SEER (9 Registries) (Black) SEER (9 Registries) (White) South Carolina (Continued on next page)

63 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 8 continued from previous page) Female Country Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b South Carolina (Black) South Carolina (White) South Dakota Tennessee Tennessee (Black) Tennessee (White) Texas Texas (Asian and Pacific Islander) Texas (Black) Texas (White) Utah Vermont Virginia Virginia (Asian and Pacific Islander) Virginia (Black) Virginia (White) Washington State Washington, Seattle West Virginia Wisconsin Wisconsin (Black) Wisconsin (White) Wyoming South America Argentina 1 Bahia Blanca Cordoba Mendoza Tierra del Fuego Bolivia Brazil 1 Aracaju Belo Horizonte Cuiaba Fortaleza Goiania Sao Paulo Chile 1 Bío Bío Province Region of Antofagasta Valdivia Colombia 1 Bucaramanga Cali Manizales Pasto Ecuador 1 Cuenca Quito Guyana Paraguay Peru 2 Trujillo Suriname Uruguay 1 National Venezuela Data accessed on 05 May a Accumulated number of cases during the period in the population covered by the corresponding registry. b Rates per 100,000 women per year. Data sources: 1 Forman D, Bray F, Brewster DH, Gombe Mbalawa C, Kohler B, Piñeros M, Steliarova-Foucher E, Swaminathan R and Ferlay J eds (2013). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. X (electronic version) Lyon, IARC. 2 Curado. M. P., Edwards, B., Shin. H.R., Storm. H., Ferlay. J., Heanue. M. and Boyle. P., eds (2007). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. IX. IARC Scientific Publications No. 160, Lyon, IARC.

64 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 37: Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in Brazil (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) * * 1991* * 1995* 1996* * * * 2007* All ages yrs yrs *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr Data was provided by the Goiania registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: Figure 38: Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in Canada (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) All ages yrs yrs Data accessed on 27 Apr The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: Figure 39: Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in Colombia (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) * * 1989* 1990* 1991* 1992* 1993* * 2002* * 2005* 2006* 2007 All ages yrs yrs *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr Data was provided by the Cali registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

65 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 40: Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in Costa Rica (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) * 1981* 1982* * 1987* 1988* * 1991* * * * 2002* 2003* All ages yrs yrs *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr Data was provided by the national registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: Figure 41: Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in Ecuador (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) * 1986* 1987* 1988* 1989* 1990* * * 1995* 1996* 1997* 1998* 1999* 2000* 2001* * 2004* 2005* 2006* 2007 All ages yrs yrs *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr Data was provided by the Quito registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: Figure 42: Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in USA (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) All ages yrs yrs Data accessed on 27 Apr The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: California: San Francisco, Connecticut, Georgia: Atlanta, Hawaii, Iowa, Michigan: Detroit, New Mexico, Utah and Washington: Seattle. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

66 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS NOTE. Time trends in cancer incidence are shown only in countries with available data.

67 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Vaginal cancer Cancer of the vagina is a rare cancer, with an estimated 13,000 new cases in 2008, representing 2% of all gynaecologic cancers (de Martel C et al. Lancet Oncol 2012;13(6):607-15). Although unreported and similar to cervical cancer, the majority of vaginal cancer cases (68%) occur in less developed countries. Most vaginal cancers are squamous cell carcinoma (90%) generally attributable to HPV, followed by clear cell adenocarcinomas and melanoma. Metastatic cervical cancer can be misclassified as cancer of the vagina. Invasive vaginal cancer is diagnosed primarily in old women (>=65 years) and the diagnosis is rare in women under 45 years whereas the peak incidence of carcinoma in situ is observed between ages 55 and 70 (Vaccine 2008, Vol. 26, Suppl 10) Table 9: Incidence of vaginal cancer in the Americas by cancer registry Female Country name Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b Caribbean Antigua & Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Cuba 1 Villa Clara Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica 1 Kingston and St Andrew St Kitts & Nevis St Lucia St Vincent & The Grenadines Trinidad & Tobago Central America Belize Costa Rica 1 National El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Northern America Canada 1 Alberta British Columbia Manitoba National New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon USA 1 Alabama Alabama (Black) Alabama (White) Alaska Alaska (American Indian) Arizona (Continued on next page)

