Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases Report ASIA

Transcription

1 Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases Report ASIA Version posted at on 17 April 218

2 - ii - Copyright and Permissions ICO/IARC Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre), 218. All rights reserved. HPV Information Centre publications can be obtained from the HPV Information Centre Secretariat, Institut Català d Oncologia, Avda. Gran Via de l Hospitalet, L Hospitalet del Llobregat (Barcelona) Spain. hpvcentre@iconcologia.net. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate HPV Information Centre publications - whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution- should be addressed to the HPV Information Centre Secretariat, at the above address. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part the HPV Information Centre concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended the HPV Information Centre in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the HPV Information Centre to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the HPV Information Centre be liable for damages arising from its use. The development of this report has been supported by grants from the European Comission (7th Framework Programme grant HEALTH-F , HEALTH-F , HPV AHEAD). Recommended citation: Bruni L, Barrionuevo-Rosas L, Albero G, Serrano B, Mena M, Gómez D, Muñoz J, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S. ICO/IARC Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre). Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases in Asia. Summary Report 17 April 218. [Date Accessed]

3 - iii - Abbreviations Abbreviation HPV PREHDICT Project Table 1: Abbreviations Full term Human papillomavirus Health economic modelling of prevention strategies for HPV-related diseases in European countries ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cervical Cancer Genital warts Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis Squamous intraepithelial lesions Low-grade cervical lesions High-grade cervical lesions Invasive cervical cancer Carcinoma in situ Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia HPV Information Centre GW RRP SIL LSIL HSIL ICC CIS CIN AIN2/3 Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and/or 3 VIN 2/3 Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and/or 3 VaIN 2/3 Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and/or 3 PeIN 2/3 Penile intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and/or 3 95% CI 95% confidence interval N Number of cases tested HPV Prev HPV prevalence ASR Age-standardised rate MSM Men who have sex with men Non MSM Heterosexual men SCC Squamous cell carcinomas STI Sexually transmitted infections HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome TS Type specific EIA Enzyme immunoassay RLBM Reverse line blotting method RFLP Restriction fragment length polymorphism RHA Reverse hybridisation assay RLH Reverse line hybridisation LiPA Line probe assay SBH Southern blot hybridisation ISH In situ hybridisation MABA Micro array-based assay LBA Line blot assay HC2 Hybrid Capture 2 SAT Suspension array technology PCR Polymerase chain reaction SPF Short primer fragment q-pcr Quantitative polymerase chain reaction RLBH Reverse line blot hybridisation RT-PCR Real-time polymerase chain reaction DBH Dot blot hybridisation HR High risk DSA Direct sequence analysis MAA Microchip array assay

4 - iv - Executive summary Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is now a well-established cause of cervical cancer and there is growing evidence of HPV being a relevant factor in other anogenital cancers (anus, vulva, vagina and penis) as well as head and neck cancers. HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for about 7% of all cervical cancer cases worldwide. HPV vaccines that prevent HPV 16 and 18 infections are now available and have the potential to reduce the incidence of cervical and other anogenital cancers. This report provides key information for Asia on: cervical cancer; other anogenital cancers, and head and neck cancers; HPV-related statistics; factors contributing to cervical cancer; cervical cancer screening practises; HPV vaccine introduction, and other relevant immunization indicators. The report is intended to strengthen the guidance for health policy implementation of primary and secondary cervical cancer prevention strategies in the region. Asia has an estimated population of million women aged 15 years and older who are at risk of developing cervical cancer. Current estimates indicate that every year 284,823 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 144,434 die from the disease. Cervical cancer ranks as the third most frequent cancer among women in Asia. Ranking of cervical cancer incidence to other cancers among all women according to highest incidence rates (ranking 1st). Ranking is based on crude incidence rates (actual number of cervical cancer cases). Ranking using age-standardized rate (ASR) may differ. Population Women at risk for cervical cancer (Female population aged >=15 yrs) in millions Burden of cervical cancer Table 2: Key statistics on Asia and its regions Asia Asia Central Asia Eastern Asia Annual number of new cervical cancer cases 284,823 5,85 78,6 5, , ,946 Standardized incidence rates per 1, population in cervical cancer South-Eastern Asia Southern Asia Western Asia Annual number of cervical cancer deaths 144,434 2,286 36,32 23,989 79,958 79,958 Standardized mortality rates per 1, population in cervical cancer Burden of cervical HPV infection HPV prevalence (%) in the general population (women with normal cytology) Prevalence (%) of HPV 16 and/or HPV 18 among women with: Normal cytology Low-grade cervical lesions (LSIL/CIN-1) High-grade cervical lesions (HSIL/ CIN-2 / CIN-3 / CIS) Cervical cancer LSIL, low-grade intraepithelial lesions; HSIL, high-grade intraepithelial lesions; CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; CIS, carcinoma in-situ. Please see the specific sections for more information.

5 LIST OF CONTENTS - v - Contents Abbreviations Executive summary iii iv 1 Introduction 1 2 Demographic and socioeconomic factors 3 3 Burden of HPV-related cancers Cervical cancer Incidence Mortality Comparison of incidence and mortality Anogenital cancers other than the cervix Anal cancer Vulvar cancer Vaginal cancer Penile cancer Head and neck cancers Pharyngeal cancer (excluding nasopharynx) HPV-related statistics HPV burden in women with normal cervical cytology, cervical precancerous lesions or invasive cervical cancer HPV prevalence in women with normal cervical cytology HPV type distribution among women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cervical lesions and cervical cancer HPV type distribution among HIV+ women with normal cervical cytology Terminology HPV burden in anogenital cancers other than the cervix Anal cancer and precancerous anal lesions Vulvar cancer and precancerous vulvar lesions Vaginal cancer and precancerous vaginal lesions Penile cancer and precancerous penile lesions HPV burden in men HPV burden in the head and neck Burden of oral HPV infection in healthy population HPV burden in head and neck cancers Factors contributing to cervical cancer 12 6 Sexual behaviour and reproductive health indicators HPV preventive strategies Cervical cancer screening practices HPV vaccination HPV vaccine licensure and introduction Protective factors for cervical cancer 13 9 References Glossary 144

6 LIST OF FIGURES - vi - List of Figures 1 Asian regions Population pyramid of Asia Population trends in four selected age groups in Asia for Age-standardised incidence rates (ASR) of cervical cancer in regions of Asia (estimates for 212) Age-standardised incidence rates of cervical cancer in Asia (estimates for 212) Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Asia (estimates for 212) Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among all women and women aged years, according to incidence rates in Asia (estimates for 212) Comparison of the ten most frequent cancers in all women in Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) Comparison of the ten most frequent cancers in women aged years by Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) Age-specific incidence of cervical cancer in Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) Annual number of new cases of cervical cancer by age group in Asian regions (estimates for 212) Annual number of cases and age-specific incidence rates of cervical cancer in Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) Annual number of cases and age-specific incidence rates of cervical cancer in Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) (Continued) Time trends in cervical cancer incidence type in India (cancer registry data) Time trends in cervical cancer incidence type in Japan (cancer registry data) Time trends in cervical cancer incidence type in Philippines (cancer registry data) Time trends in cervical cancer incidence type in Thailand (cancer registry data) Age-standardised mortality rates (ASR) of cervical cancer in Asian regions (estimates for 212) Age-standardised mortality rates of cervical cancer in Asia (estimates for 212) Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among all women and women aged years, according to mortality rates in Asia (estimates for 212) Comparison of the ten most frequent cancer deaths in women aged years in Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) Comparison of the ten most frequent cancer deaths in women of all ages in Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) Age-specific mortality of cervical cancer in Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) Annual number of deaths of cervical cancer by age group in Asian regions (estimates for 212) Annual number of deaths and age-specific mortality rates of cervical cancer in Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) Annual number of deaths and age-specific mortality rates of cervical cancer in Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) (Continued) Age-specific incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer in Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) Age-standardised incidence rates of anogenital cancers other than the cervix in Asia (estimates for 212) Age-standardised incidence rate of other anogenital cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Asia (estimates for 212) Time trends in anal cancer incidence in India (cancer registry data) Time trends in anal cancer incidence in Israel (cancer registry data) Time trends in anal cancer incidence in Japan (cancer registry data) Time trends in anal cancer incidence in Philippines (cancer registry data) Time trends in anal cancer incidence in Singapore (cancer registry data) Time trends in anal cancer incidence in Thailand (cancer registry data) Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in India (cancer registry data) Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in Israel (cancer registry data) Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in Japan (cancer registry data) Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in Philippines (cancer registry data) Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in Singapore (cancer registry data) Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in Thailand (cancer registry data) Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in India (cancer registry data) Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in Israel (cancer registry data) Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in Japan (cancer registry data) Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in Philippines (cancer registry data) Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in Singapore (cancer registry data) Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in Thailand (cancer registry data) Time trends in penile cancer incidence in India (cancer registry data) Time trends in penile cancer incidence in Israel (cancer registry data) Time trends in penile cancer incidence in Japan (cancer registry data) Time trends in penile cancer incidence in Philippines (cancer registry data) Time trends in penile cancer incidence in Singapore (cancer registry data)

7 LIST OF FIGURES - vii - 53 Time trends in penile cancer incidence in Thailand (cancer registry data) Age-standardised incidence rates of head and neck cancer in Asia (estimates for 212) Age-standardised incidence rate of head and neck cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Asia (estimates for 212) Comparison of cancer incidence and mortality of pharynx (excluding nasopharynx) in males by age group in Asia and its regions. Includes ICD-1 codes: C9-1,C12-14 (estimates for 212) Comparison of cancer incidence and mortality of pharynx (excluding nasopharynx) in females by age group in Asia and its regions. Includes ICD-1 codes: C9-1,C12-14 (estimates for 212) Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia Crude age-specific HPV prevalence (%) and 95% confidence interval in women with normal cervical cytology in Asia and its regions Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study (continued) Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study (continued) Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study (continued) Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study (continued) Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study (continued) Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types among women with and without cervical lesions in Asia and its regions Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types among women with and without cervical lesions in Asia and its regions (continued) Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types among women with invasive cervical cancer by histology in Asia and its regions Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types among women with invasive cervical cancer by histology in Asia and its regions (continued) Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Asia and the World Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in Asia and the World Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vaginal cancer cases in Asia and the World Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in penile cancer cases in Asia and the World Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World Prevalence of female tobacco smoking in Asia Total fertility rates in Asia Prevalence of hormonal contraceptive use in Asia Prevalence of HIV in Asia Percentage of 15-year-old girls who report sexual intercourse in Asia Status of HPV vaccination programmes in Asia Prevalence of male circumcision in Asia Prevalence of condom use in Asia

8 LIST OF TABLES - viii - List of Tables 1 Abbreviations iii 2 Key statistics on Asia and its regions Asia iv 3 Population (in millions) estimates in Asia for Sociodemographic indicators in Asia Incidence of cervical cancer in Asia (estimates for 212) Cervical cancer mortality in Asia (estimates for 212) Incidence of anal cancer in Asia by cancer registry and sex Incidence of vulvar cancer in Asia by cancer registry Incidence of vaginal cancer in Asia by cancer registry Incidence of penile cancer in Asia by cancer registry Cancer incidence of pharynx (excluding nasopharynx) in Asia and its regions by sex. Includes ICD-1 codes: C9-1, C12-14 (estimates for 212) Cancer mortality of pharynx (excluding nasopharynx) in Asia and its regions by sex. Includes ICD-1 codes: C9-1, C12-14 (estimates for 212) Prevalence of HPV 16/18 in women with normal cytology, precancerous cervical lesions and invasive cervical cancer in Asia Type-specific HPV prevalence in women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cervical lesions and invasive cervical cancer in Asia Type-specific HPV prevalence among invasive cervical cancer cases in Asia by histology Asian studies on HPV prevalence among HIV women with normal cytology Asian studies on HPV prevalence among anal cancer cases (male and female) Asian studies on HPV prevalence among AIN 2/3 cases (male and female) Asian studies on HPV prevalence among vulvar cancer cases Asian studies on HPV prevalence among VIN 2/3 cases Asian studies on HPV prevalence among vaginal cancer cases Asian studies on HPV prevalence among VaIN 2/3 cases Asian studies on HPV prevalence among penile cancer cases Asian studies on HPV prevalence among PeIN 2/3 cases Asian studies on anogenital HPV prevalence among men Asian studies on anogenital HPV prevalence among men from special subgroups Asian studies on oral HPV prevalence among healthy population Asian studies on HPV prevalence among cases of oral cavity cancer Asian studies on HPV prevalence in cases of oropharyngeal cancer Asian studies on HPV prevalence in cases of hypopharyngeal or laryngeal cancer Cervical cancer screening policies in Asia HPV vaccination policies for the female population in Asia References of studies included Glossary

9 1 INTRODUCTION Introduction Figure 1: Asian regions The HPV Information Centre aims to compile and centralise updated data and statistics on human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV-related cancers. This report aims to summarise the data available to fully evaluate the burden of disease in Asia and to facilitate stakeholders and relevant bodies of decision makers to formulate recommendations on the prevention of cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. Data include relevant cancer statistic estimates, epidemiological determinants of cervical cancer such as demographics, socioeconomic factors, risk factors, burden of HPV infection in women and men, and cervical screening and immunisation practises. The report is structured into the following sections: Section 2, Demographic and socioeconomic factors. This section summarises the sociodemographic profile of Asia. For analytical purposes, Asia is divided into five regions: Central Asia, Eastern Asia, South-Eastern Asia, Southern Asia, Western Asia (Figure 1). Section 3, Burden of HPV-related cancers. This section describes the current burden of invasive cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers in Asia with estimates of prevalence, incidence and mortality rates. Section 4, HPV-related statistics. This section summarises reports on prevalence of HPV and HPV type-specific distribution in women with normal cytology, women with precancerous lesions and invasive cervical cancer. In addition, the burden of HPV in other anogenital cancers (anus, vulva, vagina, and penis) is presented. Section 5, Factors contributing to cervical cancer. This section describes factors that can modify the natural history of HPV and cervical carcinogenesis such as the use of smoking, parity, oral contraceptive use and co-infection with HIV.

10 1 INTRODUCTION Section 6, Sexual behaviour and reproductive health indicators. This section presents sexual and reproductive behaviour indicators that may be used as proxy measures of risk for HPV infection and anogenital cancers. Section 7, HPV preventive strategies. This section presents preventive strategies that include basic characteristics and performance of cervical cancer screening status, status of HPV vaccine licensure introduction, and recommendations in national immunisation programmes. Section 8, Protective factors for cervical cancer. This section presents the prevalence of male circumcision and condom use.

11 2 DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS Demographic and socioeconomic factors Table 3: Population (in millions) estimates in Asia for 217 Region / Country Male Female 1-14 years 15+ years Total 1-14 years 15+ years Total Asia ± Central Asia ± Kazakhstan ± Kyrgyzstan ± Tajikistan ± Turkmenistan ± Uzbekistan ± Eastern Asia ± China a,± DPR Korea ± Japan ± Mongolia ± Rep. Korea ± Taiwan ± South-Eastern Asia ± Brunei ± Cambodia ± Indonesia ± Laos ± Malaysia b,± Myanmar ± Philippines ± Singapore ± Thailand ± Timor-Leste ± Viet Nam ± Southern Asia ± Afghanistan Bangladesh ± Bhutan ± India ± Iran ± Maldives ± Nepal ± Pakistan ± Sri Lanka ± Western Asia ± Armenia ± Azerbaijan c,± Bahrain ± Georgia d,± Iraq ± Israel ± Jordan ± Kuwait ± Lebanon ± Oman ± Palestine e,± Qatar ± Saudi Arabia ± Syria ± Turkey ± UAE Yemen ± Data accessed on 27 Mar 217. Please refer to original source for methods of estimation. a For statistical purposes, the data for China do not include Hong Kong and Macao, Special Administrative Regions (SAR) of China, and Taiwan Province of China. b Including Sabah and Sarawak. c Including Nagorno-Karabakh. d Including Abkhazia and South Ossetia. e Including East Jerusalem. Year of estimate: ± 217; Data sources: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (215). World Population Prospects: The 215 Revision, DVD Edition. Available at: unpd/wpp/download/standard/population/. [Accessed on March 21, 217].

12 2 DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS Figure 2: Population pyramid of Asia Males Females Under 5 27,548,2 38,793,556 29,13,511 33,829,586 43,615,44 47,888,567 67,748,27 7,976,132 91,631,357 92,329,217 18,573,262 17,366, ,549, ,368, ,393, ,942, ,659,946 15,82,379 16,877, ,296, ,86,69 174,769, ,71,23 184,836, ,96, ,8,612 18,741, ,993, ,64, ,45, ,15, ,238, ,89, ,316,67 Population (in thousands) in Asia by sex and age group Data accessed on 27 Mar 217. Please refer to original source for methods of estimation. Year of estimate: 217; Data sources: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (215). World Population Prospects: The 215 Revision, DVD Edition. Available at: unpd/wpp/download/standard/population/. [Accessed on March 21, 217]. Number of women (in millions) Figure 3: Population trends in four selected age groups in Asia for 217 Projections Women yrs Girls 1 14 yrs Number of women (in millions) 2,7 2,2 1,7 1,2 7 2 Projections All Women Women yrs Female population trends in Asia Number of women by year and age group Data accessed on 27 Mar 217. Please refer to original source for methods of estimation. Year of estimate: 217; Data sources: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (215). World Population Prospects: The 215 Revision, DVD Edition. Available at: unpd/wpp/download/standard/population/. [Accessed on March 21, 217].

13 2 DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS Table 4: Sociodemographic indicators in Asia Indicator Male Female Total Population in thousands 1,± 2,29, ,188, ,478,315.5 Population growth rate (%) 1, Median age of the population (in years) 1, Population living in urban areas (%) 2, Crude birth rate (births per 1,) 1, Crude death rate (deaths per 1,) 1, Life expectancy at birth (in years) 3,a,b Adult mortality rate (probability of dying between 15 and 6 years old per 1,) 4 Under age five mortality rate (per 1, live births) 3,c Density of physicians (per 1, population) 5,d Gross national income per capita (PPP current international $) 6,e Adult literacy rate (%) (aged 15 and older) 7, Youth literacy rate (%) (aged years) 7, Net primary school enrollment ratio 7,f, Net secondary school enrollment ratio 7,f, Data accessed on 27 Mar 217. Please refer to original source for methods of estimation. a World Population Prospects, the 215 revision (WPP215). New York (NY): United Nations DESA, Population Division. b WHO annual life tables for based on the WPP215, on the data held in the WHO Mortality Database and on HIV mortality estimates prepared by UNAIDS. WHO Member States with a population of less than 9 in 215 were not included in the analysis. c Levels & Trends in Child Mortality. Report 215. Estimates Developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. New York (NY), Geneva and Washington (DC): United Nations Children s Fund, World Health Organization, World Bank and United Nations; 215 ( Web_9_Sept_15.pdf, accessed 26 March 216). d Number of medical doctors (physicians), including generalist and specialist medical practitioners, per 1 population. e GNI per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GNI is gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current international dollars based on the 211 ICP round. f UIS Estimation Year of estimate: ± 217; ; 215; 214; Data sources: 1 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (215). World Population Prospects: The 215 Revision, DVD Edition. Available at: org/unpd/wpp/download/standard/population/. [Accessed on March 21, 217]. 2 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (214). World Urbanization Prospects: The 214 Revision, CD-ROM Edition. Available at: https: //esa.un.org/unpd/wup/cd-rom/. [Accessed on March 21, 217]. 3 World Health Statistics 216. Geneva, World Health Organization, 216. Available at: html. [Accessed on March 21, 217]. 4 World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory data repository. Available at: [Accessed on March 21, 217]. 5 The 216 update, Global Health Workforce Statistics, World Health Organization, Geneva ( [Accessed on March 21, 217]. 6 World Bank, World Development Indicators Database. Washington, DC. International Comparison Program database. Available at: aspx?source=world-development-indicators#. [Accessed on March 21, 217]. 7 UNESCO Institute for Statistics Data Centre [online database]. Montreal, UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Available at: [Accessed on March 21, 217].

14 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Burden of HPV-related cancers 3.1 Cervical cancer Cancer of the cervix uteri is the 4th most common cancer among women worldwide, with an estimated 527,624 new cases and 265,672 deaths in 212 (GLOBOCAN). The majority of cases are squamous cell carcinoma followed by adenocarcinomas. (Vaccine 26, Vol. 24, Suppl 3; Vaccine 28, Vol. 26, Suppl 1; Vaccine 212, Vol. 3, Suppl 5; IARC Monographs 27, Vol. 9) This section describes the current burden of invasive cervical cancer in Asia and its regions with estimates of the annual number of new cases, deaths, incidence and mortality Incidence KEY STATS About 284,823 new cervical cancer cases are diagnosed annually in Asia (estimates for 212). Cervical cancer ranks as the 3 rd leading cause of female cancer in Asia. Cervical cancer is the 2 nd most common female cancer in women aged 15 to 44 years in Asia. Ranking of cervical cancer incidence to other cancers among all women according to highest incidence rates (ranking 1st). Ranking is based on crude incidence rates (actual number of cervical cancer cases). Ranking using age-standardized rate (ASR) may differ. Figure 4: Age-standardised incidence rates (ASR) of cervical cancer in regions of Asia (estimates for 212) Southern Asia 19.3 Central Asia 18.6 South Eastern Asia 16.3 Eastern Asia 7.9 Western Asia Cervical cancer: Age standardised mortality rate per 1, women World Standard. Female (All ages) Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. (Continued on next page)

15 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Figure 4 continued from previous page) Rates per 1, women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from: Figure 5: Age-standardised incidence rates of cervical cancer in Asia (estimates for 212) Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. Rates per 1, women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from:

16 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 6: Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Asia (estimates for 212) Kazakhstan Mongolia Cambodia Kyrgyzstan India Myanmar Bangladesh Nepal Thailand Indonesia Brunei Philippines Malaysia Georgia Armenia Uzbekistan Timor Leste Turkmenistan Sri Lanka Bhutan Laos DPR Korea Maldives Japan Viet Nam Tajikistan Azerbaijan Rep. Korea UAE Afghanistan Singapore Pakistan China Bahrain Oman Qatar Lebanon Israel Turkey Kuwait Yemen Iraq Iran Saudi Arabia Syria Jordan Palestine Taiwan Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 1, women World Standard. Female (All ages) No rates are available. Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. Rates per 1, women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from:

17 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Table 5: Incidence of cervical cancer in Asia (estimates for 212) Cumulative risk (%) Ranking of CC Area N cases Crude rate a ASR a ages -74 years b All women Women years Asia 284, Central Asia 5, Kazakhstan 2, Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan 1, Eastern Asia 78, China 61, DPR Korea 1, Japan 9, Mongolia Republic of Korea 3, South-Eastern 5, Asia Brunei Cambodia 1, Indonesia 2, Laos Malaysia 2, Myanmar 5, Philippines 6, Singapore Thailand 8, Timor-Leste Viet Nam 5, Southern Asia 145, Afghanistan Bangladesh 11, Bhutan India 122, Iran Maldives Nepal 2, Pakistan 5, Sri Lanka 1, Western Asia 4, Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Georgia Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey 1, United Arab Emirates Yemen Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. ASR: Age-standardized rate, Standardized rates have been estimated using the direct method and the World population as the reference; Standardised rates have ben estimated using the direct method and the World population as the reference. Ranking of cervical cancer incidence to other cancers among all women ages years according to highest incidence rates (ranking 1st). Ranking is based on crude incidence rates (actual number of cervical cancer cases). Ranking using ASR may differ. a Rates per 1, women per year. b Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages -74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from:

18 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 7: Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among all women and women aged years, according to incidence rates in Asia (estimates for 212) Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from:

19 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 8: Comparison of the ten most frequent cancers in all women in Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) Asia South Eastern Asia Breast 29.1 Breast 34.8 Cervix uteri 12.7 Cervix uteri 16.3 Lung 12.7 Lung 1.5 Colorectum(a) 11.1 Colorectum(a) 1.2 Stomach 9.3 Liver 7.2 Liver 6.9 Ovary 6.5 Corpus uteri 5.9 Corpus uteri 5.1 Ovary 5. Thyroid 4.5 Thyroid 5. Stomach 4.1 Oesophagus 4.3 Leukaemia Central Asia Southern Asia Breast 39.2 Breast 27.7 Cervix uteri 18.6 Cervix uteri 19.3 Stomach 11.3 Colorectum(a) 4.9 Colorectum(a) 11. Ovary 4.9 Corpus uteri 9.1 Lip, oral cavity 4.8 Oesophagus 6.9 Stomach 4. Lung 5.9 Oesophagus 3.8 Liver 5. Lung 3.3 Ovary 5. Corpus uteri 2.4 Brain, nervous system 3.9 Gallbladder Eastern Asia Western Asia Breast 27. Breast 42.8 Lung 19.2 Colorectum(a) 12.4 Colorectum(a) 14.6 Thyroid 9.8 Stomach 13.8 Corpus uteri 7.6 Liver 1.2 Stomach 7.3 Corpus uteri 8.6 Lung 7.1 Cervix uteri 7.9 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) 5.5 Thyroid 7.6 Ovary 5.3 Oesophagus 5.4 Brain, nervous system 5. Ovary 4.7 Leukaemia Age standardised incidence rate per 1, women in Asia Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. a Includes anal cancer (C21). b Includes HIV disease resulting in malignant neoplasms (B21). Data sources: (Continued on next page)

20 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Figure 8 continued from previous page) Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from: Figure 9: Comparison of the ten most frequent cancers in women aged years by Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) Asia South Eastern Asia Breast 18.8 Breast 2. Cervix uteri 9.5 Cervix uteri 1.6 Thyroid 5.1 Ovary 4.4 Ovary 3. Thyroid 4.4 Corpus uteri 2.5 Leukaemia 2.7 Colorectum(a) 2.2 Colorectum(a) 2.4 Leukaemia 2.2 Corpus uteri 1.9 Brain, nervous system 1.7 Nasopharynx 1.8 Stomach 1.7 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) 1.7 Lung 1.5 Lung Central Asia Southern Asia Cervix uteri 18.5 Breast 16.7 Breast 15.9 Cervix uteri 1. Corpus uteri 5.1 Ovary 2.4 Brain, nervous system 3.7 Colorectum(a) 1.7 Ovary 3.1 Thyroid 1.6 Leukaemia 2.3 Lip, oral cavity 1.5 Stomach 2.2 Leukaemia 1.4 Colorectum(a) 2. Stomach 1.1 Lung 1.3 Brain, nervous system.9 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) 1.3 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) Eastern Asia Western Asia Breast 2.5 Breast 21.7 Cervix uteri 9.2 Thyroid 9.9 Thyroid 9. Colorectum(a) 3. Corpus uteri 5.1 Cervix uteri 2.7 Ovary 3.2 Brain, nervous system 2.6 Leukaemia 2.8 Ovary 2.4 Stomach 2.7 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) 2.3 Lung 2.5 Leukaemia 2.2 Brain, nervous system 2.4 Hodgkin lymphoma 1.8 Colorectum(a) 2.4 Stomach Age standardised incidence rate per 1, women in Asia

21 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. a Includes anal cancer (C21). b Includes HIV disease resulting in malignant neoplasms (B21). Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from: Figure 1: Age-specific incidence of cervical cancer in Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) Age specific incidence rates of cervical cancer per 1, Asia Central Asia Eastern Asia South Eastern Asia Southern Asia Western Asia >=75 Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. Rates per 1, women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from:

22 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 11: Annual number of new cases of cervical cancer by age group in Asian regions (estimates for 212) Southern Asia Eastern Asia South Eastern Asia Central Asia Western Asia Annual number of new cases of cervical cancer 2, 18, 16, 14, 12, 1, 8, 6, 4, 2, 188,892 55,178 4, Southern Asia years: 22,677 cases years: 14,433 cases. 65+ years: 18,83 cases. Eastern Asia years: 2,452 cases years: 45,614 cases. 65+ years: 11,873 cases. South-Eastern Asia years: 9,82 cases years: 32,892 cases. 65+ years: 8,581 cases. Central Asia years: 2,68 cases years: 3,159 cases. 65+ years: 622 cases. Western Asia years: 899 cases years: 2,794 cases. 65+ years: 762 cases. Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from:

23 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 12: Annual number of cases and age-specific incidence rates of cervical cancer in Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) Asia Central Asia Age specific rates of cervical cancer(a) , 188,892 18, 96, Annual number of cases of cervical cancer 152, 114, 76, 38, 55,178 4, , 72, 6, 48, 36, 24, 12, 2,68 3, Asia yrs: 195 cases yrs: 2,443 cases yrs: 8,394 cases yrs: 16,585 cases yrs: 27,561 cases yrs: 39,251 cases yrs: 44,16 cases yrs: 42,416 cases yrs: 36,759 cases yrs: 26,36 cases. Central Asia yrs: 1 cases yrs: 178 cases yrs: 483 cases yrs: 633 cases yrs: 764 cases yrs: 779 cases yrs: 793 cases yrs: 714 cases yrs: 532 cases yrs: 341 cases. Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. a Rates per 1, women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from:

24 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 13: Annual number of cases and age-specific incidence rates of cervical cancer in Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) (Continued) Eastern Asia Southern Asia Age specific rates of cervical cancer(a) , 96, Annual number of cases of cervical cancer 84, 72, 6, 48, 36, 24, 12, 2,452 45,614 11, South Eastern Asia Age specific rates of cervical cancer(a) , 14,433 96, 84, 72, 6, 48, 36, 24, 12, 22,677 18, Western Asia , 18, 96, 96, Annual number of cases of cervical cancer 84, 72, 6, 48, 36, 24, 32,892 84, 72, 6, 48, 36, 24, 12, 9,82 8, , 899 2, Eastern Asia yrs: 13 cases yrs: 1,352 cases yrs: 4,13 cases yrs: 5,73 cases yrs: 9,254 cases yrs: 12,689 cases yrs: 11,213 cases yrs: 8,691 cases yrs: 7,499 cases yrs: 5,522 cases. South-Eastern Asia yrs: 122 cases yrs: 484 cases yrs: 1,21 cases yrs: 2,742 cases yrs: 4,524 cases yrs: 6,616 cases yrs: 7,774 cases yrs: 7,576 cases yrs: 6,39 cases yrs: 4,617 cases. Southern Asia yrs: 48 cases yrs: 412 cases yrs: 2,514 cases yrs: 7,165 cases yrs: 12,538 cases yrs: 18,592 cases yrs: 23,712 cases yrs: 24,794 cases yrs: 21,894 cases yrs: 15,441 cases. Western Asia yrs: 2 cases yrs: 17 cases yrs: 84 cases yrs: 315 cases yrs: 481 cases yrs: 575 cases yrs: 668 cases yrs: 641 cases yrs: 525 cases yrs: 385 cases. Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. (Continued on next page)

25 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Figure 13 continued from previous page) a Rates per 1, women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from:

26 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 14: Time trends in cervical cancer incidence type in India (cancer registry data) Recent trend : 1.6 ( 2.7 to.4) (1, b) Overall trend : 3.4 ( 3.7 to 3.) (1, a) Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages (2, c) yrs (2, c) yrs (2, c) Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. a Estimated annual percentage change based on the trend variable from the net drift for the most recent two 5-year periods. b Estimated annual percentage change based on the trend variable from the net drift for 2 years, from c The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: Chennai (Madras), Mumbay (Bombay), Poona. Data sources: 1 Vaccarella S, Lortet-Tieulent J, Plummer M, Franceschi S, Bray F. Worldwide trends in cervical cancer incidence: Impact of screening against changes in disease risk factors. eur J Cancer 213;49: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from: Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) Figure 15: Time trends in cervical cancer incidence type in Japan (cancer registry data) Recent trend : 4.8 ( 5.9 to 3.6) (1, b) Overall trend : 5.4 ( 5.6 to 5.2) (1, a) All ages (2, c) yrs (2, c) yrs (2, c) Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. a Estimated annual percentage change based on the trend variable from the net drift for the most recent two 5-year periods. b Estimated annual percentage change based on the trend variable from the net drift for 25 years, from c The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: Miyagi Prefecture, Nagasaki Prefecture, Osaka Prefecture. Data sources: 1 Vaccarella S, Lortet-Tieulent J, Plummer M, Franceschi S, Bray F. Worldwide trends in cervical cancer incidence: Impact of screening against changes in disease risk factors. eur J Cancer 213;49: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from:

27 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 16: Time trends in cervical cancer incidence type in Philippines (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) Recent trend : 3. ( 4.2 to 1.7) (1, b) Overall trend : 1.5 ( 1.9 to 1.1) (1, a) All ages (2) yrs (2) yrs (2) Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. a Estimated annual percentage change based on the trend variable from the net drift for the most recent two 5-year periods. b Estimated annual percentage change based on the trend variable from the net drift for 2 years, from Data sources: 1 Vaccarella S, Lortet-Tieulent J, Plummer M, Franceschi S, Bray F. Worldwide trends in cervical cancer incidence: Impact of screening against changes in disease risk factors. eur J Cancer 213;49: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from: Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) Figure 17: Time trends in cervical cancer incidence type in Thailand (cancer registry data) Recent trend :2.6 (.9 to 4.4) (1, b) Overall trend :.6 (. to 1.2) (1, a) All ages (2, c) yrs (2, c) yrs (2, c) Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. a Estimated annual percentage change based on the trend variable from the net drift for the most recent two 5-year periods. b Estimated annual percentage change based on the trend variable from the net drift for 2 years, from c The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: Chiang Mai, Lampang and Songkhla. Data sources: 1 Vaccarella S, Lortet-Tieulent J, Plummer M, Franceschi S, Bray F. Worldwide trends in cervical cancer incidence: Impact of screening against changes in disease risk factors. eur J Cancer 213;49: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from:

28 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Mortality KEY STATS About 144,434 new cervical cancer deaths occur annually in Asia (estimates for 212). Cervical cancer ranks as the 6 th leading cause of female cancer deaths in Asia. Cervical cancer is the 2 nd most common female cancer deaths in women aged 15 to 44 years in Asia. Ranking of cervical cancer incidence to other cancers among all women according to highest incidence rates (ranking 1st). Ranking is based on crude incidence rates (actual number of cervical cancer cases). Ranking using age-standardized rate (ASR) may differ. Figure 18: Age-standardised mortality rates (ASR) of cervical cancer in Asian regions (estimates for 212) Southern Asia 11 South Eastern Asia 7.9 Central Asia 7.7 Eastern Asia 3.3 Western Asia Cervical cancer: Age standardised mortality rate per 1, women World Standard. Female (All ages) Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. Rates per 1, women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from:

29 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 19: Age-standardised mortality rates of cervical cancer in Asia (estimates for 212) Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. ASR: Age-standardized rate, Standardized rates have been estimated using the direct method and the World population as the reference; Rates per 1, women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from: Table 6: Cervical cancer mortality in Asia (estimates for 212) Cumulative risk (%) Ranking of CC Area N cases Crude rate a ASR a ages -74 years b All women Women years Asia 144, Central Asia 2, Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Eastern Asia 36, China 29, DPR Korea 1, Japan 3, Mongolia Republic of Korea 1, South-Eastern 23, Asia Brunei Cambodia Indonesia 9, Laos Malaysia Myanmar 2, Philippines 2, Singapore (Continued on next page)

30 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 6 continued from previous page) Cumulative risk (%) Ranking of CC Area N cases Crude rate a ASR a ages -74 years b All women Women years Thailand 4, Timor-Leste Viet Nam 2, Southern Asia 79, Afghanistan Bangladesh 6, Bhutan India 67, Iran Maldives Nepal 1, Pakistan 2, Sri Lanka Western Asia 1, Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Georgia Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. ASR: Age-standardized rate, Standardized rates have been estimated using the direct method and the World population as the reference; Standardised rates have ben estimated using the direct method and the World population as the reference. Ranking of cervical cancer mortality to other cancers among all women ages years according to highest mortality rates (ranking 1st). Ranking is based on crude mortality rates(actual number of cervical cancer deaths). Ranking using AST may differ. a Rates per 1, women per year. b Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages -74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from:

31 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 2: Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among all women and women aged years, according to mortality rates in Asia (estimates for 212) Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from:

32 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 21: Comparison of the ten most frequent cancer deaths in women aged years in Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) Asia South Eastern Asia Breast 5. Breast 6.2 Cervix uteri 2.7 Cervix uteri 2.9 Leukaemia 1.7 Leukaemia 2.2 Stomach 1.2 Liver 1.5 Colorectum(a) 1.1 Ovary 1.4 Lung 1.1 Colorectum(a) 1.2 Ovary 1.1 Lung 1.1 Liver 1. Brain, nervous system.7 Brain, nervous system.9 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b).7 Oesophagus.5 Stomach Central Asia Southern Asia Breast 3.6 Breast 6.5 Cervix uteri 3.5 Cervix uteri 3.6 Brain, nervous system 1.7 Colorectum(a) 1.4 Leukaemia 1.7 Leukaemia 1.3 Stomach 1.7 Ovary 1.3 Colorectum(a) 1. Stomach 1.2 Lung 1. Oesophagus.8 Ovary 1. Brain, nervous system.7 Liver.8 Lip, oral cavity.7 Corpus uteri.6 Lung Eastern Asia Western Asia Breast 2.7 Breast 5.5 Cervix uteri 2. Leukaemia 1.6 Leukaemia 1.9 Colorectum(a) 1.3 Liver 1.6 Brain, nervous system 1.1 Lung 1.5 Stomach 1. Stomach 1.3 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b).8 Brain, nervous system 1.1 Lung.7 Colorectum(a).8 Ovary.7 Ovary.7 Cervix uteri.5 Corpus uteri.6 Hodgkin lymphoma Age standardised mortality rate per 1, women in Asia Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. a Includes anal cancer (C21). b Includes HIV disease resulting in malignant neoplasms (B21). Data sources: (Continued on next page)

33 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Figure 21 continued from previous page) Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from: Figure 22: Comparison of the ten most frequent cancer deaths in women of all ages in Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) Asia South Eastern Asia Lung 11. Breast 14.1 Breast 1.2 Lung 9.4 Stomach 7.1 Cervix uteri 7.9 Liver 6.6 Liver 6.8 Cervix uteri 6.4 Colorectum(a) 6.4 Colorectum(a) 6. Ovary 4.4 Oesophagus 3.8 Stomach 3.5 Ovary 3. Leukaemia 3.4 Leukaemia 2.6 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) 2.5 Pancreas 2.5 Pancreas Central Asia Southern Asia Breast 13.2 Breast 13.5 Stomach 9.8 Cervix uteri 11. Cervix uteri 7.7 Ovary 3.7 Colorectum(a) 6.5 Colorectum(a) 3.6 Oesophagus 6.3 Stomach 3.6 Lung 5.3 Oesophagus 3.5 Liver 4.7 Lip, oral cavity 3.1 Ovary 3.6 Lung 3. Pancreas 2.9 Gallbladder 2.1 Leukaemia 2.7 Liver Eastern Asia Western Asia Lung 16.2 Breast 15.1 Stomach 9.8 Colorectum(a) 7.1 Liver 9.6 Lung 6.2 Colorectum(a) 6.8 Stomach 6.2 Breast 6.1 Leukaemia 3.8 Oesophagus 4.5 Ovary 3.7 Pancreas 3.4 Brain, nervous system 3.3 Cervix uteri 3.3 Non Hodgkin lymphoma(b) 3.3 Leukaemia 2.9 Pancreas 3. Gallbladder 2.6 Liver Age standardised mortality rate per 1, women in Asia