68 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 9 continued from previous page) Female Country name Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b Arizona (American Indian) Arizona (Asian and Pacific Islander) Arizona (Black) Arizona (White) Arkansas Arkansas (Black) Arkansas (White) California California (American Indian) California (Asian and Pacific Islander) California (Black) California (White) California, Los Angeles County California, Los Angeles County (Asian and Pacific Islander) California, Los Angeles County (Black) California, Los Angeles County (Chinese) California, Los Angeles County (Filipino) California, Los Angeles County (Hispanic White) California, Los Angeles County (Japanese) California, Los Angeles County (Korean) California, Los Angeles County (Non-Hispanic White) California, Los Angeles County (White) California: San Francisco California: San Francisco (Asian and Pacific Islander) California: San Francisco (Black) California: San Francisco (Hispanic White) California: San Francisco (Non-Hispanic White) California: San Francisco (White) Colorado Colorado (Asian and Pacific Islander) Colorado (Black) Colorado (White) Connecticut Connecticut (Black) Connecticut (White) Delaware Delaware (Black) Delaware (White) Florida Florida (Asian and Pacific Islander) Florida (Black) Florida (White) Georgia Georgia (Asian and Pacific Islander) Georgia (Black) Georgia (White) Georgia, Atlanta Georgia, Atlanta (Black) Georgia, Atlanta (White) Hawaii (Continued on next page)

69 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 9 continued from previous page) Female Country name Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b Hawaii (Chinese) Hawaii (Filipino) Hawaii (Hawaiian) Hawaii (Japanese) Hawaii (White) Idaho Illinois Illinois (Asian and Pacific Islander) Illinois (Black) Illinois (White) Indiana Indiana (Black) Indiana (White) Iowa Kentucky Louisiana , Louisiana (Black) , Louisiana (White) , Louisiana, New Orleans , Louisiana, New Orleans (Black) , Louisiana, New Orleans (White) , Maine Massachusetts Massachusetts (Asian and Pacific Islander) Massachusetts (Black) Massachusetts (White) Michigan Michigan (Asian and Pacific Islander) Michigan (Black) Michigan (White) Michigan, Detroit Michigan, Detroit (Black) Michigan, Detroit (White) Mississippi Missouri Missouri (Black) Missouri (White) Montana Montana (American Indian) Nebraska Nebraska (Black) Nebraska (White) New Hampshire New Jersey (Continued on next page)

70 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 9 continued from previous page) Female Country name Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b New Jersey (Black) New Jersey (White) New Mexico New Mexico (Hispanic White) New Mexico (Non-Hispanic White) New Mexico (White) New York State New York State (Asian and Pacific Islander) New York State (Black) New York State (White) North Carolina North Carolina (American Indian) North Carolina (Asian and Pacific Islander) North Carolina (Black) North Carolina (White) North Dakota NPCR (42 States) NPCR (42 States) (American Indian) NPCR (42 States) (Asian and Pacific Islander) NPCR (42 States) (Black) NPCR (42 States) (White) Ohio Ohio (Asian and Pacific Islander) Ohio (Black) Ohio (White) Oklahoma Oklahoma (American Indian) Oklahoma (Black) Oklahoma (White) Oregon Oregon (Asian and Pacific Islander) Oregon (Black) Oregon (White) Pennsylvania Pennsylvania (Asian and Pacific Islander) Pennsylvania (Black) Pennsylvania (White) Puerto Rico Rhode Island Rhode Island (Black) Rhode Island (White) SEER (18 Registries) SEER (18 Registries) (Asian and Pacific Islander) SEER (18 Registries) (Black) SEER (18 Registries) (Hispanic White) SEER (18 Registries) (Non-Hispanic White) SEER (18 Registries) (White) SEER (9 Registries) SEER (9 Registries) (Black) SEER (9 Registries) (White) South Carolina (Continued on next page)