34 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. a Includes anal cancer (C21). b Includes HIV disease resulting in malignant neoplasms (B21). Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from: Figure 23: Age-specific mortality of cervical cancer in Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) Age specific mortality rates of cervical cancer per 1, Asia Central Asia Eastern Asia South Eastern Asia Southern Asia Western Asia >=75 Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. Rates per 1, women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from:

35 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 24: Annual number of deaths of cervical cancer by age group in Asian regions (estimates for 212) Southern Asia Eastern Asia South Eastern Asia Central Asia Western Asia Annual number of cervical cancer deaths 9, 81, 72, 63, 54, 45, 36, 27, 18, 9, 88,28 42,647 13, Southern Asia years: 7,242 cases years: 52,317 cases. 65+ years: 2,399 cases. Eastern Asia years: 3,687 cases years: 18,91 cases. 65+ years: 13,714 cases. South-Eastern Asia years: 2,173 cases years: 14,521 cases. 65+ years: 7,294 cases. Central Asia years: 323 cases years: 1,372 cases. 65+ years: 589 cases. Western Asia years: 142 cases years: 1,88 cases. 65+ years: 651 cases. Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from:

36 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 25: Annual number of deaths and age-specific mortality rates of cervical cancer in Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) Asia Central Asia Age specific rates of cervical cancer(a) Annual number of deaths of cervical cancer , 72, 6, 48, 36, 24, 12, 88,28 42,647 13, , 52, 48, 44, 4, 36, 32, 28, 24, 2, 16, 12, 8, 4, 323 1, Asia yrs: 34 cases yrs: 363 cases yrs: 1,333 cases yrs: 3,699 cases yrs: 8,138 cases yrs: 13,641 cases yrs: 18,256 cases yrs: 19,983 cases yrs: 19,563 cases yrs: 16,765 cases. Central Asia yrs: 1 cases yrs: 7 cases yrs: 51 cases yrs: 13 cases yrs: 161 cases yrs: 221 cases yrs: 32 cases yrs: 334 cases yrs: 291 cases yrs: 224 cases. Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. a Rates per 1, women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from:

37 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 26: Annual number of deaths and age-specific mortality rates of cervical cancer in Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) (Continued) Eastern Asia Southern Asia Age specific rates of cervical cancer(a) Annual number of deaths of cervical cancer 56, 52, 48, 44, 4, 36, 32, 28, 24, 2, 16, 12, 8, 4, 18,91 13,714 3, , 52, 48, 44, 4, 36, 32, 28, 24, 2, 16, 12, 8, 4, 52,317 2,399 7, South Eastern Asia Western Asia Age specific rates of cervical cancer(a) Annual number of deaths of cervical cancer 56, 52, 48, 44, 4, 36, 32, 28, 24, 2, 16, 12, 8, 4, 14,521 7,294 2, , 52, 48, 44, 4, 36, 32, 28, 24, 2, 16, 12, 8, 4, 142 1, Eastern Asia yrs: 12 cases yrs: 9 cases yrs: 48 cases yrs: 1,37 cases yrs: 2,68 cases yrs: 3,444 cases yrs: 3,897 cases yrs: 3,81 cases yrs: 4,32 cases yrs: 3,736 cases. South-Eastern Asia yrs: 2 cases yrs: 89 cases yrs: 243 cases yrs: 594 cases yrs: 1,227 cases yrs: 2,99 cases yrs: 2,933 cases yrs: 3,369 cases yrs: 3,3 cases yrs: 2,82 cases. Southern Asia yrs: 1 cases yrs: 176 cases yrs: 55 cases yrs: 1,922 cases yrs: 4,593 cases yrs: 7,729 cases yrs: 1,911 cases yrs: 12,224 cases yrs: 11,686 cases yrs: 9,767 cases. Western Asia yrs: cases yrs: 1 cases yrs: 9 cases yrs: 43 cases yrs: 89 cases yrs: 148 cases yrs: 213 cases yrs: 255 cases yrs: 254 cases yrs: 218 cases. Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. (Continued on next page)

38 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Figure 26 continued from previous page) a Rates per 1, women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from:

39 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Comparison of incidence and mortality Figure 27: Age-specific incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer in Asia and its regions (estimates for 212) 7 Asia 7 South Eastern Asia Age specific rates of cervical cancer per 1, Central Asia >= Southern Asia >= >= >=75 7 Eastern Asia 7 Western Asia >=75 Incidence Mortality Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. Rates per 1, women per year. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from: >=75

40 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Anogenital cancers other than the cervix Data on the role of HPV in anogenital cancers other than the cervix are limited, but there is an increasing body of evidence strongly linking HPV DNA with cancers of the anus, vulva, vagina, and penis. Although these cancers are much less frequent compared to cancer of the cervix, their association with HPV make them potentially preventable and subject to similar preventative strategies as those for cervical cancer. (Vaccine 26, Vol. 24, Suppl 3; Vaccine 28, Vol. 26, Suppl 1; Vaccine 212, Vol. 3, Suppl 5; IARC Monographs 27, Vol. 9) Figure 28: Age-standardised incidence rates of anogenital cancers other than the cervix in Asia (estimates for 212) Data accessed on 8 May 217. ASR: Age-standardized rate, rates per 1, per year. Please refer to original source for methods. Other anogenital cancer cases (vulvar, vaginal, anal, and penile). GLOBOCAN quality index for availability of incidence data: - For Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Cambodia, Laos, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, DPR Korea, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Timor-Leste, Uzbekistan: No data. - For United Arab Emirates, Bhutan, Jordan, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia: National data (rates). - For Bangladesh, Brunei, Indonesia, Iraq, Palestine: Frequency data. - For Bahrain, Israel, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Singapore: High quality national data or high quality regional (coverage greater than 5%). - For China, India, Iran, Malaysia, Turkey: High quality regional (coverage lower than 1%). - For Japan, Philippines, Thailand: High quality regional (coverage between 1% and 5%). - For Pakistan, Viet Nam, Yemen: Regional data (rates). GLOBOCAN quality index of methods for calculating incidence: Methods to estimate the sex- and age-specific incidence rates of cancer for a specific country: - For Afghanistan, Cambodia, Laos, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, DPR Korea, Syria, Timor-Leste: The rates are those of neighbouring countries or registries in the same area - For United Arab Emirates, Bhutan, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Oman, Qatar: Most recent rates applied to 212 population - For Armenia, Azerbaijan, Brunei, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam: Estimated from national mortality estimates using modelled survival - For Bangladesh, Iraq, Palestine: Age/sex specific rates for "all cancers" were partitioned using data on relative frequency of different cancers (by age and sex) - For Bahrain, Israel, Jordan, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Singapore: Rates projected to For China, Japan: Estimated from national mortality by modelling using incidence mortality ratios derived from recorded data in country-specific cancer registries - For Indonesia, India, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Turkey: Estimated as the weighted average of the local rates - For Yemen: One cancer registry covering part of a country is used as representative of the country profile Data sources: Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Int J Cancer. 217 Apr 1. doi: 1.12/ijc [Epub ahead of print]. PMID:

41 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 29: Age-standardised incidence rate of other anogenital cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Asia (estimates for 212) Kazakhstan India Israel Timor Leste Cambodia Georgia Armenia Singapore Rep. Korea China Azerbaijan DPR Korea Malaysia Myanmar Jordan Syria Philippines Lebanon Iran Indonesia Viet Nam Turkey Turkmenistan Palestine Laos Kyrgyzstan Japan Iraq Brunei Uzbekistan Tajikistan Thailand Saudi Arabia Qatar Pakistan Maldives Kuwait Bahrain Afghanistan Yemen Oman Nepal Mongolia Sri Lanka Bhutan Bangladesh UAE Taiwan Age standardised incidence rate per 1, women World Standard No rates are available. Data accessed on 8 May 217. ASR: Age-standardized rate, rates per 1, per year. Please refer to original source for methods. (Continued on next page)

42 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Other anogenital cancer cases (vulvar, vaginal, anal, and penile). ( Figure 29 continued from previous page) GLOBOCAN quality index for availability of incidence data: - For United Arab Emirates, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Jordan: National data (rates). - For Bangladesh, Brunei, Iraq, Palestine, Indonesia: Frequency data. - For Nepal, Afghanistan, Maldives, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Turkmenistan, Syria, Myanmar, DPR Korea, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Cambodia, Timor-Leste, Kazakhstan: No data. - For Oman, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Israel: High quality national data or high quality regional (coverage greater than 5%). - For Yemen, Pakistan, Viet Nam: Regional data (rates). - For Thailand, Japan, Philippines: High quality regional (coverage between 1% and 5%). - For Turkey, Iran, Malaysia, China, India: High quality regional (coverage lower than 1%). GLOBOCAN quality index of methods for calculating incidence: Methods to estimate the sex- and age-specific incidence rates of cancer for a specific country: - For United Arab Emirates, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Oman, Qatar, Lebanon: Most recent rates applied to 212 population - For Bangladesh, Iraq, Palestine: Age/sex specific rates for "all cancers" were partitioned using data on relative frequency of different cancers (by age and sex) - For Nepal, Afghanistan, Maldives, Laos, Syria, Myanmar, DPR Korea, Cambodia, Timor-Leste: The rates are those of neighbouring countries or registries in the same area - For Yemen: One cancer registry covering part of a country is used as representative of the country profile - For Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Israel: Rates projected to For Pakistan, Thailand, Turkey, Indonesia, Iran, Philippines, Malaysia, India: Estimated as the weighted average of the local rates - For Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Brunei, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Viet Nam, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan: Estimated from national mortality estimates using modelled survival - For Japan, China: Estimated from national mortality by modelling using incidence mortality ratios derived from recorded data in country-specific cancer registries Data sources: de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer Anal cancer Anal cancer is rare in the general population with an average worldwide incidence of 1 per 1,, but is reported to be increasing in more developed regions. Globally, there are an estimated 27, new cases every year (de Martel C et al. Lancet Oncol 212;13(6):67-15). Women have higher incidences of anal cancer than men. Incidence is particularly high among populations of men who have sex with men (MSM), women with history of cervical or vulvar cancer, and immunosuppressed populations, including those who are HIV-infected and patients with a history of organ transplantation. These cancers are predominantly squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinomas, or basaloid and cloacogenic carcinomas. Table 7: Incidence of anal cancer in Asia by cancer registry and sex Male Female Country / Registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b N cases a Crude rate c ASR c Central Asia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Eastern Asia China 1 Beijing City Cixian County Haining County Harbin City, Nangang District Hong Kong Jiashan County Jiaxing City Macao Qidong County Shanghai City Wuhan City Yangcheng County Yanting County (Continued on next page)

43 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 7 continued from previous page) Male Female Country / Registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b N cases a Crude rate c ASR c Zhongshan City DPR Korea Japan 1 Aichi Prefecture Fukui Prefecture Hiroshima Miyagi Prefecture Nagasaki Prefecture Niigata Prefecture Osaka Prefecture Saga Prefecture Mongolia Rep. Korea 1 Busan Daegu Daejeon Gwangju Incheon Jejudo National Seoul Ulsan South-Eastern Asia Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia 1 Penang Penang (Chinese) Penang (Indian) Penang (Malay) Myanmar Philippines 1 Manila Rizal Singapore 1 National National (Chinese) National (Indian) National (Malay) Thailand 1 Bangkok Chiang Mai (Continued on next page)

44 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 7 continued from previous page) Male Female Country / Registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b N cases a Crude rate c ASR c Chonburi Khon Kaen Lampang Songkhla Timor-Leste Viet Nam 2 Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City Southern Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India 1 Bangalore Barshi, Paranda and Bhum Bhopal Chennai Dindigul, Ambilikkai Karunagappally Mizoram Mumbai New Delhi Poona Sikkim State Trivandrum Iran 1 Golestan Province Maldives Nepal Pakistan 3 South Karachi Sri Lanka Western Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain 1 National (Bahraini) Georgia Iraq Israel 1 National (Continued on next page)

45 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 7 continued from previous page) Male Female Country / Registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b N cases a Crude rate c ASR c National (Jews) National (Non-Jews) Jordan Kuwait 1 National National (Kuwaitis) National (Non-Kuwaitis) Lebanon Oman 3 Omani Qatar 1 National (Qatari) Saudi Arabia 1 Riyadh (Saudi) Syria Turkey 1 Antalya Edirne Izmir Trabzon UAE Yemen Data accessed on 5 May 215. a Accumulated number of cases during the period in the population covered by the corresponding registry. b Rates per 1, men per year. c Rates per 1, women per year. Data sources: 1 Forman D, Bray F, Brewster DH, Gombe Mbalawa C, Kohler B, Piñeros M, Steliarova-Foucher E, Swaminathan R and Ferlay J eds (213). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. X (electronic version) Lyon, IARC. 2 Parkin, D.M., Whelan, S.L., Ferlay, J., Teppo, L., and Thomas, D.B., eds (22). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. VIII. IARC Scientific Publications No. 155, Lyon, IARC. 3 Curado. M. P., Edwards, B., Shin. H.R., Storm. H., Ferlay. J., Heanue. M. and Boyle. P., eds (27). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. IX. IARC Scientific Publications No. 16, Lyon, IARC.

46 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 3: Time trends in anal cancer incidence in India (cancer registry data) Anal cancer in men Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) 1 All ages yrs yrs Anal cancer in women 2 Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) 1 All ages yrs yrs No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: Chennai (Madras), Mumbay (Bombay), Poona. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from:

47 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 31: Time trends in anal cancer incidence in Israel (cancer registry data) Anal cancer in men Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs Anal cancer in women 5 Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. Data was provided by the national registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from:

48 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 32: Time trends in anal cancer incidence in Japan (cancer registry data) Anal cancer in men Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) 1 All ages yrs yrs Anal cancer in women 2 Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) 1 All ages yrs yrs No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: Miyagi Prefecture, Nagasaki Prefecture, Osaka Prefecture. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from:

49 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 33: Time trends in anal cancer incidence in Philippines (cancer registry data) Anal cancer in men Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) 1 All ages yrs yrs Anal cancer in women 2 Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) 1 All ages yrs yrs No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. Data was provided by the Manila registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from:

50 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 34: Time trends in anal cancer incidence in Singapore (cancer registry data) Anal cancer in men Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs Anal cancer in women 5 Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. Data was provided by the national registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from:

51 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 35: Time trends in anal cancer incidence in Thailand (cancer registry data) Anal cancer in men Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) 1 All ages yrs yrs Anal cancer in women 2 Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) 1 All ages yrs yrs No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: Chiang Mai, Lampang and Songkhla. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from: NOTE Time trends in cancer incidence are shown only in countries with available data.

52 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Vulvar cancer Cancer of the vulva is rare among women worldwide, with an estimated 27, new cases in 28, representing 4% of all gynaecologic cancers (de Martel C et al. Lancet Oncol 212;13(6):67-15). Worldwide, about 6% of all vulvar cancer cases occur in more developed countries. Vulvar cancer has two distinct histological patterns with two different risk factor profiles: (1) basaloid/warty types (2) keratinising types. Basaloid/warty lesions are more common in young women, are very often associated with HPV DNA detection (75-1%), and have a similar risk factor profile as cervical cancer. Keratinising vulvar carcinomas represent the majority of the vulvar lesions (>6%), they occur more often in older women and are more rarely associated with HPV (IARC Monograph Vol 1B) Table 8: Incidence of vulvar cancer in Asia by cancer registry Female Country Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b Central Asia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Eastern Asia China 1 Beijing City Cixian County Haining County Harbin City, Nangang District Hong Kong Jiashan County Jiaxing City Macao Qidong County Shanghai City Wuhan City Yangcheng County Yanting County Zhongshan City DPR Korea Japan 1 Aichi Prefecture Fukui Prefecture Hiroshima Miyagi Prefecture Nagasaki Prefecture Niigata Prefecture Osaka Prefecture Saga Prefecture Mongolia Republic of Korea 1 Busan Daegu Daejeon Gwangju Incheon Jejudo National Seoul Ulsan South-Eastern Asia Brunei Cambodia (Continued on next page)

53 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 8 continued from previous page) Female Country Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b Indonesia Laos Malaysia 1 Penang Penang (Chinese) Penang (Indian) Penang (Malay) Myanmar Philippines 1 Manila Rizal Singapore 1 National National (Chinese) National (Indian) National (Malay) Thailand 1 Bangkok Chiang Mai Chonburi Khon Kaen Lampang Songkhla Timor-Leste Viet Nam 2 Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City Southern Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India 1 Bangalore Barshi, Paranda and Bhum Bhopal Chennai Dindigul, Ambilikkai Karunagappally Mizoram Mumbai New Delhi Poona Sikkim State Trivandrum Iran 1 Golestan Province Maldives Nepal Pakistan 3 South Karachi Sri Lanka Western Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain 1 National (Bahraini) Georgia Iraq Israel 1 National National (Jews) National (Non-Jews) Jordan Kuwait 1 National (Continued on next page)

54 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 8 continued from previous page) Female Country Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b National (Kuwaitis) National (Non-Kuwaitis) Lebanon Oman 3 Omani Qatar 1 National (Qatari) Saudi Arabia 1 Riyadh (Saudi) Syria Turkey 1 Antalya Edirne Izmir Trabzon United Arab Emirates Yemen Data accessed on 5 May 215. a Accumulated number of cases during the period in the population covered by the corresponding registry. b Rates per 1, women per year. Data sources: 1 Forman D, Bray F, Brewster DH, Gombe Mbalawa C, Kohler B, Piñeros M, Steliarova-Foucher E, Swaminathan R and Ferlay J eds (213). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. X (electronic version) Lyon, IARC. 2 Parkin, D.M., Whelan, S.L., Ferlay, J., Teppo, L., and Thomas, D.B., eds (22). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. VIII. IARC Scientific Publications No. 155, Lyon, IARC. 3 Curado. M. P., Edwards, B., Shin. H.R., Storm. H., Ferlay. J., Heanue. M. and Boyle. P., eds (27). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. IX. IARC Scientific Publications No. 16, Lyon, IARC. Figure 36: Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in India (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: Chennai (Madras), Mumbay (Bombay), Poona. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from: Figure 37: Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in Israel (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs

55 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. Data was provided by the national registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from: Figure 38: Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in Japan (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: Miyagi Prefecture, Nagasaki Prefecture, Osaka Prefecture. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from: Figure 39: Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in Philippines (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. Data was provided by the Manila registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from: Figure 4: Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in Singapore (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs

56 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. Data was provided by the national registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from: Figure 41: Time trends in vulvar cancer incidence in Thailand (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: Chiang Mai, Lampang and Songkhla. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from: NOTE Time trends in cancer incidence are shown only in countries with available data.