71 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 9 continued from previous page) Female Country name Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b South Carolina (Black) South Carolina (White) South Dakota Tennessee Tennessee (Black) Tennessee (White) Texas Texas (Asian and Pacific Islander) Texas (Black) Texas (White) Utah Vermont Virginia Virginia (Asian and Pacific Islander) Virginia (Black) Virginia (White) Washington State Washington, Seattle West Virginia Wisconsin Wisconsin (Black) Wisconsin (White) Wyoming South America Argentina 1 Bahia Blanca Cordoba Mendoza Tierra del Fuego Bolivia Brazil 1 Aracaju Belo Horizonte Cuiaba Fortaleza Goiania Sao Paulo Chile 1 Bío Bío Province Region of Antofagasta Valdivia Colombia 1 Bucaramanga Cali Manizales Pasto Ecuador 1 Cuenca Quito Guyana Paraguay Peru 2 Trujillo Suriname Uruguay 1 National Venezuela Latin America & Caribbean Data accessed on 05 May Please refer to original source (available at a Accumulated number of cases during the period in the population covered by the corresponding registry. b Rates per 100,000 women per year. Data sources: (Continued on next page)

72 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 9 continued from previous page) 1 Forman D, Bray F, Brewster DH, Gombe Mbalawa C, Kohler B, Piñeros M, Steliarova-Foucher E, Swaminathan R and Ferlay J eds (2013). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. X (electronic version) Lyon, IARC. 2 Curado. M. P., Edwards, B., Shin. H.R., Storm. H., Ferlay. J., Heanue. M. and Boyle. P., eds (2007). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. IX. IARC Scientific Publications No. 160, Lyon, IARC. Figure 43: Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in Brazil (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) * 1989* 1990* 1991* 1992* * 1997* * 2000* 2001* 2002* * 2006* 2007* All ages yrs yrs *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr Data was provided by the Goiania registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: Figure 44: Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in Canada (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) * 1981* 1982* 1983* 1984* 1985* 1986* * * * * * 2006* 2007 All ages yrs yrs *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: Figure 45: Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in Colombia (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) * * 1987* 1988* 1989* 1990* * 1993* * 1996* 1997* 1998* * * 2007 All ages yrs yrs *No cases were registered for this age group. (Continued on next page)

73 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Figure 48 continued from previous page) Data accessed on 27 Apr Data was provided by the Cali registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: Figure 46: Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in Costa Rica (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) * * 1985* 1986* 1987* 1988* 1989* * * * * 2000* 2001* 2002* * All ages yrs yrs *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr Data was provided by the national registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: Figure 47: Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in Ecuador (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) * 1986* * 1989* 1990* 1991* 1992* 1993* 1994* 1995* 1996* * 1999* 2000* 2001* 2002* 2003* 2004* 2005* * All ages yrs yrs *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr Data was provided by the Quito registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: Figure 48: Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in USA (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) * All ages yrs yrs

74 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: California: San Francisco, Connecticut, Georgia: Atlanta, Hawaii, Iowa, Michigan: Detroit, New Mexico, Utah and Washington: Seattle. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: NOTE. Time trends in cancer incidence are shown only in countries with available data.

75 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Penile cancer The annual burden of penile cancer has been estimated to be 22,000 cases worldwide with incidence rates strongly correlating with those of cervical cancer (de Martel C et al. Lancet Oncol 2012;13(6):607-15). Penile cancer is rare and most commonly affects men aged years. Incidence rates are higher in less developed countries than in more developed countries, accounting for up to 10% of male cancers in some parts of Africa, South America and Asia. Precursor cancerous penile lesions (PeIN) are rare. Cancers of the penis are primarily of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) (95%) and the most common penile SCC histologic sub-types are keratinising (49%), mixed warty-basaloid (17%), verrucous (8%) warty (6%), and basaloid (4%). HPV is most commonly detected in basaloid and warty tumours but is less common in keratinising and verrucous tumours. Approximately % of PeIN lesions are HPV DNA positive. Table 10: Incidence of penile cancer in the Americas by cancer registry Male Country name Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b Caribbean Antigua & Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Cuba 1 Villa Clara Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica 1 Kingston and St Andrew St Kitts & Nevis St Lucia St Vincent & The Grenadines Trinidad & Tobago Central America Belize Costa Rica 1 National El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Northern America Canada 1 Alberta British Columbia Manitoba National New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon USA 1 Alabama Alabama (Black) (Continued on next page)