57 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Vaginal cancer Cancer of the vagina is a rare cancer, with an estimated 13, new cases in 28, representing 2% of all gynaecologic cancers (de Martel C et al. Lancet Oncol 212;13(6):67-15). Although unreported and similar to cervical cancer, the majority of vaginal cancer cases (68%) occur in less developed countries. Most vaginal cancers are squamous cell carcinoma (9%) generally attributable to HPV, followed by clear cell adenocarcinomas and melanoma. Metastatic cervical cancer can be misclassified as cancer of the vagina. Invasive vaginal cancer is diagnosed primarily in old women (>=65 years) and the diagnosis is rare in women under 45 years whereas the peak incidence of carcinoma in situ is observed between ages 55 and 7 (Vaccine 28, Vol. 26, Suppl 1) Table 9: Incidence of vaginal cancer in Asia by cancer registry Female Country name Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b Central Asia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Eastern Asia China 1 Beijing City Cixian County Haining County Harbin City, Nangang District Hong Kong Jiashan County Jiaxing City Macao Qidong County Shanghai City Wuhan City Yangcheng County Yanting County Zhongshan City DPR Korea Japan 1 Aichi Prefecture Fukui Prefecture Hiroshima Miyagi Prefecture Nagasaki Prefecture Niigata Prefecture Osaka Prefecture Saga Prefecture Mongolia Republic of Korea 1 Busan Daegu Daejeon Gwangju Incheon Jejudo National Seoul Ulsan South-Eastern Asia Brunei Cambodia (Continued on next page)

58 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 9 continued from previous page) Female Country name Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b Indonesia Laos Malaysia 1 Penang Penang (Chinese) Penang (Indian) Penang (Malay) Myanmar Philippines 1 Manila Rizal Singapore 1 National National (Chinese) National (Indian) National (Malay) Thailand 1 Bangkok Chiang Mai Chonburi Khon Kaen Lampang Songkhla Timor-Leste Viet Nam 2 Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City Southern Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India 1 Bangalore Barshi, Paranda and Bhum Bhopal Chennai Dindigul, Ambilikkai Karunagappally Mizoram Mumbai New Delhi Poona Sikkim State Trivandrum Iran 1 Golestan Province Maldives Nepal Pakistan 3 South Karachi Sri Lanka Western Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain 1 National (Bahraini) Georgia Iraq Israel 1 National National (Jews) National (Non-Jews) Jordan Kuwait 1 National (Continued on next page)

59 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 9 continued from previous page) Female Country name Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b National (Kuwaitis) National (Non-Kuwaitis) Lebanon Oman 3 Omani Qatar 1 National (Qatari) Saudi Arabia 1 Riyadh (Saudi) Syria Turkey 1 Antalya Edirne Izmir Trabzon United Arab Emirates Yemen Data accessed on 5 May 215. Please refer to original source (available at a Accumulated number of cases during the period in the population covered by the corresponding registry. b Rates per 1, women per year. Data sources: 1 Forman D, Bray F, Brewster DH, Gombe Mbalawa C, Kohler B, Piñeros M, Steliarova-Foucher E, Swaminathan R and Ferlay J eds (213). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. X (electronic version) Lyon, IARC. 2 Parkin, D.M., Whelan, S.L., Ferlay, J., Teppo, L., and Thomas, D.B., eds (22). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. VIII. IARC Scientific Publications No. 155, Lyon, IARC. 3 Curado. M. P., Edwards, B., Shin. H.R., Storm. H., Ferlay. J., Heanue. M. and Boyle. P., eds (27). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. IX. IARC Scientific Publications No. 16, Lyon, IARC. Figure 42: Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in India (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: Chennai (Madras), Mumbay (Bombay), Poona. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from: Figure 43: Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in Israel (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs

60 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. Data was provided by the national registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from: Figure 44: Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in Japan (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: Miyagi Prefecture, Nagasaki Prefecture, Osaka Prefecture. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from: Figure 45: Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in Philippines (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. Data was provided by the Manila registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from: Figure 46: Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in Singapore (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs

61 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. Data was provided by the national registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from: Figure 47: Time trends in vaginal cancer incidence in Thailand (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: Chiang Mai, Lampang and Songkhla. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from: NOTE Time trends in cancer incidence are shown only in countries with available data.

62 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Penile cancer The annual burden of penile cancer has been estimated to be 22, cases worldwide with incidence rates strongly correlating with those of cervical cancer (de Martel C et al. Lancet Oncol 212;13(6):67-15). Penile cancer is rare and most commonly affects men aged 5-7 years. Incidence rates are higher in less developed countries than in more developed countries, accounting for up to 1% of male cancers in some parts of Africa, South America and Asia. Precursor cancerous penile lesions (PeIN) are rare. Cancers of the penis are primarily of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) (95%) and the most common penile SCC histologic sub-types are keratinising (49%), mixed warty-basaloid (17%), verrucous (8%) warty (6%), and basaloid (4%). HPV is most commonly detected in basaloid and warty tumours but is less common in keratinising and verrucous tumours. Approximately 6-1% of PeIN lesions are HPV DNA positive. Table 1: Incidence of penile cancer in Asia by cancer registry Male Country name Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b Central Asia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan 1 National Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Eastern Asia China 2 Beijing City Cixian County Haining County Harbin City, Nangang District Hong Kong Jiashan County Jiaxing City Macao Qidong County Shanghai City Wuhan City Yangcheng County Yanting County Zhongshan City DPR Korea Japan 2 Aichi Prefecture Fukui Prefecture Hiroshima Miyagi Prefecture Nagasaki Prefecture Niigata Prefecture Osaka Prefecture Saga Prefecture Mongolia Republic of Korea 2 Busan Daegu Daejeon Gwangju Incheon Jejudo National Seoul Ulsan (Continued on next page)

63 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 1 continued from previous page) Male Country name Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b South-Eastern Asia Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia 2 Penang Penang (Chinese) Penang (Indian) Penang (Malay) Myanmar Philippines 2 Manila Rizal Singapore 2 National National (Chinese) National (Indian) National (Malay) Thailand 2 Bangkok Chiang Mai Chonburi Khon Kaen Lampang Songkhla Timor-Leste Viet Nam 3 Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City Southern Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India 2 Bangalore Barshi, Paranda and Bhum Bhopal Chennai Dindigul, Ambilikkai Karunagappally Mizoram Mumbai New Delhi Poona Sikkim State Trivandrum Iran 2 Golestan Province Maldives Nepal Pakistan 4 South Karachi Sri Lanka Western Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain 2 National (Bahraini) Georgia Iraq Israel 2 National National (Jews) (Continued on next page)

64 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 1 continued from previous page) Male Country name Cancer registry Period N cases a Crude rate b ASR b National (Non-Jews) Jordan Kuwait 2 National National (Kuwaitis) National (Non-Kuwaitis) Lebanon Oman 4 Omani Qatar 2 National (Qatari) Saudi Arabia 2 Riyadh (Saudi) Syria Turkey 2 Antalya Edirne Izmir Trabzon United Arab Emirates Yemen Data accessed on 5 May 215. Please refer to original source (available at a Accumulated number of cases during the period in the population covered by the corresponding registry. b Rates per 1, men per year. Data sources: 1 Parkin, D.M.,Muir, C.S.,Whelan, S.L.,Gao, Y.-T.,Ferlay, J.,Powell, J., eds (1992). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. VI. IARC Scientific Publications No. 12, Lyon, IARC. 2 Forman D, Bray F, Brewster DH, Gombe Mbalawa C, Kohler B, Piñeros M, Steliarova-Foucher E, Swaminathan R and Ferlay J eds (213). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. X (electronic version) Lyon, IARC. 3 Parkin, D.M., Whelan, S.L., Ferlay, J., Teppo, L., and Thomas, D.B., eds (22). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. VIII. IARC Scientific Publications No. 155, Lyon, IARC. 4 Curado. M. P., Edwards, B., Shin. H.R., Storm. H., Ferlay. J., Heanue. M. and Boyle. P., eds (27). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. IX. IARC Scientific Publications No. 16, Lyon, IARC. Figure 48: Time trends in penile cancer incidence in India (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: Chennai (Madras), Mumbay (Bombay), Poona. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from:

65 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 49: Time trends in penile cancer incidence in Israel (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. Data was provided by the national registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from: Figure 5: Time trends in penile cancer incidence in Japan (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: Miyagi Prefecture, Nagasaki Prefecture, Osaka Prefecture. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from: Figure 51: Time trends in penile cancer incidence in Philippines (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. Data was provided by the Manila registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from:

66 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 52: Time trends in penile cancer incidence in Singapore (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs No cases were registered for this age group. Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. Data was provided by the national registry. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from: Figure 53: Time trends in penile cancer incidence in Thailand (cancer registry data) Annual crude incidence rate (per 1,) All ages yrs yrs Data accessed on 27 Apr 215. The following regional cancer registries provided data and contributed to their national estimate: Chiang Mai, Lampang and Songkhla. Data sources: Ferlay J, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E and Forman D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 214. Available from: NOTE Time trends in cancer incidence are shown only in countries with available data.

67 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Head and neck cancers The majority of head and neck cancers are associated with high tobacco and alcohol consumption. However, increasing trends in the incidence at specific sites suggest that other aetiological factors are involved, and infection by certain high-risk types of HPV (i.e. HPV16) have been reported to be associated with head and neck cancers, in particular with oropharyngeal cancer. Current evidence suggests that HPV16 is associated with tonsil cancer (including Waldeyer ring cancer), base of tongue cancer and other oropharyngeal cancer sites. Associations with other head and neck cancer sites such as oral cancer are neither strong nor consistent when compared to molecular-epidemiological data on HPV and oropharyngeal cancer. Association with laryngeal cancer is still unclear (IARC Monograph Vol 1B). Figure 54: Age-standardised incidence rates of head and neck cancer in Asia (estimates for 212) Data accessed on 8 May 217. ASR: Age-standardized rate, rates per 1, per year. Please refer to original source for methods. Head and neck cancer cases (oropharynx, oral cavity and larynx). GLOBOCAN quality index for availability of incidence data: - For Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Cambodia, Laos, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, DPR Korea, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Timor-Leste, Uzbekistan: No data. - For United Arab Emirates, Bhutan, Jordan, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia: National data (rates). - For Bangladesh, Brunei, Indonesia, Iraq, Palestine: Frequency data. - For Bahrain, Israel, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Singapore: High quality national data or high quality regional (coverage greater than 5%). - For China, India, Iran, Malaysia, Turkey: High quality regional (coverage lower than 1%). - For Japan, Philippines, Thailand: High quality regional (coverage between 1% and 5%). - For Pakistan, Viet Nam, Yemen: Regional data (rates). GLOBOCAN quality index of methods for calculating incidence: Methods to estimate the sex- and age-specific incidence rates of cancer for a specific country: - For Afghanistan, Cambodia, Laos, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, DPR Korea, Syria, Timor-Leste: The rates are those of neighbouring countries or registries in the same area - For United Arab Emirates, Bhutan, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Oman, Qatar: Most recent rates applied to 212 population - For Armenia, Azerbaijan, Brunei, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam: Estimated from national mortality estimates using modelled survival - For Bangladesh, Iraq, Palestine: Age/sex specific rates for "all cancers" were partitioned using data on relative frequency of different cancers (by age and sex) - For Bahrain, Israel, Jordan, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Singapore: Rates projected to For China, Japan: Estimated from national mortality by modelling using incidence mortality ratios derived from recorded data in country-specific cancer registries - For Indonesia, India, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Turkey: Estimated as the weighted average of the local rates - For Yemen: One cancer registry covering part of a country is used as representative of the country profile Data sources: Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Int J Cancer. 217 Apr 1. doi: 1.12/ijc [Epub ahead of print]. PMID:

68 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 55: Age-standardised incidence rate of head and neck cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Asia (estimates for 212) Rep. Korea India Myanmar Japan Timor Leste Bangladesh Maldives Sri Lanka Cambodia Viet Nam Turkmenistan Thailand Philippines Pakistan Nepal Malaysia Mongolia Kazakhstan Georgia Armenia Afghanistan Yemen Uzbekistan Turkey Tajikistan Syria Singapore Saudi Arabia Qatar Palestine DPR Korea Oman Lebanon Laos Kyrgyzstan Jordan Israel Iraq Iran Indonesia China Bhutan Brunei Bahrain Azerbaijan UAE Taiwan Kuwait Age standardised incidence rate per 1, women World Standard No rates are available. Data accessed on 8 May 217. ASR: Age-standardized rate, rates per 1, per year. Please refer to original source for methods. (Continued on next page)

69 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Head and neck cancer cases (oropharynx, oral cavity and larynx). ( Figure 55 continued from previous page) GLOBOCAN quality index for availability of incidence data: - For Kuwait, Bahrain, Israel, Oman, Qatar, Singapore, Republic of Korea: High quality national data or high quality regional (coverage greater than 5%). - For United Arab Emirates, Bhutan, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Mongolia, Sri Lanka: National data (rates). - For Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, DPR Korea, Syria, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Turkmenistan, Cambodia, Maldives, Timor-Leste, Myanmar: No data. - For Brunei, Indonesia, Iraq, Palestine, Bangladesh: Frequency data. - For China, Iran, Turkey, Malaysia, India: High quality regional (coverage lower than 1%). - For Yemen, Pakistan, Viet Nam: Regional data (rates). - For Philippines, Thailand, Japan: High quality regional (coverage between 1% and 5%). GLOBOCAN quality index of methods for calculating incidence: Methods to estimate the sex- and age-specific incidence rates of cancer for a specific country: - For Kuwait, Bahrain, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Republic of Korea: Rates projected to For United Arab Emirates, Bhutan, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Mongolia, Sri Lanka: Most recent rates applied to 212 population - For Azerbaijan, Brunei, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Viet Nam: Estimated from national mortality estimates using modelled survival - For China, Japan: Estimated from national mortality by modelling using incidence mortality ratios derived from recorded data in country-specific cancer registries - For Indonesia, Iran, Turkey, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, India: Estimated as the weighted average of the local rates - For Iraq, Palestine, Bangladesh: Age/sex specific rates for "all cancers" were partitioned using data on relative frequency of different cancers (by age and sex) - For Laos, DPR Korea, Syria, Afghanistan, Nepal, Cambodia, Maldives, Timor-Leste, Myanmar: The rates are those of neighbouring countries or registries in the same area - For Yemen: One cancer registry covering part of a country is used as representative of the country profile Data sources: de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer Pharyngeal cancer (excluding nasopharynx) Table 11: Cancer incidence of pharynx (excluding nasopharynx) in Asia and its regions by sex. Includes ICD-1 codes: C9-1, C12-14 (estimates for 212). MALE FEMALE Area N cases Crude a ASR a Cum risk b N cases Crude a ASR a Cum risk b rate (%) ages rate (%) ages Asia Central Asia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Eastern Asia China DPR Korea Japan Mongolia Rep. Korea Taiwan - - South-Eastern Asia Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Timor-Leste Viet Nam Southern Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Iran Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Western Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Georgia (Continued on next page)

70 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 11 continued from previous page) MALE FEMALE Area N cases Crude a ASR a Cum risk b N cases Crude a ASR a Cum risk b rate (%) ages rate (%) ages Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey UAE Yemen Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. a Male: Rates per 1, men per year. Female: Rates per 1, women per year. b Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages -74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from: Table 12: Cancer mortality of pharynx (excluding nasopharynx) in Asia and its regions by sex. Includes ICD-1 codes: C9-1, C12-14 (estimates for 212). MALE FEMALE Area N cases Crude a ASR a Cum risk b N cases Crude a ASR a Cum risk b rate (%) ages rate (%) ages Asia Central Asia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Eastern Asia China DPR Korea Japan Mongolia Rep. Korea Taiwan - - South-Eastern Asia Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Timor-Leste Viet Nam Southern Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Iran Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Western Asia (Continued on next page)

71 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Table 12 continued from previous page) MALE FEMALE Area N cases Crude a ASR a Cum risk b N cases Crude a ASR a Cum risk b rate (%) ages rate (%) ages Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Georgia Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey UAE Yemen Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. a Male: Rates per 1, men per year. Female: Rates per 1, women per year. b Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages -74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes. Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from:

72 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 56: Comparison of cancer incidence and mortality of pharynx (excluding nasopharynx) in males by age group in Asia and its regions. Includes ICD-1 codes: C9-1,C12-14 (estimates for 212). 4 Asia 4 South Eastern Asia Age specific rates of pharyngeal cancer (excluding nasopharynx) per 1, Central Asia Eastern Asia >= >= Southern Asia Western Asia >= >= >=75 Incidence 1 Mortality >=75 Age group (years) Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. For specific estimation methodology refer to European countries included in the Seven framework programme PREHDICT project (43 countries). Please refer to Introduction (link) to see PREHDICT project aim and coverage. Male: Rates per 1, men per year. Female: Rates per 1, women per year. (Continued on next page)

73 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Figure 57 continued from previous page) Data sources: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from:

74 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS Figure 57: Comparison of cancer incidence and mortality of pharynx (excluding nasopharynx) in females by age group in Asia and its regions. Includes ICD-1 codes: C9-1,C12-14 (estimates for 212). 1 Asia 1 South Eastern Asia 5 5 Age specific rates of pharyngeal cancer (excluding nasopharynx) per 1, >=75 1 Central Asia >=75 1 Eastern Asia >=75 1 Southern Asia >=75 1 Western Asia >=75 Incidence Mortality >=75 Age group (years) Data accessed on 15 Nov 215. For specific estimation methodology refer to Male: Rates per 1, men per year. Female: Rates per 1, women per year. Data sources: (Continued on next page)

75 3 BURDEN OF HPV-RELATED CANCERS ( Figure 57 continued from previous page) Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 212 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 213. Available from:

76 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS HPV-related statistics HPV infection is commonly found in the anogenital tract of men and women with and without clinical lesions. The aetiological role of HPV infection among women with cervical cancer is well-established, and there is growing evidence of its central role in other anogenital sites. This section presents the HPV burden at each of the anogenital tract sites. The methodologies used to compile the information on HPV burden are derived from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the literature. Due to the limitations of HPV DNA detection methods and study designs used, these data should be interpreted with caution and used only as a guide to assess the burden of HPV infection within the population (Vaccine 26, Vol. 24, Suppl 3; Vaccine 28, Vol. 26, Suppl 1; Vaccine 212,Vol. 3, Suppl 5; IARC Monographs 27, Vol. 9) 4.1 HPV burden in women with normal cervical cytology, cervical precancerous lesions or invasive cervical cancer The statistics shown in this section focus on HPV infection in the cervix uteri. HPV cervical infection results in cervical morphological lesions ranging from normalcy (cytologically normal women) to different stages of precancerous lesions (CIN-1, CIN-2, CIN-3/CIS) and invasive cervical cancer. HPV infection is measured by HPV DNA detection in cervical cells (fresh tissue, paraffin embedded or exfoliated cells). The prevalence of HPV increases with lesion severity. HPV causes virtually 1% of cervical cancer cases, and an underestimation of HPV prevalence in cervical cancer is most likely due to the limitations of study methodologies. Worldwide, HPV16 and 18 (the two vaccine-preventable types) contribute to over 7% of all cervical cancer cases, between 41% and 67% of high-grade cervical lesions and 16-32% of low-grade cervical lesions. After HPV16/18, the six most common HPV types are the same in all world regions, namely 31, 33, 35, 45, 52 and 58; these account for an additional 2% of cervical cancers worldwide (Clifford G, Vaccine 26;24(S3):26). Methods: Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in cervical carcinoma, low-grade cervical lesions, high-grade cervical lesions and normal cytology: systematic review and meta-analysis A systematic review of the literature was conducted regarding the worldwide HPV-prevalence and type distribution for cervical carcinoma, low-grade cervical lesions, high-grade cervical lesions and normal cytology from 199 to data as of indicated in each section. The search terms for the review were HPV AND cerv using Pubmed. There were no limits in publication language. References cited in selected articles were also investigated. Inclusion criteria were: HPV DNA detection by means of PCR or HC2, a minimum of 2 cases for cervical carcinoma, 2 cases for low-grade cervical lesions, 2 cases for highgrade cervical lesions and 1 cases for normal cytology and a detailed description of HPV DNA detection and genotyping techniques used. The number of cases tested and HPV positive extracted for each study were pooled to estimate the prevalence of HPV DNA and the HPV type distribution globally and by geographical region. Binomial 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each HPV prevalence. For more details refer to the methods document.

77 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS HPV prevalence in women with normal cervical cytology Figure 58: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia Data updated on 15 Dec 216 (data as of 3 Jun 215). The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh / fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). Data sources: See references in Section 9.

78 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 59: Crude age-specific HPV prevalence (%) and 95% confidence interval in women with normal cervical cytology in Asia and its regions Asia Southern Asia < < No data available for Central Asia South Eastern Asia < Eastern Asia Western Asia < < Data updated on 15 Dec 216 (data as of 3 Jun 215). Data sources: See references in Section 9.

79 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 6: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study Country Study Age N % (95% CI) Bahrain Hajjaj ( ) Bangladesh Nahar 214 (Dhaka and Mirzapur) a , ( ) Bhutan Tshomo 214 (Thimphu) , ( ) China Wei 214 b , ( ) Chen 212 (Chaozhou) a , ( ) Wang 212 a,b , ( ) Mai 214 c >=18 22, ( ) DU 212 (Shenzhen) a , ( ) Zhang 213 (Shangai) a , 12.6 ( ) Belinson 211 d , ( ) Moy 21 e , ( ) Zhao 213 f , ( ) Belinson 23 g , ( ) Zhang 28 (Shangai) a , ( ) Sun 212 a,h , ( ) Li 21 (Beijing) , (6. 7.3) Zhao 214 (Jiangsi Province) , ( ) Ye 21 (Zhejiang Province) a , ( ) Wang 213 (Shenzhen) a >=15 4, ( ) Wu 213 i , (8. 9.9) Li 213 (Hunan Province) , ( ) Yuan 211 (Shandong Province) , ( ) Jin 21 j , ( ) Chan 29 (Hong Kong) , ( ) Chen 213 (Urumqi) a , ( ) Qiao 28 k , ( ) Wu 21 a,l , 16.5 ( ) Chan 22 (Hong Kong) , ( ) Belinson 21 h , ( ) Lin 28 (Guandong) a ,75 9. ( ) Yip 21 (Macao) a 2 6 1,6 8.8 ( ) Lu 215 (Beijing) a 1, ( ) Yeoh 26 (Hong Kong) 1, ( ) Zhang 212 a,m , ( ) Wu 27 (Shenzhen) ( ) Sui 213 a,n ( ) Ye 21 o ( ) Li 26 (Shenyang) ( ) Dai 26 (Shanxi) ( ) Wang 214 (Luoyang (Henan)) a ( ) % 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% (Continued on next page) Data updated on 15 Dec 216 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested; The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportional to the sample size. a Women from the general population, including some with cytological cervical abnormalities b Shenyang (Liaoning Province) c Shantou City (Guandong Province) (Continued on next page)

80 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS d Guangdong Province e Shanxi, Jiangxi and Gansu Provinces f Yangcheng, Xinmi and Tonggu g Yangcheng and Xiangyuan (Shanxi) h Qujing (Yunnan Province) i Beijing, Shanghai, Shanxi, Henan, Xinjiang j Tibetan Autonomous Region k Wuxiang and Xiangyuan (Shanxi Province) l Shenzhen (Guangdong Province) m Wufeng County (Hubei Province) n Uyghur (Yutian County, Xingjian Province) o Lishui County (Zhejiang Province) Data sources: See references in Section 9. ( Figure 6 continued from previous page)

81 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 61: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) Country Study Age N % (95% CI) China He 28 (Hangzhou) ( ) Chui 212 (Macau) a ( ) Bian 213 (Beijing) ( ) Yu 213 a,b ( ) Wu 21 (Fujian Province) ( ) Wang 213 (Huzhou) a ( ) Hu 211 (Jaingsu Province) ( ) Ding 214 (Beijing) ( ) Sun 21 (Liaoning Province) ( ) Georgia Alibegashvili 211 (Tbilisi) , ( ) India Basu 213 (West Bengal) a , ( ) Sankaranarayanan 25 a,c , ( ) Mittal 214 (Kolkata) a 3 6 9, (4.2 5.) Sankaranarayanan 24 d , ( ) Jeronimo 214 e 3 6 4, ( ) Jeronimo 214 (Hyderabad) , ( ) Sankaranarayanan 24 f , ( ) Sankaranarayanan 24 g , ( ) Sankaranarayanan 24 (Mumbai) , ( ) Srivastava 212 (Varanasi) a , ( ) Gravitt 21 a,h >=25 2, ( ) Dutta 212 (Eastern India) , ( ) Franceschi 25 (Tamil Nadu) , ( ) Datta 21 a,i , ( ) Sarkar 211 (West Bengal) j >=15 1, ( ) Laikangbam 27 (West Bengal) , ( ) Pandey 212 (Lucknow) a ( ) Gupta 29 (New Delhi) ( ) Laikangbam 27 (Manipur) (5. 8.8) Aggarwal 26 (Chandigarh) ( ) Kerkar 211 (Mumbai) ( ) Bhatla 28 (New Delhi) ( ) Laikangbam 27 (Sikkim) ( ) Vinodhini 212 (Tamil Nadu) ( ) Kashyap 213 k ( ) Arora 25 (New Delhi) ( ) Singh 29 (North India) ( ) Indonesia Vet 28 (Tasikmalaya) ( ) Vet 28 (Bali) ( ) Vet 28 (Jakarta) a ( ) % 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% (Continued on next page) Data updated on 15 Dec 216 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested; The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportional to the sample size. a Women from the general population, including some with cytological cervical abnormalities (Continued on next page)

82 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS b Shiquan County (Shaanxi Province) c Osnamabad d Kolkata (2) e Rural Uttar Pradesh f Trivandrum g Kolkata (1) h Medchal Mandal (Andhra Pradesh) i Govindpuri (New Delhi) j Few HPV types tested: 16, 18 only k Few HPV types tested: 16 only Data sources: See references in Section 9. ( Figure 61 continued from previous page)

83 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 62: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) Country Study Age N % (95% CI) Indonesia de Boer 26 (Jakarta) ( ) Rachmadi 212 a ( ) Iran Eghbali 212 (Bushehr Port) b (.3 1.5) Khodakarami 212 (Tehran) (5. 8.5) Zavarei 28 (Tehran) ( ) Safaei 21 (Shiraz) ( ) Shahramian 211 (Zabol) b ( ) Moradi 211 (Gorgan) ( ) Zandi 21 (Bushehr) b ( ) Japan Inoue 26 (Ishikawa) , (6. 7.2) Maehama 25 (Okinawa) , ( ) Asato 24 (Okinawa) , ( ) Takehara 211 c , ( ) Sasagawa 21 d , ( ) Onuki 29 (Ibaraki) , ( ) Chen 213 (Nagasaki) b 1, ( ) Konno 211 e ( ) Saito 1995 (Osaka) ( ) Sasagawa 1997 f ( ) Sasagawa 25 (Hokuriku) ( ) Ishi 24 (Chiba) ( ) Masumoto 24 (Tokyo) ( ) Nishiwaki ( ) Yoshikawa 1999 <= ( ) Satoh 213 (Tsukuba, Tokyo) ( ) Kazakhstan Buleshov 211 (South) b , 11. ( ) Kuwait Al Awadhi , (1.9 3.) Lebanon Mroueh 22 (Beirut) b , ( ) Karam ( ) Malaysia Tay 29 (Johor and Singapore) ( ) Othman 214 g ( ) Chong 21 (Southern Selangor) b ( ) Mongolia Dondog 28 (Ulaanbaatar) ( ) Chimeddorj 28 h 1 1. (.2 5.4) Nepal Sherpa 21 i ( ) Johnson 214 j ( ) Pakistan Raza 21 (Karachi) ( ) Philippines Ngelangel 1998 (Manila) ( ) Rep. Korea Lee 212 b , ( ) Lee 212 (Suwon) 26, ( ) % 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% (Continued on next page) Data updated on 15 Dec 216 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested; The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportional to the sample size. a Jakarta, Tasikmalaya and Bali (Continued on next page)

84 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS ( Figure 62 continued from previous page) b Women from the general population, including some with cytological cervical abnormalities c Few HPV types tested: 16, 18, 52, 58 only d Hokuriku(Fukui, Ishikawa and Toyama) e Aomori, Tokyo, Fukui, Osaka, Hiroshima, Miyazaki and Kagoshima f Ishikawa and Toyama g North-Eastern region os West Malaysia h Few HPV types tested: 16 only i Bharatpur (Chitawan Province) j Sanphebagar Village (Achham District) Data sources: See references in Section 9.

85 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 63: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) Country Study Age N % (95% CI) Rep. Korea Kim 212 (Seoul) 11,8 6.2 ( ) Kim 213 (Seoul) 6, ( ) Kim 214 (Cheonan) a , ( ) Oh 29 (Busan and Suwon) , ( ) Bae 29 (Gyeonggi, Seoul) , ( ) Kim 213 (Seoul) , ( ) Park , ( ) Bae 29 a , ( ) Hwang , ( ) Kim , ( ) Oh 21 (Seoul) ,144.7 (.4 1.4) An 23 (Kyonggi do) 1, ( ) Lee 214 (Seoul, Busan, Cheonan) a ( ) Kim 21 a ( ) Kim 212 b ( ) Shin 23 (Busan) ( ) Kim 214 (Gangnam (Seoul)) a ( ) Lee 23 (Seoul) ( ) Shin 24 (Busan) a ( ) Cho 211 a ( ) Bae 214 (Seoul) ( ) Cho 23 (Kyonggi do) ( ) Kim 214 (Busan) a ( ) Shim 21 (Seoul) ( ) Kim 213 (Gwangju) ( ) Hwang 212 a ( ) Um ( ) Lee ( ) Saudi Arabia Al Ahdal 214 (Riyadh) ( ) Taiwan Lai 212 (Taoyuan) , ( ) Wang 21 a,c , ( ) Chen 211 d , ( ) Lin 26 (South Taiwan) a , ( ) Huang , ( ) Jeng 25 (Taipei) , ( ) Liaw ( ) Tsai 25 (Kaohsiung County) >= ( ) Lin 25 (Kaohsiung) ( ) Thailand Swangvaree 21 (Bangkok) , ( ) Laowahutanont 214 (Bangkok) >=2 2, ( ) % 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% (Continued on next page) Data updated on 15 Dec 216 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested; The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportional to the sample size. a Women from the general population, including some with cytological cervical abnormalities (Continued on next page)

86 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS b Few HPV types tested: 6, 11, 42, 43, 44 only c Taipei, Taoyuan, Chungli, Hsinchu, Keelung) d Sanchi, Chutung, Potzu,Kaoshu, Makung, Paihsa and Huhsi Data sources: See references in Section 9. ( Figure 63 continued from previous page)

87 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 64: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) Country Study Age N % (95% CI) Thailand Siriaunkgul 214 (Chiang Mai) 3 6 2, ( ) Paengchit 214 a 3 7 1, (3.2 5.) Chansaenroj 21 (Bangkok) 1, ( ) Marks 211 b,c , ( ) Sukvirach 23 (Lampang) ( ) Sukvirach 23 (Songkla) (2.2 5.) Wongworapat 28 (Chiang Mai) c ( ) Chandeying 26 c,d (3. 7.1) Thomas 21 (Bangkok) c ( ) Chichareon 1998 (Songkla) ( ) Suwannarurk 29 (Pathumthani) e ( ) Natphopsuk 213 (Khon Kaen) ( ) Chopjitt 29 (Khon Kaen) ( ) Ekalaksananan 21 (Khon Kaen) ( ) Chaiwongkot 27 (Khon Kaen) ( ) Sriamporn 26 (Khon Kaen) >= ( ) Siritantikorn 1997 (Bangkok) ( ) Settheetham Ishida 25 f ( ) Turkey Inal 27 (Izmir) , (1. 2.3) Yuce 212 (Ankara) ( ) Ozalp 212 (Eskisehir region) ( ) Kasap 211 (Izmir) ( ) Demir 212 g ( ) Sahiner ( ) Bayram 211 (Gaziantep) ( ) Özcan ( ) Eren 21 (Istanbul) ( ) Altun 211 (Adana) c ( ) Akcali 213 (Manisa) c ( ) Tezcan 214 (Mersin Province) ( ) Sahiner 214 (Ankara) c ( ) Dursun ( ) Oztürk (.8 5.2) Uzbekistan Inamova 29 (Tashkent) , ( ) Viet Nam Vu 212 (Can Tho) c , 1.2 ( ) Vu 212 (Hue) c , 8.6 (7. 1.5) Vu 212 (Thai Nguyen) , 9.2 ( ) Pham 23 (Hanoi) (.9 2.5) Pham 23 (Ho Chi Minh City) ( ) Vu 211 (Ho Chi Minh) c ( ) % 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% (Continued on next page) Data updated on 15 Dec 216 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested; The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportional to the sample size. a Lampang Province (Continued on next page)

88 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS ( Figure 64 continued from previous page) b Chiang Mai, Khon Kaen, Bangkok, Songkla and Hat Yai c Women from the general population, including some with cytological cervical abnormalities d Hat Yai (South Thailand) e Few HPV types tested: 16, 18, 31, 33 only f Khon Kaen g Istanbul, Ankara, Antalya, Nigde and Elazig Data sources: See references in Section 9.

89 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 65: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) Country Study Age N % (95% CI) Viet Nam Vu 211 (Hanoi) ( ) % 1% Data updated on 15 Dec 216 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested; The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportional to the sample size. Data sources: See references in Section 9.

90 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS HPV type distribution among women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cervical lesions and cervical cancer Table 13: Prevalence of HPV 16/18 in women with normal cytology, precancerous cervical lesions and invasive cervical cancer in Asia Normal cytology Low-grade lesions High-grade lesions Cervical cancer Country /Region No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev tested (95% CI) tested (95% CI) tested (95% CI) tested (95% CI) Asia 145, ( ) 7, ( ) 13, ( ) 2, ( ) Central Asia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Eastern Asia 116, ( ) 6, ( ) 1, ( ) 15, ( ) China 51, ( ) 3, ( ) 5, ( ) 6, ( ) DPR Korea Japan 21, ( ) 2, 15.9 ( ) 2, ( ) 2, ( ) Mongolia ( ) ( ) Rep. Korea 15, ( ) ( ) ( ) 1, ( ) Taiwan 26, ( ) ( ) 1, ( ) 3, ( ) South-Eastern Asia 8, ( ) ( ) 1, ( ) 3, ( ) Brunei Cambodia Indonesia 2 4. (2.-7.7) ( ) Laos Malaysia (.5-2.2) ( ) ( ) ( ) Myanmar ( ) Philippines ( ) ( ) Singapore ( ) ( ) Thailand 5, (3.-3.9) ( ) ( ) 1, ( ) Timor-Leste Viet Nam 1, ( ) ( ) ( ) Southern Asia 14, ( ) ( ) ( ) 2, ( ) Afghanistan Bangladesh ( ) Bhutan 2, ( ) India 8, ( ) ( ) ( ) 2, ( ) Iran 1, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Maldives Nepal 1,19 2. (1.3-3.) ( ) Pakistan (.2-1.2) ( ) Sri Lanka ( ) Western Asia 6, (2.-2.7) ( ) 1, ( ) ( ) Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain (.6-7.7) Georgia 1, (.7-1.9) ( ) Iraq Israel ( ) ( ) Jordan ( ) Kuwait 3,11.2 (.1-.4) ( ) ( ) Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia ( ) Syria ( ) Turkey 2, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) UAE Yemen Data updated on 19 May 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215 / 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; High-grade lesions: CIN-2, CIN-3, CIS or HSIL; Low-grade lesions: LSIL or CIN-1; a Kahng 214 includes lesions CIN2 or worse Data sources: See references in Section 9.

91 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 66: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study Country Study N % (95% CI) Bahrain Hajjaj (.2 6.) Bhutan Tshomo 214 2, ( ) China Mai , ( ) Zhao 214 5, ( ) Zhao 29 5, (1.4 2.) Wu 213 3, (.7 1.4) Li 213 3, ( ) Yuan 211 3, ( ) Jin 21 2, (.7 1.4) Chan 29 2,571.9 (.6 1.3) Wu (1.2 3.) Li ( ) Dai ( ) Bian (3. 7.4) Wu (2. 6.2) Sun ( ) Georgia Alibegashvili 211 1,247.5 (.2 1.) India Dutta 212 2,313.5 (.3.9) Laikangbam 27 2, ( ) Franceschi 25 1, ( ) Gupta ( ) Aggarwal ( ) Kerkar (.7 3.) Bhatla (1.2 4.) Vinodhini ( ) Arora ( ) Singh ( ) Indonesia de Boer (.8 5.) Iran Khodakarami ( ) Safaei (1. 3.9) Moradi ( ) Japan Inoue 26 7, (1. 1.5) Maehama 25 4,78.3 (.2.5) Asato 24 3,249.5 (.3.8) Takehara 211 2, (1. 2.1) Sasagawa 21 1, (.8 2.) Onuki 29 1, ( ) Konno (3. 5.6) Sasagawa (.5 2.) Nishiwaki ( ) % 1% 2% (Continued on next page) Data updated on 15 Dec 216 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested; The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportional to the sample size. Data sources: See references in Section 9.

92 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 67: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) Country Study N % (95% CI) Japan Yoshikawa (.1 4.2) Korea, Rep. Kim 213 6, ( ) Park 214 1,93.8 (.5 1.3) Hwang 24 1, ( ) Kim 212 1, ( ) Oh 21 1,144.6 (.3 1.3) An 23 1, ( ) Shin (.3 1.6) Lee (3.1 6.) Cho ( ) Kuwait Al Awadhi 211 3,11.2 (.1.5) Malaysia Othman (.4 2.) Mongolia Dondog ( ) Nepal Sherpa (.8 2.5) Johnson (.3 3.4) Pakistan Raza (.2 1.2) Philippines Ngelangel (.6 3.1) Taiwan Lai ,724.2 (.2.3) Chen 211 1, ( ) Huang 28 1, (.6 1.8) Tsai ( ) Lin ( ) Thailand Laowahutanont 214 2, (.9 1.7) Sukvirach 23 1,659.7 (.4 1.3) Chichareon ( ) Suwannarurk ( ) Natphopsuk ( ) Chopjitt (3. 1.3) Chaiwongkot ( ) Sriamporn ( ) Siritantikorn (.2 5.3) Settheetham Ishida ( ) Turkey Ozalp (.7 2.8) Demir ( ) Tezcan ( ) Dursun ( ) Bayram ( ) Viet Nam Pham 23 1, (1. 2.1) % 1% 2% 3% Data updated on 15 Dec 216 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested; The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportional to the sample size. Data sources: See references in Section 9.

93 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 68: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study Country Study N % (95% CI) Bangladesh Banik ( ) China Chan ( ) Chan ( ) Yuan ( ) Zhao ( ) Guo ( ) Liu ( ) Li ( ) Ding ( ) Li ( ) Wu ( ) Hong ( ) Tao ( ) Zhang ( ) Liu ( ) Sun ( ) Wu ( ) Zhao ( ) Chan ( ) Jin ( ) India Singh ( ) Nair ( ) Franceschi ( ) Berlin Grace (. 16.1) Nagpal ( ) Iran Esmaeili ( ) Ghaffari ( ) Japan Matsumoto ( ) Takehara ( ) Onuki ( ) Saito (1. 6.6) Sasagawa ( ) Inoue ( ) Yamasaki ( ) Nishiwaki ( ) Konno ( ) Yoshida ( ) Kuwait Al Awadhi ( ) Al Awadhi ( ) Malaysia Sharifah ( ) % 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% (Continued on next page) Data updated on 28 Jun 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; Low-grade lesions: LSIL or CIN-1; N: number of women tested; The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportional to the sample size. Data sources: See references in Section 9.