76 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 10 continued from previous page) Male Country name Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b Alabama (White) Alaska Alaska (American Indian) Arizona Arizona (American Indian) Arizona (Asian and Pacific Islander) Arizona (Black) Arizona (White) Arkansas Arkansas (Black) Arkansas (White) California California (American Indian) California (Asian and Pacific Islander) California (Black) California (White) California, Los Angeles County California, Los Angeles County (Asian and Pacific Islander) California, Los Angeles County (Black) California, Los Angeles County (Chinese) California, Los Angeles County (Filipino) California, Los Angeles County (Hispanic White) California, Los Angeles County (Japanese) California, Los Angeles County (Korean) California, Los Angeles County (Non-Hispanic White) California, Los Angeles County (White) California: San Francisco California: San Francisco (Asian and Pacific Islander) California: San Francisco (Black) California: San Francisco (Hispanic White) California: San Francisco (Non-Hispanic White) California: San Francisco (White) Colorado Colorado (Asian and Pacific Islander) Colorado (Black) Colorado (White) Connecticut Connecticut (Black) Connecticut (White) Delaware Delaware (Black) Delaware (White) Florida Florida (Asian and Pacific Islander) Florida (Black) Florida (White) Georgia Georgia (Asian and Pacific Islander) Georgia (Black) Georgia (White) (Continued on next page)

77 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 10 continued from previous page) Male Country name Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b Georgia, Atlanta Georgia, Atlanta (Black) Georgia, Atlanta (White) Hawaii Hawaii (Chinese) Hawaii (Filipino) Hawaii (Hawaiian) Hawaii (Japanese) Hawaii (White) Idaho Illinois Illinois (Asian and Pacific Islander) Illinois (Black) Illinois (White) Indiana Indiana (Black) Indiana (White) Iowa Kentucky Louisiana , Louisiana (Black) , Louisiana (White) , Louisiana, New Orleans , Louisiana, New Orleans (Black) , Louisiana, New Orleans (White) , Maine Massachusetts Massachusetts (Asian and Pacific Islander) Massachusetts (Black) Massachusetts (White) Michigan Michigan (Asian and Pacific Islander) Michigan (Black) Michigan (White) Michigan, Detroit Michigan, Detroit (Black) Michigan, Detroit (White) Mississippi Missouri Missouri (Black) Missouri (White) Montana Montana (American Indian) Nebraska (Continued on next page)

78 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 10 continued from previous page) Male Country name Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b Nebraska (Black) Nebraska (White) New Hampshire New Jersey New Jersey (Black) New Jersey (White) New Mexico New Mexico (Hispanic White) New Mexico (Non-Hispanic White) New Mexico (White) New York State New York State (Asian and Pacific Islander) New York State (Black) New York State (White) North Carolina North Carolina (American Indian) North Carolina (Asian and Pacific Islander) North Carolina (Black) North Carolina (White) North Dakota NPCR (42 States) NPCR (42 States) (American Indian) NPCR (42 States) (Asian and Pacific Islander) NPCR (42 States) (Black) NPCR (42 States) (White) Ohio Ohio (Asian and Pacific Islander) Ohio (Black) Ohio (White) Oklahoma Oklahoma (American Indian) Oklahoma (Black) Oklahoma (White) Oregon Oregon (Asian and Pacific Islander) Oregon (Black) Oregon (White) Pennsylvania Pennsylvania (Asian and Pacific Islander) Pennsylvania (Black) Pennsylvania (White) Puerto Rico Rhode Island Rhode Island (Black) Rhode Island (White) SEER (18 Registries) SEER (18 Registries) (Asian and Pacific Islander) SEER (18 Registries) (Black) SEER (18 Registries) (Hispanic White) SEER (18 Registries) (Non-Hispanic White) SEER (18 Registries) (White) (Continued on next page)