94 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 69: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study (continued) Country Study N % (95% CI) Myanmar Mu Mu Shwe ( ) Rep. Korea An ( ) Lee ( ) Cho ( ) Kang ( ) Oh ( ) Hwang ( ) Taiwan Ding ( ) Chao ( ) Huang (. 22.8) Thailand Chansaenroj ( ) Chaiwongkot ( ) Ekalaksananan ( ) Bhattarakosol (. 12.5) Chansaenroj (. 24.2) Suwannarurk ( ) Turkey Yuce ( ) Sahiner ( ) Ergünay ( ) Tezcan ( ) Ozgul ( ) % 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% Data updated on 28 Jun 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; Low-grade lesions: LSIL or CIN-1; N: number of women tested; The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportional to the sample size. Data sources: See references in Section 9.

95 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 7: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study Country Study N % (95% CI) China Chan 26 1, ( ) Chan 212 1, ( ) Yuan ( ) Li ( ) Singh ( ) Ding ( ) Guo ( ) Tao ( ) Li ( ) Zhao ( ) Liu ( ) Chan ( ) Wu ( ) Zhang ( ) Li ( ) Sun ( ) Zhao ( ) Chan ( ) Wu ( ) Jin ( ) India Deodhar ( ) Singh ( ) Nagpal ( ) Franceschi ( ) Iran Esmaeili ( ) Israel Bassal ( ) Laskov ( ) Japan Azuma ( ) Takehara ( ) Onuki ( ) Sasagawa ( ) Yamasaki ( ) Okadome ( ) Nakamura ( ) Matsumoto ( ) Inoue ( ) Nishiwaki ( ) Nagai ( ) Yoshida ( ) Ichimura ( ) % 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% (Continued on next page) Data updated on 28 Jun 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; High-grade lesions: CIN-2, CIN-3, CIS or HSIL; N: number of women tested; The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportional to the sample size. Data sources: See references in Section 9.

96 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 71: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study (continued) Country Study N % (95% CI) Japan Tsuda (4. 29.) Niwa ( ) Kuwait Al Awadhi ( ) Al Awadhi ( ) Malaysia Quek ( ) Rep. Korea Kang ( ) Kahng ( ) Quek ( ) Hwang ( ) Cho ( ) Oh ( ) Singapore Quek ( ) Taiwan Chao 21 1, ( ) Lai ( ) Ho ( ) Chao ( ) Lin ( ) Thailand Swangvaree ( ) Chansaenroj ( ) Sukasem ( ) Limpaiboon ( ) Turkey Baser ( ) Sahiner ( ) Yuce ( ) Viet Nam Quek ( ) NA NA NA % 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% Data updated on 28 Jun 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; High-grade lesions: CIN-2, CIN-3, CIS or HSIL; N: number of women tested; The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportional to the sample size. a Includes lesions CIN2 or worse Data sources: See references in Section 9.

97 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 72: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study Country Study N % (95% CI) Asia de Sanjose 21(a) ( ) China Wang 215 1, ( ) Lo ( ) Chen ( ) Chan ( ) Chan ( ) Wu ( ) Yuan ( ) Wu ( ) Hong ( ) Qiu ( ) Liu ( ) Lo ( ) Ding ( ) Cai ( ) Cai ( ) Shah ( ) Liu ( ) Zhao ( ) Liu ( ) Peng ( ) Li ( ) Lin ( ) Wu ( ) Gao ( ) Liu ( ) Yu ( ) Huang ( ) Tao ( ) Stephen ( ) Georgia Alibegashvili ( ) India Basu ( ) Munjal ( ) Franceschi ( ) Gheit ( ) Nambaru ( ) Peedicayil ( ) Deodhar ( ) Nair ( ) Bhatla ( ) (Continued on next page) Data updated on 28 Jun 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested; The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportional to the sample size. a Includes cases from Bangladesh, India, Israel, Kuwait, Lebanon and Turkey Data sources: See references in Section 9.

98 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 73: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study (continued) Country Study N % (95% CI) India Nagpal ( ) Neyaz ( ) Munagala ( ) Munirajan ( ) Sowjanya ( ) Peedicayil ( ) Indonesia De Boer ( ) Schellekens ( ) Bosch ( ) Tobing ( ) Iran Salehi Vaziri ( ) Mortazavi ( ) Esmaeili ( ) Khodakarami ( ) Hamkar ( ) Israel Bassal ( ) Laskov ( ) Japan Maehama ( ) Asato ( ) Azuma ( ) Nakagawa ( ) Onuki ( ) Takehara ( ) Kashiwabara ( ) Harima ( ) Sasagawa ( ) Yamasaki ( ) Saito ( ) Imajoh ( ) Yamakawa ( ) Watari ( ) Tsuda ( ) Ishikawa ( ) Fujinaga ( ) Maki ( ) Kanao ( ) Nawa ( ) Yoshida ( ) Nakagawa ( ) Inoue ( ) (Continued on next page) Data updated on 28 Jun 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested; The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportional to the sample size. Data sources: See references in Section 9.

99 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 74: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study (continued) Country Study N % (95% CI) Japan Yoshida ( ) Jordan Sughayer ( ) Malaysia Hamzi Abdul Raub ( ) Quek ( ) Yadav ( ) Cheah ( ) Sharifah ( ) Mongolia Chimeddorj ( ) Nepal Sherpa ( ) Pakistan Raza ( ) Khan ( ) Philippines Ngelangel ( ) de Sanjose ( ) Quek ( ) Bosch ( ) Rep. Korea Kim ( ) Lee ( ) An ( ) Quek ( ) Tong ( ) Hwang ( ) Cho ( ) An ( ) Hwang ( ) Kim ( ) Song ( ) Saudi Arabia Alsbeih ( ) Singapore Quek ( ) Sri Lanka Samarawickrema ( ) Karunaratne ( ) Syria Darnel ( ) Taiwan Lai 27 2, ( ) Chen ( ) Ding ( ) Huang ( ) Huang ( ) Su ( ) Yang ( ) Lai ( ) Ho ( ) (Continued on next page) Data updated on 28 Jun 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested; The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportional to the sample size. Data sources: See references in Section 9.

100 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 75: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study (continued) Country Study N % (95% CI) Taiwan Chen ( ) Lin ( ) Chao ( ) Yang ( ) Thailand Chansaenroj ( ) Chichareon ( ) Natphopsuk ( ) Bhattarakosol ( ) Siriaunkgul ( ) Settheetham Ishida ( ) Chopjitt ( ) Bosch ( ) Siritantikorn ( ) Turkey Usubütün ( ) Ozgul ( ) Viet Nam Quek ( ) Data updated on 28 Jun 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested; The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportional to the sample size. Data sources: See references in Section 9.

101 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 76: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types among women with and without cervical lesions in Asia and its regions Asia Central Asia Eastern Asia Normal cytology HPV type st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 1th No data available Low grade lesions HPV type st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 1th No data available High grade lesions HPV type st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 1th No data available Cervical Cancer HPV type st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 1th No data available Prevalence (%) Prevalence (%) Prevalence (%) Data updated on 19 May 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). High-grade lesions: CIN-2, CIN-3, CIS or HSIL; Low-grade lesions: LSIL or CIN-1; The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh / fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). Data sources: See references in Section 9.

102 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 77: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types among women with and without cervical lesions in Asia and its regions (continued) Southern Asia South Eastern Asia Western Asia Normal cytology Low grade lesions th High grade lesions Cervical Cancer Prevalence (%) Prevalence (%) Prevalence (%) Data updated on 19 May 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). High-grade lesions: CIN-2, CIN-3, CIS or HSIL; Low-grade lesions: LSIL or CIN-1; The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh / fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). Data sources: See references in Section 9.

103 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 78: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types among women with invasive cervical cancer by histology in Asia and its regions Asia Central Asia Eastern Asia Any Histology HPV type st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 1th No data available Squamous cell carcinoma HPV type st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 1th No data available Adenocarcinoma HPV type st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 1th No data available Unespecified HPV type st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 1th No data available Prevalence (%) Prevalence (%) 3 6 Prevalence (%) No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive. Data updated on 19 May 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh / fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). Data sources: See references in Section 9.

104 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 79: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types among women with invasive cervical cancer by histology in Asia and its regions (continued) Southern Asia South Eastern Asia Western Asia Any Histology Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma th 6th 7th 8th 9th 1th th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 1th Unespecified Prevalence (%) 3 6 Prevalence (%) 3 6 Prevalence (%) No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive. Data updated on 19 May 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh / fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). Data sources: See references in Section 9.

105 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Table 14: Type-specific HPV prevalence in women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cervical lesions and invasive cervical cancer in Asia Normal cytology Low-grade lesions High-grade lesions Cervical cancer HPV Type No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev tested % (95% CI) tested % (95% CI) tested % (95% CI) tested % (95% CI) ONCOGENIC HPV TYPES High-risk HPV types , ( ) 7, ( ) 13, ( ) 2, ( ) , (1.-1.1) 7, ( ) 13, ( ) 2, ( ) ,35.6 (.6-.6) 7, (3.2-4.) 13, ( ) 17, (2.5-3.) ,163.7 (.7-.7) 7, ( ) 13, (6.1-7.) 18, ( ) ,554.3 (.3-.3) 7, (1.-1.5) 11, (1.-1.4) 14, ( ) ,521.6 (.6-.7) 7, ( ) 11, (2.-2.6) 15, ( ) 45 12,832.4 (.3-.4) 7, (.8-1.3) 12, ( ) 13,81 4. ( ) ,398.6 (.6-.7) 7, (5.9-7.) 12, ( ) 13,33 1. (.8-1.2) , (1.8-2.) 7, ( ) 12, ( ) 17, ( ) ,221.6 (.6-.6) 6,8 6.3 ( ) 11, ( ) 14, (.9-1.2) , ( ) 7, ( ) 12, ( ) 18, (7.-7.8) ,791.3 (.3-.4) 7, (2.3-3.) 11, (1.5-2.) 15, ( ) Probable/possible carcinogen 26 5,936.1 (.-.1) 2, (.8-1.5) 6, (.9-1.4) 9,437.2 (.1-.3) 3 18,873.2 (.1-.2) 1,358.5 (.2-1.1) (.2-1.3) 3,411.3 (.2-.5) 34 39,912.1 (.1-.1) 2,899.4 (.3-.8) 4,589.1 (.1-.3) 6,292.2 (.1-.3) 53 99,272.9 (.9-1.) 5, ( ) 9, ( ) 1,324.4 (.3-.6) ,531.5 (.5-.5) 6, (4.9-6.) 1, ( ) 11,837.4 (.3-.6) 67 52,468.2 (.2-.3) 2,52.8 (.5-1.2) 5,122.9 (.7-1.2) 7,244.4 (.3-.6) ,114.6 (.6-.7) 6, ( ) 11, ( ) 12,525.8 (.6-.9) 69 5,57.2 (.1-.2) 2,69.3 (.2-.7) 6,535.4 (.3-.6) 4,633.1 (.1-.3) 7 65, (.9-1.) 3,846.9 (.7-1.3) 7,71.9 (.8-1.2) 1,278.4 (.3-.5) 73 39,237.1 (.1-.2) 2,451.8 (.5-1.3) 5,412.7 (.5-.9) 9,12.3 (.2-.4) 82 6,152.1 (.1-.2) 2, (.8-1.6) 7, ( ) 9,491.2 (.2-.4) 85 3,111.1 (.1-.1) 1,842.3 (.1-.6) 3,285. (.-.1) (.-1.4) NON-ONCOGENIC HPV TYPES 6 186, (.9-1.) 5, ( ) 11, (1.-1.4) 13,35.3 (.2-.4) ,467.6 (.5-.6) 5, ( ) 11, ( ) 12,694.4 (.3-.5) 32 42,977.1 (.1-.2) 71. (.-5.1) - - 1,79.1 (.-.4) 4 41,863.3 (.2-.3) 1,59.9 (.6-1.6) 3,515.2 (.1-.4) 6,649. (.-.1) ,428.3 (.3-.3) 2, ( ) 5,34.7 (.5-1.) 7,84.3 (.2-.5) ,886.2 (.2-.2) (.4-1.8) 2,531. (.-.2) 6,12. (.-.1) ,76.2 (.2-.2) 1, ( ) 4, ( ) 6,999.1 (.1-.2) 54 66,525.4 (.4-.5) 1, ( ) 4,55 2. ( ) 7,19.2 (.1-.3) ,21. (.-.) (.2-3.2) 1,1.6 (.3-1.3) 2,686. (.-.1) 61 52,911.2 (.2-.3) 1, ( ) 2, ( ) 7,366.6 (.4-.8) 62 34,229.4 (.4-.5) 1, ( ) 1, (3.-4.7) 3,5.4 (.2-.6) ,75.2 (.2-.3) 1,211.7 (.4-1.4) 2,518.8 (.5-1.2) 3,596.1 (.1-.3) 72 53,39.4 (.3-.4) 1,117.4 (.1-.9) 1,973.4 (.2-.8) 4,125.1 (.-.2) 74 31,46.3 (.3-.4) (.2-2.6) 46. (.-.8) 3,517.1 (.-.3) ,551.7 (.6-.7) 1, ( ) 2, (2.-3.2) 3,948.2 (.1-.4) 83 51,553.1 (.1-.1) 1,28.8 (.5-1.5) 2,999.4 (.2-.7) 3,755. (.-.1) 84 53,975.4 (.3-.4) 1, ( ) 2, (1.-1.8) 3,378.1 (.1-.3) 86 14,16.1 (.-.1) (.-5.1) ,871.2 (.1-.3) (.5-1.9) 1, (.7-1.7) 3,448.1 (.-.3) 9 18,836.7 (.6-.8) (.8-9.7) - - 1,49.1 (.-.4) 91 4,896.2 (.1-.4) 71. (.-5.1) - - 2,59. (.-.2) Data updated on 19 May 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215 / 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; High-grade lesions: CIN-2, CIN-3, CIS or HSIL; Low-grade lesions: LSIL or CIN-1; The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh / fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). Data sources: See references in Section 9.

106 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Table 15: Type-specific HPV prevalence among invasive cervical cancer cases in Asia by histology Any Histology Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Unespecified HPV Type No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev tested % (95% CI) tested % (95% CI) tested % (95% CI) tested % (95% CI) ONCOGENIC HPV TYPES High-risk HPV types 16 2, ( ) 14, ( ) 1, ( ) 5, ( ) 18 2, ( ) 14, ( ) 1, ( ) 5, ( ) 31 17, (2.5-3.) 12, ( ) 1, (.6-1.8) 4, ( ) 33 18, ( ) 12, ( ) 1, (2.2-4.) 4, ( ) 35 14, ( ) 9, ( ) 1,124.5 (.2-1.2) 3, ( ) 39 15, ( ) 11, (1.5-2.) 1,9 1.3 (.8-2.1) 2, (.9-1.7) 45 13,81 4. ( ) 9, (3.3-4.) 1, ( ) 3, ( ) 51 13,33 1. (.8-1.2) 9, (.8-1.2) 1,6.4 (.1-1.) 2, (.9-1.8) 52 17, ( ) 12, ( ) 1, ( ) 3, (4.6-6.) 56 14, (.9-1.2) 1, (1.-1.4) 1, (.7-1.9) 3,92.7 (.5-1.1) 58 18, (7.-7.8) 13,7 7.7 ( ) 1, ( ) 4, ( ) 59 15, ( ) 11, ( ) 1, (.6-1.8) 3, ( ) Probable/possible carcinogen 26 9,437.2 (.1-.3) ,411.3 (.2-.5) 2,352.4 (.2-.7) 228. (.-1.7) (.-.6) 34 6,292.2 (.1-.3) 4,459.2 (.1-.3) 63.2 (.-.9) 1,365.1 (.-.5) 53 1,324.4 (.3-.6) ,837.4 (.3-.6) 8,667.4 (.3-.6) 1,7.2 (.1-.7) 2,31.4 (.2-.7) 67 7,244.4 (.3-.6) 5,459.4 (.3-.7) (.-1.) 1,664.2 (.1-.6) 68 12,525.8 (.6-.9) 8,582.7 (.5-.9) 1,112.6 (.3-1.3) 2, (.7-1.4) 69 4,633.1 (.1-.3) ,278.4 (.3-.5) ,12.3 (.2-.4) ,491.2 (.2-.4) 6,97.2 (.2-.4) 724. (.-.5) 1,861.3 (.1-.7) (.-1.4) 27. (.-1.4) NON-ONCOGENIC HPV TYPES 6 13,35.3 (.2-.4) ,694.4 (.3-.5) ,79.1 (.-.4) ,649. (.-.1) ,84.3 (.2-.5) 5,675.3 (.2-.5) (.-.8) 1,596.4 (.2-.8) 43 6,12. (.-.1) ,999.1 (.1-.2) 5,118.1 (.1-.3) 647. (.-.6) 1,257.2 (.-.6) 54 7,19.2 (.1-.3) ,686. (.-.1) ,366.6 (.4-.8) ,5.4 (.2-.6) ,596.1 (.1-.3) ,125.1 (.-.2) ,517.1 (.-.3) ,948.2 (.1-.4) ,755. (.-.1) ,378.1 (.1-.3) ,448.1 (.-.3) ,49.1 (.-.4) ,59. (.-.2) Data updated on 19 May 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh / fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). Data sources: See references in Section 9.

107 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS HPV type distribution among HIV+ women with normal cervical cytology Table 16: Asian studies on HPV prevalence among HIV women with normal cytology HPV detection method and targeted HPV prevalence Country Study HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) Israel Leibenson 211 PCR-, sequencing ( ) Data updated on 31 Jul 213 (data as of 31 Dec 211). Only for European countries. 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; Data sources: See references in Section 9.

108 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Terminology Cytologically normal women No abnormal cells are observed on the surface of their cervix upon cytology. Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) / Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (SIL) SIL and CIN are two commonly used terms to describe precancerous lesions or the abnormal growth of squamous cells observed in the cervix. SIL is an abnormal result derived from cervical cytological screening or Pap smear testing. CIN is a histological diagnosis made upon analysis of cervical tissue obtained by biopsy or surgical excision. The condition is graded as CIN 1, 2 or 3, according to the thickness of the abnormal epithelium (1/3, 2/3 or the entire thickness). Low-grade cervical lesions (LSIL/CIN-1) Low-grade cervical lesions are defined by early changes in size, shape, and number of abnormal cells formed on the surface of the cervix and may be referred to as mild dysplasia, LSIL, or CIN-1. High-grade cervical lesions (HSIL/ CIN-2 / CIN-3 / CIS) High-grade cervical lesions are defined by a large number of precancerous cells on the surface of the cervix that are distinctly different from normal cells. They have the potential to become cancerous cells and invade deeper tissues of the cervix. These lesions may be referred to as moderate or severe dysplasia, HSIL, CIN-2, CIN-3 or cervical carcinoma in situ (CIS). Carcinoma in situ (CIS) Preinvasive malignancy limited to the epithelium without invasion of the basement membrane. CIN 3 encompasses the squamous carcinoma in situ. Invasive cervical cancer (ICC) / Cervical cancer If the high-grade precancerous cells invade the basement membrane is called ICC. ICC stages range from stage I (cancer is in the cervix or uterus only) to stage IV (the cancer has spread to distant organs, such as the liver). Invasive squamous cell carcinoma Invasive carcinoma composed of cells resembling those of squamous epithelium. Adenocarcinoma Invasive tumour with glandular and squamous elements intermingled.