79 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 10 continued from previous page) Male Country name Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b SEER (9 Registries) SEER (9 Registries) (Black) SEER (9 Registries) (White) South Carolina South Carolina (Black) South Carolina (White) South Dakota Tennessee Tennessee (Black) Tennessee (White) Texas Texas (Asian and Pacific Islander) Texas (Black) Texas (White) Utah Vermont Virginia Virginia (Asian and Pacific Islander) Virginia (Black) Virginia (White) Washington State Washington, Seattle West Virginia Wisconsin Wisconsin (Black) Wisconsin (White) Wyoming South America Argentina 1 Bahia Blanca Cordoba Mendoza Tierra del Fuego Bolivia Brazil 1 Aracaju Belo Horizonte Cuiaba Fortaleza Goiania Sao Paulo Chile 1 Bío Bío Province Region of Antofagasta Valdivia Colombia 1 Bucaramanga Cali Manizales Pasto Ecuador 1 Cuenca Quito Guyana Paraguay 2 Asuncion Region Peru 3 Trujillo Suriname Uruguay 1 National (Continued on next page)

80 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 10 continued from previous page) Male Country name Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b Venezuela Latin America & Caribbean Data accessed on 05 May Please refer to original source (available at a Accumulated number of cases during the period in the population covered by the corresponding registry. b Rates per 100,000 men per year. Data sources: 1 Forman D, Bray F, Brewster DH, Gombe Mbalawa C, Kohler B, Piñeros M, Steliarova-Foucher E, Swaminathan R and Ferlay J eds (2013). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. X (electronic version) Lyon, IARC. 2 Parkin, D.M.,Muir, C.S.,Whelan, S.L.,Gao, Y.-T.,Ferlay, J.,Powell, J., eds (1992). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. VI. IARC Scientific Publications No. 120, Lyon, IARC. 3 Curado. M. P., Edwards, B., Shin. H.R., Storm. H., Ferlay. J., Heanue. M. and Boyle. P., eds (2007). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. IX. IARC Scientific Publications No. 160, Lyon, IARC. Figure 49: Time trends in penile cancer incidence in Brazil (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) * 1993* * * All ages yrs yrs *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr Data was provided by the Goiania registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: Figure 50: Time trends in penile cancer incidence in Canada (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) * 1979* * 1983* * * * * All ages yrs yrs *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

81 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 51: Time trends in penile cancer incidence in Colombia (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) * * 1988* 1989* * * * * 2007 All ages yrs yrs *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr Data was provided by the Cali registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: Figure 52: Time trends in penile cancer incidence in Costa Rica (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) * * All ages yrs yrs *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr Data was provided by the national registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: Figure 53: Time trends in penile cancer incidence in Ecuador (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) * * 1988* 1989* 1990* * 1993* * 1996* 1997* * 2001* 2002* 2003* * 2006* 2007* All ages yrs yrs *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr Data was provided by the Quito registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from:

82 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 54: Time trends in penile cancer incidence in USA (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 100,000) * * * All ages yrs yrs *No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: California: San Francisco, Connecticut, Georgia: Atlanta, Hawaii, Iowa, Michigan: Detroit, New Mexico, Utah and Washington: Seattle. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Available from: NOTE. Time trends in cancer incidence are shown only in countries with available data.

83 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Head and neck cancers The majority of head and neck cancers are associated with high tobacco and alcohol consumption. However, increasing trends in the incidence at specific sites suggest that other aetiological factors are involved, and infection by certain high-risk types of HPV (i.e. HPV16) have been reported to be associated with head and neck cancers, in particular with oropharyngeal cancer. Current evidence suggests that HPV16 is associated with tonsil cancer (including Waldeyer ring cancer), base of tongue cancer and other oropharyngeal cancer sites. Associations with other head and neck cancer sites such as oral cancer are neither strong nor consistent when compared to molecular-epidemiological data on HPV and oropharyngeal cancer. Association with laryngeal cancer is still unclear (IARC Monograph Vol 100B). Figure 55: Age-standardised incidence rates of head and neck cancer in the Americas (estimates for 2012) Data accessed on 08 May ASR: Age-standardized rate, rates per 100,000 per year. Please refer to original source for methods. Head and neck cancer cases (oropharynx, oral cavity and larynx). GLOBOCAN quality index for availability of incidence data: (Continued on next page)