109 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS HPV burden in anogenital cancers other than the cervix Methods: Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma of the vulva, vagina, anus and penis: systematic review and meta-analysis A systematic review of the literature was conducted on the worldwide HPV-prevalence and type distribution for anogenital carcinomas other than cervix from January 1986 to data as of indicated in each section. The search terms for the review were HPV AND (anus OR anal) OR (penile) OR vagin OR vulv using Pubmed. There were no limits in publication language. References cited in selected articles were also investigated. Inclusion criteria were: HPV DNA detection by means of PCR, a minimum of 1 cases by lesion and a detailed description of HPV DNA detection and genotyping techniques used. The number of cases tested and HPV positive cases were extracted for each study to estimate the prevalence of HPV DNA and the HPV type distribution. Binomial 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each HPV prevalence Anal cancer and precancerous anal lesions Anal cancer is similar to cervical cancer with respect to overall HPV DNA positivity, with approximately 88% of cases associated with HPV infection worldwide (de Martel C et al. Lancet Oncol 212;13(6):67-15). HPV16 is the most common type detected, representing 73% of all HPV-positive tumours. HPV18 is the second most common type detected and is found in approximately 5% of cases. HPV DNA is also detected in the majority of precancerous anal lesions (AIN) (91.5% in AIN1 and 93.9% in AIN2/3) (De Vuyst H et al. Int J Cancer 29; 124: ). In this section, the HPV prevalence among anal cancer cases and precancerous anal lesions in Asia are presented. Alemany (Asia) Table 17: Asian studies on HPV prevalence among anal cancer cases (male and female) HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVs Study HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%) 215 a Yhim 211 (Rep. Korea) Youk 21 (Rep. Korea) PCR-SPF1, EIA, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 3, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 4, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 7, 73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91) PCR, TS (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 4, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 69) PCR-MY9/11, PCR-L1C1/C2, PCR-E6, PCR-E7, TS (HPV 16, 18) Data updated on 28 Jun 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific; a Includes cases from Bangladesh, India and South Korea Data sources: See references in Section ( ) HPV 16 (67.3%) HPV 16 (67.3%) HPV 16 (67.3%) HPV 16 (67.3%) HPV 18 (3.8%) HPV 18 (3.8%) HPV 18 (3.8%) HPV 18 (3.8%) HPV 35 (3.8%) HPV 35 (3.8%) ( ) HPV 16 (66.%) HPV 58 (6.4%) HPV 35 (2.1%) ( ) HPV 16 (1.%)

110 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Table 18: Asian studies on HPV prevalence among AIN 2/3 cases (male and female) HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVs Study HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%) Phanuphak 213 (Thailand) PCR L1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6, PCR-E7, LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 4, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 7, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84) Data updated on 28 Jun 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; Data sources: See references in Section ( ) HPV 4 (51.2%) HPV 53 (26.8%) HPV 16 (24.4%) HPV 11 (19.5%) HPV 58 (17.1%) Figure 8: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Asia and the World Asia (a) World (b) Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of anal cancer cases Data updated on 9 Feb 217 (data as of 3 Jun 214). a Includes cases from Bangladesh,India and South Korea b Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and United States); Africa (Mali, Nigeria and Senegal); Asia (Bangladesh,India and South Korea) Data sources: See references in Section 9.

111 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 81: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World Asia World (a) 1st nd rd th th 6th No data available th th th th Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of AIN 2/3 cases No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive. Data updated on 9 Feb 217 (data as of 3 Jun 214). AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3; a Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay) Data sources: See references in Section 9.

112 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Vulvar cancer and precancerous vulvar lesions HPV attribution for vulvar cancer is 43% worldwide (de Martel C et al. Lancet Oncol 212;13(6):67-15). Vulvar cancer has two distinct histological patterns with two different risk factor profiles: (1) basaloid/warty types (2) keratinising types. Basaloid/warty lesions are more common in young women, are frequently found adjacent to VIN, are very often associated with HPV DNA detection (86%), and have a similar risk factor profile as cervical cancer. Keratinising vulvar carcinomas represent the majority of the vulvar lesions (>6%). These lesions develop from non HPV-related chronic vulvar dermatoses, especially lichen sclerosus and/or squamous hyperplasia, their immediate cancer precursor lesion is differentiated VIN, they occur more often in older women, and are rarely associated with HPV (6%) or with any of the other risk factors typical of cervical cancer. HPV prevalence is frequently detected among cases of high-grade VIN (VIN2/3) (85.3%). HPV 16 is the most common type detected followed by HPV 33 (De Vuyst H et al. Int J Cancer 29; 124: ). In this section, the HPV prevalence among vulvar cancer cases and precancerous vulvar lesions in Asia are presented. Table 19: Asian studies on HPV prevalence among vulvar cancer cases HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVs Study HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%) de Sanjosé 213 a (Asia) Nagano 1996 (Japan) Osakabe 27 (Japan) Ngamkham 213 (Thailand) PCR-SPF1, EIA, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 3, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 4, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 7, 73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91) PCR-L1C1/C2, RFLP (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 3, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 68, 7) PCR-L1C1/C2, RFLP (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 52, 58) EIA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 4, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 66, 68, 7, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89) ( ) HPV 16 (18.1%) HPV 18 (1.6%) HPV 44 (1.6%) HPV 45 (1.1%) HPV 52 (1.1%) ( ) HPV 16 (36.4%) HPV 6 (9.1%) HPV 18 (9.1%) HPV 51 (9.1%) HPV 56 (9.1%) ( ) HPV 16 (14.3%) HPV 6 (4.8%) HPV 52 (4.8%) ( ) HPV 16 (36.%) HPV 33 (8.%) HPV 35 (8.%) HPV 18 (4.%) HPV 58 (4.%) Data updated on 28 Jun 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; a Includes cases from Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey Data sources: See references in Section 9. Table 2: Asian studies on HPV prevalence among VIN 2/3 cases HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVs Study HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%) de Sanjosé 213 (Asia) PCR-SPF1, EIA, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 3, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 4, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 7, 73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91) Data updated on 28 Jun 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; a Includes cases from Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey Data sources: See references in Section ( ) HPV 16 (8.%) HPV 6 (5.%) HPV 18 (5.%) HPV 33 (5.%) HPV 35 (5.%)

113 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 82: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in Asia and the World Asia (a) World (b) Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of vulvar cancer cases Data updated on 9 Feb 217 (data as of 3 Jun 214). VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3; a Includes cases from Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey. b Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Senegal); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey) Data sources: See references in Section 9. Figure 83: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World Asia (a) World (b) th th th th Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of VIN 2/3 cases No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive. Data updated on 9 Feb 217 (data as of 3 Jun 214). VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3; a Includes cases from Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey. b Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey) Data sources: See references in Section 9.

114 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Vaginal cancer and precancerous vaginal lesions Vaginal and cervical cancers share similar risk factors and it is generally accepted that both carcinomas share the same aetiology of HPV infection although there is limited evidence available. Women with vaginal cancer are more likely to have a history of other anogenital cancers, particularly of the cervix, and these two carcinomas are frequently diagnosed simultaneously. HPV DNA is detected among 7% of invasive vaginal carcinomas and 91% of high-grade vaginal neoplasias (VaIN2/3). HPV16 is the most common type in high-grade vaginal neoplasias and it is detected in at least 7% of HPV-positive carcinomas (de Martel C et al. Lancet Oncol 212;13(6):67-15; De Vuyst H et al. Int J Cancer 29; 124: ). In this section, the HPV prevalence among vaginal cancer cases and precancerous vaginal lesions in Asia are presented. Table 21: Asian studies on HPV prevalence among vaginal cancer cases HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVs Study HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%) Alemany 214 (Asia-Pacific) PCR-SPF1, EIA, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 3, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) Data updated on 28 Jun 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; a Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey Data sources: See references in Section ( ) HPV 16 (41.3%) HPV 33 (4.3%) HPV 68 (4.3%) HPV 18 (2.2%) HPV 26 (2.2%) Table 22: Asian studies on HPV prevalence among VaIN 2/3 cases HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVs Study HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%) Alemany 214 (Asia-Pacific) Sugase 1997 (Japan) PCR-SPF1, EIA, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 3, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) PCR, TS, Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 2, 21, 22, 23, 26, 3, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 4, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 6, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 7, 71, 72, 73, 74, 8, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 9, 91) ( ) HPV 16 (53.8%) HPV 52 (15.4%) HPV 59 (15.4%) HPV 45 (7.7%) HPV 73 (7.7%) ( ) HPV 16 (16.7%) HPV 58 (16.7%) HPV 53 (11.1%) HPV 67 (11.1%) HPV 35 (5.6%) Data updated on 28 Jun 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific; Based on systematic reviews (up to 28) performed by ICO for the IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans volume 1B and IARC s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group. The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 215. Reference publications: 1) Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 29;1:321 2) De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 29;124:1626 Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 214; 5: 2846 Sugase M, Int J Cancer 1997; 72: 412 Data sources: See references in Section 9.

115 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 84: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vaginal cancer cases in Asia and the World Asia (a) World (b) Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of vaginal cancer cases Data updated on 9 Feb 217 (data as of 3 Jun 214). VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3; a Includes cases from Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey b Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mozambique, Nigeria); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey); and Oceania (Australia) Data sources: See references in Section 9. Figure 85: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World Asia (a) World (b) th th th th th Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of VaIN 2/3 cases No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive. Data updated on 9 Feb 217 (data as of 3 Jun 214). VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3; a Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey. b Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey); and Oceania (Australia) Data sources: See references in Section 9.

116 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Penile cancer and precancerous penile lesions HPV DNA is detectable in approximately 5% of all penile cancers (de Martel C et al. Lancet Oncol 212;13(6):67-15). Among HPV-related penile tumours, HPV16 is the most common type detected, followed by HPV18 and HPV types 6/11 (Miralles C et al. J Clin Pathol 29;62:87-8). Over 95% of invasive penile cancers are SCC and the most common penile SCC histologic sub-types are keratinising (49%), mixed warty-basaloid (17%), verrucous (8%), warty (6%), and basaloid (4%). HPV is commonly detected in basaloid and warty tumours but is less common in keratinising and verrucous tumours. In this section, the HPV prevalence among penile cancer cases and precancerous penile lesions in Asia are presented. Table 23: Asian studies on HPV prevalence among penile cancer cases HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVs Study HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%) Alemany 216 (Asia) Chan 1994 (China) Iwasawa 1993 (Japan) Suzuki 1994 (Japan) Yanagawa 28 (Japan) Senba 26 (Thailand) Do 213 (Viet Nam) PCR-SPF1, EIA, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 3, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 39, 4, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 7, 73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 9, 91) ( ) HPV 16 (9.%) HPV 33 (1.5%) HPV 35 (1.5%) HPV 45 (1.5%) PCR-E6, TS (HPV 16, 18) ( ) HPV 16 (9.8%) HPV 18 (9.8%) PCR-E6, TS (HPV 16, 18, 33) ( ) HPV 16 (61.3%) HPV 18 (1.8%) PCR L1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6, RFLP (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 52, 58) PCR-L1C1/C2, RFLP (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 52, 58) PCR L1-Consensus primer, PCR-SPF1, Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 2, 21, 22, 23, 26, 3, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 4, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 6, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 7, 71, 72, 73, 74, 8, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 9, 91) PCR-SPF1, PCR-E6, qpcr, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 4, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 7, 71, 73, 74, 82) ( ) HPV 16 (3.8%) HPV 33 (15.4%) HPV 31 (7.7%) (4.-29.) HPV 16 (11.5%) ( ) HPV 18 (55.4%) HPV 6 (4.%) HPV 34 (3.1%) HPV 11 (1.5%) HPV 22 (1.5%) ( ) HPV 16 (2.%) HPV 11 (.8%) HPV 18 (.8%) HPV 33 (.8%) HPV 58 (.8%) Data updated on 28 Jun 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific; Data sources: See references in Section 9. Table 24: Asian studies on HPV prevalence among PeIN 2/3 cases HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVs Study Method No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%) No Data Available Data updated on 28 Jun 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; PeIN 2/3: Penile intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3; Data sources: See references in Section 9.

117 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Figure 86: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in penile cancer cases in Asia and the World Asia (a) World (b) th th th th th th Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of penile cancer cases No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive. Data updated on 9 Feb 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). a Includes cases from Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippinesy b Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela and United States, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom. Data sources: See references in Section 9. Figure 87: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World Asia World (a) 1st nd rd th th 6th No data available th th th th Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of PeIN 2/3 cases No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive. Data updated on 9 Feb 217 (data as of 3 Jun 215). a Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom. Data sources: See references in Section 9.

118 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS HPV burden in men The information to date regarding anogenital HPV infection is primarily derived from cross-sectional studies of selected populations such as general population, university students, military recruits, and studies that examined husbands of control women, as well as from prospective studies. Special subgroups include mainly studies that examined STD (sexually transmitted diseases) clinic attendees, MSM (men who have sex with men), HIV positive men, and partners of women with HPV lesions, CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia), cervical cancer or cervical carcinoma in situ. Globally, prevalence of external genital HPV infection in men is higher than cervical HPV infection in women, but persistence is less likely. As with genital HPV prevalence, high numbers of sexual partners increase the acquisition of oncogenic HPV infections (Vaccine 212, Vol. 3, Suppl 5). In this section, the HPV burden among men in Asia is presented. Methods HPV burden in men was based on published systematic reviews and meta-analyses (Dunne EF, J Infect Dis 26; 194: 144, Smith JS, J Adolesc Health 211; 48: 54, Olesen TB, Sex Transm Infect 214; 9: 455, and Hebnes JB, J Sex Med 214; 11: 263) up to October 31, 215. The search terms for the review were human papillomavirus, men, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), hybrid capture (HC), and viral DNA. References cited in selected articles were also investigated. Inclusion criteria were: HPV DNA detection by means of PCR or HC (ISH if data are not available for the country), and a detailed description of HPV DNA detection and genotyping techniques used. The number of cases tested and HPV positive cases were extracted for each study to estimate the anogenital prevalence of HPV DNA. Binomial 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each anogenital HPV prevalence. Table 25: Asian studies on anogenital HPV prevalence among men Anatomic sites HPV detection Age HPV prevalence Country Study samples method Population (years) No % (95% CI) China Liu 215 Coronal sulcus, shaft, glans, and scrotum India Japan Gupta 26 Takahashi 23 Korea, Rep. Shin 24 Philippines Franceschi 22 Thailand Franceschi 22 Coronal sulcus, distal and intrameatal urethra and glans Glans, corona, prepuce Glans, corona, scrotum, prepuce, urethra Glans, corona, urethra Glans, corona, urethra PCR-SPF1/GP6+ PCR-L1 and TS 16,18 HC2 HR, LR Population-based esophageal cancer cohort study Partners of women with normal cytology University students ( ) Mean 46.9 PCR-SPF1 Male students Median 22 PCR-GP5+/6+ PCR-GP5+/6+ Data updated on 28 Jun 217 (data as of 31 Oct 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific; Data sources: See references in Section 9. Husbands of control women Husbands of control women ( ) (.-7.2) ( ) ( ) ( )

119 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Table 26: Asian studies on anogenital HPV prevalence among men from special subgroups Anatomic sites HPV detection Age HPV prevalence Country Study samples method Population (years) No % (95% CI) China Gao 21 Anal canal PCR- TellgenplexTM HPV DNA Test India Japan HIV- MSM >=18 (7% <3 years) HIV+ MSM >=18 (7% <3 years) ( ) 5 96 ( ) Li 215 Anus PCR-GenoArray HIV+ MSM ( ) Tang 26 Urethral meatus PCR-MY9/11 Yang 212 Anus PCR- TellgenplexTM HPV DNA Test Zhang 214 Gupta 26 Nagata 215 Shigehara 21 Takahashi 23 Takahashi 25 Philippines Franceschi 22 Thailand Franceschi 22 Leaungwutiwong Anus 215 Phanuphak 213 STD clinic attendees Anus PCR-GenoArray HIV- MSM, STD clinic attendees Coronal sulcus, distal and intrameatal urethra and glans PCR-L1 and TS 16, ( ) HIV+ MSM >= ( ) HIV+ MSM STD clinic attendees Partners of women with cervical cancer Anus PCR-Invader HIV+ heterosexual men Coronal sulcus, glans, prepuce, urethra, and urine Coronal sulcus, glans, prepuce Glans, corona, inner surface of prepuce Glans, corona, urethra Glans, corona, urethra Anus PCR-HPV GenoArray HC2 HR, LR HC2 HR, LR PCR-GP5+/6+ PCR-GP5+/6+ Nested-PCR and sequencing PCR-Roche Linear Array HPV Genotyping test HIV+ MSM Men with urethritis Patients with urethritis STD clinic attendees Husbands of women with invasive cervical cancer Husbands of women with invasive cervical cancer HIV- MSM HIV- MSM sex worker IQR= IQR= Mean 46.4 Median 44 (IQR=39-55) Median 44 (IQR=39-55) Mean 35.2 (19-62) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (3.1-1.) ( ) ( ) Median 33 Median ( ) 5 3 ( ) HIV- MSM >= ( ) HIV+ MSM >= ( ) ( Table 26 continued from previous page)

120 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS ( Table 26 continued from previous page) Anatomic sites HPV detection Age HPV prevalence Country Study samples method Population (years) No % (95% CI) Supindham 215 Anus PCR-Linear Array MSM-Bisexual men who self-identify as men and engage in insertive and/or receptive anal sex with men and women MSM-Gay men who self-identify as men and prefer insertive and/or receptive anal sex with other men MSM-Transgender women who are born as anatomical males (and who may or may not have undergone genital surgery), but who self-identify as women and prefer receptive anal sex with men Data updated on 28 Jun 217 (data as of 31 Oct 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; TS: Type Specific; MSM: Men who have sex with men; STD: sexually transmitted diseases; Data sources: See references in Section ( ) ( ) ( ) 4.4 HPV burden in the head and neck The last evaluation of the International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) on the carcinogenicity of HPV in humans concluded that (a) there is enough evidence for the carcinogenicity of HPV type 16 in the oral cavity, oropharynx (including tonsil cancer, base of tongue cancer and other oropharyngeal cancer sites), and (b) limited evidence for laryngeal cancer (IARC Monograph Vol 1B). There is increasing evidence that HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers constitute an epidemiological, molecular and clinical distinct form as compared to non HPV-related ones. Some studies indicate that the most likely explanation for the origin of this distinct form of head and neck cancers associated with HPV is a sexually acquired oral HPV infection that is not cleared, persists and evolves into a neoplastic lesion. The most recent figures estimate that 25.6% of all oropharyngeal cancers are attributable to HPV infection with HPV16 being the most frequent type (de Martel C. Lancet Oncol. 212;13(6):67). In this section, the HPV burden in the head and neck in Asia is presented Burden of oral HPV infection in healthy population

121 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS Table 27: Asian studies on oral HPV prevalence among healthy population Method HPV detection Prev. of 5 most specimen method frequent collection and and targeted Age No. HPV prevalence HPVs Study anatomic site HPV types Population (years) Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%) MEN No Data Available WOMEN No Data Available BOTH OR UNSPECIFIED No Data Available Data updated on 15 Dec 214 (data as of 29 Feb 212). Only for European countries. 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; Data sources: See references in Section HPV burden in head and neck cancers Table 28: Asian studies on HPV prevalence among cases of oral cavity cancer HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVs Study HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%) MEN Zhang 24 (China) Balaram 1995 (India) Chaudhary 21 (India) D Costa 1998 (India) Herrero 23 (India) Saghravanian 211 (Iran) Bhawal 28 (Japan) Chiba 1996 (Japan) Shimizu 24 (Japan) Tsuhako 2 (Japan) Shin 22 (Korea, Rep.) TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Amplification with TS primers (16. 18) MY9/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+ (L1)/GP17+/GP18+ (L1). Y1/Y2 and TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Sequencing MY9/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS primers (16) MY9/MY11 (L1) SBH ( ) GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA oligonucleotide probes ( ) GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TS primers HPV E6/7 ( ) TS-PCR E6 for 16 Electrophoretic analysis using SiHa DNA as positive control for HPV-16 TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6/11/16/18/31/33/52b/58 Restriction enzyme digestion ( b. 58) TS-PCR L1 for 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/ 59/68/73/75/76/82 Sequencing TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16/18 and E6 for 6/11 Amplification with TS primers ( ) TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/33 Amplification with TS primers ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) HPV 16 (33.6%) ( ) HPV 16 (12.7%) ( ) HPV 16 (3.9%) HPV 18 (.8%) HPV 35 (.8%) ( ) HPV 16 (26.3%) ( ) HPV 16 (27.3%) ( ) HPV 58 (7.7%) HPV 12 (7.7%) ( ) HPV 16 (33.3%) HPV 18 (33.3%) HPV 6 (11.8%) HPV 11 (2.%) ( ) HPV 18 (6.6%) HPV 16 (1.3%) HPV 33 (1.3%) (Continued on next page)

122 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS HPV detection ( Table 28 continued from previous page) Prevalence of 5 most method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVs Study HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%) Chang 23 (Taiwan) Chen 22 (Taiwan) WOMEN Zhang 24 (China) Balaram 1995 (India) Chaudhary 21 (India) D Costa 1998 (India) Herrero 23 (India) Saghravanian 211 (Iran) Bhawal 28 (Japan) Chiba 1996 (Japan) Shimizu 24 (Japan) Tsuhako 2 (Japan) Shin 22 (Korea, Rep.) Chang 23 (Taiwan) Chen 22 (Taiwan) BOTH OR UNSPECIFIED MY9 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing MY9/MY11 (L1) Hybridization with TS probes ( ) TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Amplification with TS primers (16. 18) MY9/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+ (L1)/GP17+/GP18+ (L1). Y1/Y2 and TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Sequencing MY9/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS primers (16) MY9/MY11 (L1) SBH ( ) GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA oligonucleotide probes ( ) GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TS primers HPV E6/7 ( ) TS-PCR E6 for 16 Electrophoretic analysis using SiHa DNA as positive control for HPV-16 TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6/11/16/18/31/33/52b/58 Restriction enzyme digestion ( b. 58) TS-PCR L1 for 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/ 59/68/73/75/76/82 Sequencing TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16/18 and E6 for 6/11 Amplification with TS primers ( ) TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/33 Amplification with TS primers ( ) MY9 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing MY9/MY11 (L1) Hybridization with TS probes ( ) Tang 23 (China) TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/33 Sequencing Wen 1997 (China) TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Hybridization with TS probes (HPV E6) Zhang 24 (China) TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Amplification with TS primers (16. 18) ( ) ( ) HPV 16 (82.1%) HPV 18 (71.4%) HPV 6 (1.7%) HPV 11 (3.6%) ( ) ( ) ( ) HPV 16 (3.3%) 5 2. ( ) (.4-5.2) HPV 16 (1.5%) HPV 18 (.7%) ( ) HPV 16 (23.1%) HPV 18 (23.1%) ( ) HPV 16 (55.6%) ( ) HPV 75 (9.1%) HPV 76 (9.1%) ( ) HPV 18 (52.4%) HPV 16 (28.6%) HPV 6 (19.%) ( ) HPV 16 (3.9%) HPV 18 (3.9%) HPV 33 (1.3%) ( ) (2.7-1.) HPV 16 (1.%) ( ) HPV 16 (36.7%) HPV 18 (16.7%) ( ) HPV 18 (24.4%) HPV 16 (2.%) ( ) HPV 16 (58.9%) HPV 18 (24.7%) (Continued on next page)

123 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS HPV detection ( Table 28 continued from previous page) Prevalence of 5 most method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVs Study HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%) Balaram 1995 (India) Bhattacharya 29 (India) Chaudhary 21 (India) D Costa 1998 (India) Herrero 23 (India) Mishra 26 (India) Saghravanian 211 (Iran) Bhawal 28 (Japan) Chiba 1996 (Japan) MY9/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+ (L1)/GP17+/GP18+ (L1). Y1/Y2 and TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Sequencing MY9/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS primers (16. 18) MY9/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS primers (16) MY9/MY11 (L1) SBH ( ) GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA oligonucleotide probes ( ) MY9/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS primers (16. 18) GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TS primers HPV E6/7 ( ) TS-PCR E6 for 16 Electrophoretic analysis using SiHa DNA as positive control for HPV-16 TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6/11/16/18/31/33/52b/58 Restriction enzyme digestion ( b. 58) Higa 23 (Japan) TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16/18 Amplification with TS E6/E7 primers ( ) Kojima 22 (Japan) Shima 2 (Japan) Shimizu 24 (Japan) Sugiyama 23 (Japan) TS-PCR L1 and E6 for 38 Sequencing TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6/11/16/18/31/33/52b/58 RFLP (16. 18) TS-PCR L1 for 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/ 59/68/73/75/76/82 Sequencing TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16/18 Electrophoretic analysis using SiHa DNA and Hela DNA as positive controls for HPV-16 and HPV-18. respectively. Tang 23 (Japan) TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/33 Sequencing Tsuhako 2 (Japan) Shin 22 (Korea, Rep.) Lim 27 (Malaysia) TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16/18 and E6 for 6/11 Amplification with TS primers ( ) TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/33 Amplification with TS primers ( ) GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TS primers (16. 18) ( ) HPV 18 (47.3%) HPV 16 (41.8%) HPV 11 (19.8%) HPV 6 (14.3%) ( ) HPV 16 (6.1%) HPV 18 (5.2%) ( ) HPV 16 (32.4%) ( ) HPV 16 (15.2%) ( ) HPV 16 (2.7%) HPV 18 (.8%) HPV 35 (.4%) ( ) HPV 16 (27.3%) ( ) HPV 16 (14.3%) HPV 18 (14.3%) ( ) HPV 16 (35.7%) ( ) HPV 16 (18.8%) ( ) HPV 16 (52.2%) HPV 18 (52.2%) HPV 6 (21.7%) HPV 11 (2.2%) ( ) HPV 38 (66.%) ( ) HPV 18 (54.3%) HPV 16 (19.6%) ( ) HPV 58 (4.2%) HPV 75 (4.2%) HPV 76 (4.2%) HPV 12 (4.2%) ( ) HPV 16 (32.9%) HPV 18 (2.5%) 3 5. ( ) HPV 18 (33.3%) HPV 16 (23.3%) ( ) HPV 18 (38.9%) HPV 16 (31.9%) HPV 6 (13.9%) HPV 11 (1.4%) ( ) HPV 18 (1.5%) HPV 16 (5.3%) HPV 33 (2.6%) ( ) HPV 18 (75.%) HPV 16 (3.%) (Continued on next page)

124 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS HPV detection ( Table 28 continued from previous page) Prevalence of 5 most method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVs Study HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%) Chang 23 (Taiwan) Chen 22 (Taiwan) Yang 24 (Taiwan) MY9 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing MY9/MY11 (L1) Hybridization with TS probes ( ) MY9/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS primers ( ) ( ) HPV 16 (28.2%) HPV 18 (26.2%) HPV 6 (1.%) HPV 11 (1.%) HPV 32 (1.%) ( ) HPV 16 (82.8%) HPV 18 (75.9%) HPV 6 (1.3%) HPV 11 (3.4%) ( ) HPV 16 (8.1%) HPV 18 (5.4%) Data updated on 28 Jun 217 (data as of 31 Dec 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization; TS: Type Specific; Data sources: See references in Section 9. Table 29: Asian studies on HPV prevalence in cases of oropharyngeal cancer HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVs Study HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%) MEN Li 27 (China) Al-Swiahb 21 (Taiwan) Kuo 28 (Taiwan) WOMEN Li 27 (China) Al-Swiahb 21 (Taiwan) Kuo 28 (Taiwan) GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CP65/7ct-CP66/69ct (L1). FAP59/6415 (L1). A5/A1-A6/A8 (L1) and TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing MY9/MY11 (L1) and GP5/GP6 (L1) In situ hybridization with TS probes ( ) and Roche LBA MY9 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with HPV gene chip ( CP861. CP834. L1AE5MM4. MM7. MM8) GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CP65/7ct-CP66/69ct (L1). FAP59/6415 (L1). A5/A1-A6/A8 (L1) and TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing MY9/MY11 (L1) and GP5/GP6 (L1) In situ hybridization with TS probes ( ) and Roche LBA MY9 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with HPV gene chip ( CP861. CP834. L1AE5MM4. MM7. MM8) ( ) HPV 16 (14.3%) ( ) ( ) ( ) HPV 16 (6.%) ( ) ( ) - (Continued on next page)

125 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS HPV detection ( Table 29 continued from previous page) Prevalence of 5 most method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVs Study HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%) BOTH OR UNSPECIFIED Li 27 (China) Bahl 214 (India) Deng 213 (Japan) Hama 214 (Japan) Hatakeyama 214 (Japan) Kim 27 (Rep. Korea) Oh 24 (Rep. Korea) Al-Swiahb 21 (Taiwan) Kuo 28 (Taiwan) GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CP65/7ct-CP66/69ct (L1). FAP59/6415 (L1). A5/A1-A6/A8 (L1) and TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing PCR-PGMY9/11, PCR L1-Consensus primer, LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 4, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 7, 71, 72, 73, 82, 83, 84, 89) PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-MY9/11, TS, Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 2, 21, 22, 23, 26, 3, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 4, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 6, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 7, 71, 72, 73, 74, 8, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 9, 91) HC2, PCR-E6, PCR-E7 (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 52, 58) PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 3, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66) RT-PCR E2/E6 for 16 Hybridization with HPV genotyping DNA chip arrayed by multiple oligonucleotide probes ( ) MY9/MY11 (L1) and HMB1 (L1) Microarray hybridization ( ) MY9/MY11 (L1) and GP5/GP6 (L1) In situ hybridization with TS probes ( ) and Roche LBA MY9 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with HPV gene chip ( CP861. CP834. L1AE5MM4. MM7. MM8) ( ) HPV 16 (29.%) ( ) HPV 16 (18.1%) HPV 18 (2.9%) HPV 31 (1.%) HPV 33 (1.%) ( ) HPV 16 (37.5%) HPV 33 (4.2%) HPV 58 (4.2%) HPV 35 (2.1%) HPV 67 (2.1%) ( ) HPV 16 (44.6%) HPV 18 (1.9%) HPV 58 (1.3%) HPV 31 (.6%) HPV 33 (.6%) ( ) HPV 16 (25.3%) HPV 18 (2.5%) HPV 58 (1.3%) ( ) HPV 16 (65.4%) HPV 18 (1.9%) HPV 33 (1.9%) HPV 35 (1.9%) HPV 58 (1.9%) ( ) HPV 16 (59.%) HPV 6 (2.6%) HPV 33 (2.6%) HPV 58 (2.6%) ( ) HPV 16 (14.2%) HPV 18 (2.6%) HPV 31 (.7%) HPV 6 (.4%) HPV 11 (.4%) ( ) HPV 16 (63.%) HPV 58 (3.3%) HPV 18 (2.2%) HPV 33 (2.2%) HPV 69 (2.2%) (Continued on next page)

126 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS HPV detection ( Table 29 continued from previous page) Prevalence of 5 most method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVs Study HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%) Tural 213 (Turkey) PCR-MY9/11, PCR L1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6, PCR-E7, PCR- MULTIPLEX, Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 3, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 7, 73, 82, 85) ( ) HPV 16 (44.4%) HPV 18 (6.2%) HPV 33 (1.2%) Data updated on 29 Jun 217 (data as of 31 Dec 215 / 31 Dec 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; TS: Type Specific; Data sources: See references in Section 9. Table 3: Asian studies on HPV prevalence in cases of hypopharyngeal or laryngeal cancer HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVs Study HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%) MEN Liu 21 (China) Anwar 1993 (Japan) Shidara 1994 (Japan) Bozdayi 29 (Turkey) Dönmez 2 (Turkey) WOMEN Liu 21 (China) Anwar 1993 (Japan) Shidara 1994 (Japan) Bozdayi 29 (Turkey) Dönmez 2 (Turkey) BOTH OR UNSPECIFIED Liu 21 (China) GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16 and E6 for 18 Amplification with TS primers (16. 18) TS-PCR for 16/18/33 Hybridization with TS probes ( ) L1C1/L1C2 RFLP ( ) MY9/MY11 (L1) Amplification with GP5+/6+ and TS primers for HPV16 positive; For HPV16 negative cases. sequencing was performed MY9/MY11 (L1) RFLP ( ) GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16 and E6 for 18 Amplification with TS primers (16. 18) TS-PCR for 16/18/33 Hybridization with TS probes ( ) L1C1/L1C2 RFLP ( ) MY9/MY11 (L1) Amplification with GP5+/6+ and TS primers for HPV16 positive; For HPV16 negative cases. sequencing was performed MY9/MY11 (L1) RFLP ( ) GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16 and E6 for 18 Amplification with TS primers (16. 18) ( ) ( ) HPV 18 (34.6%) HPV 16 (3.8%) HPV 33 (3.8%) 4 2. ( ) HPV 16 (17.5%) HPV 18 (2.5%) ( ) ( ) HPV 11 (7.3%) HPV 6 (5.5%) ( ) ( ) HPV 18 (25.%) 5 6. ( ) HPV 16 (4.%) HPV 18 (2.%) ( ) HPV 16 (34.5%) HPV 18 (7.1%) (Continued on next page)

127 4 HPV-RELATED STATISTICS HPV detection ( Table 3 continued from previous page) Prevalence of 5 most method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVs Study HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%) Ma 1998 (China) Jacob 22 (India) Anwar 1993 (Japan) Deng 213 (Japan) Mineta 1998 (Japan) Ogura 1991 (Japan) Shidara 1994 (Japan) Bozdayi 29 (Turkey) Dönmez 2 (Turkey) Gungor 27 (Turkey) TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6/11/16/18/31/33/52b/58 SBH ( b. 58) TS-PCR E1 for 6/11/18 and L1 for 16 SBH with TS probes ( ) TS-PCR for 16/18/33 Hybridization with TS probes ( ) PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-MY9/11, TS, Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 2, 21, 22, 23, 26, 3, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 4, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 6, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 7, 71, 72, 73, 74, 8, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 9, 91) TS-PCR E7 for 16/18 Amplification with TS primers (16. 18) TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Hybridization with TS probes (16. 18) L1C1/L1C2 RFLP ( ) MY9/MY11 (L1) Amplification with GP5+/6+ and TS primers for HPV16 positive; For HPV16 negative cases. sequencing was performed MY9/MY11 (L1) RFLP ( ) SP1296 (L1) Amplification with mpcr kit ( ) ( ) HPV 16 (29.4%) HPV 6 (24.5%) HPV 18 (21.6%) HPV 11 (2.%) HPV 33 (1.%) ( ) HPV 16 (34.1%) ( ) HPV 18 (33.3%) HPV 16 (3.3%) HPV 33 (3.3%) ( ) HPV 16 (11.5%) HPV 33 (3.8%) ( ) HPV 16 (26.2%) HPV 18 (4.8%) ( ) HPV 16 (1.7%) HPV 18 (3.6%) ( ) HPV 16 (2.%) HPV 18 (4.4%) ( ) HPV 16 (4.%) HPV 6 (1.5%) ( ) HPV 11 (7.3%) HPV 6 (5.5%) ( ) HPV 11 (7.4%) HPV 6 (2.1%) HPV 16 (1.1%) Data updated on 28 Jun 217 (data as of 31 Dec 215). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization; TS: Type Specific; Data sources: See references in Section 9.

128 5 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CERVICAL CANCER Factors contributing to cervical cancer HPV is a necessary cause of cervical cancer, but it is not a sufficient cause. Other cofactors are necessary for progression from cervical HPV infection to cancer. Tobacco smoking, high parity, long-term hormonal contraceptive use, and co-infection with HIV have been identified as established cofactors. Co-infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus type-2, immunosuppression, and certain dietary deficiencies are other probable cofactors. Genetic and immunological host factors and viral factors other than type, such as variants of type, viral load and viral integration, are likely to be important but have not been clearly identified. (Muñoz N, Vaccine 26; 24(S3): 1-1). In this section, the prevalence of smoking, parity (fertility), oral contraceptive use, and HIV in Asia are presented. Figure 88: Prevalence of female tobacco smoking in Asia Data accessed on 22 Mar 217. Adjusted and age-standardized prevalence estimates of tobacco use by country, for the year 213. These rates are constructed solely for the purpose of comparing tobacco use prevalence estimates across countries, and should not be used to estimate the number of smokers in the population. Data sources: WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 215: The MPOWER package. Geneva, World Health Organization, 215. Available at report/215/en/index.html

129 5 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CERVICAL CANCER Figure 89: Total fertility rates in Asia Data accessed on 22 Mar 217. For Brunei, Georgia, Hong Kong SAR, Iran, Japan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Macao SAR, Malaysia, Oman, Qatar: The number of women by age is estimated by the United Nations Population Division and published in World Population Prospects: the 215 Revision. Data sources: For Afghanistan, United Arab Emirates, Armenia, Bangladesh, Bahrain, Brunei, Bhutan, China, Hong Kong SAR, Indonesia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Macao SAR, Maldives, Myanmar, Mongolia, Malaysia, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, DPR Korea, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Syria, Thailand, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Timor-Leste, Taiwan, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, Yemen: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (215). World Fertility Data 215 (POP/DB/Fert/Rev215). Available at: dataset/fertility/wfd215.shtml. [Accessed on March 22, 217]. Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey: Eurostat - Statistical office of the European Comission [web site]. Luxembourg: European Commission; 215. Available at: tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tsdde22&plugin=1. [Accessed on March 22, 217].

130 5 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CERVICAL CANCER Figure 9: Prevalence of hormonal contraceptive use in Asia Data accessed on 22 Mar 217. Proportion (%) of women using hormonal contraception (pill, injectable or implant), among those of reproductive age who are married or in union. For United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia: Data pertain to nationals of the country. For Israel: Data pertain to the Jewish population. For Kuwait: Data pertain to nationals of the country. Data pertain to non-pregnant women. For Sri Lanka: Excluding the Northern Province. For Myanmar: Data pertain to ever-married women of reproductive age. Data sources: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (216). World Contraceptive Use 216 (POP/DB/CP/Rev216). development/desa/population/publications/dataset/contraception/wcu216.shtml. Available at: [Accessed on March 22, 217].

131 5 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CERVICAL CANCER Figure 91: Prevalence of HIV in Asia Data accessed on 22 Mar 217. Estimates include all people with HIV infection, regardless of whether they have developed symptoms of AIDS. For Armenia, Lebanon: Child estimates not published due to small numbers For Kyrgyzstan: Approximately 4 children (1-14) For Cambodia: Child estimates not published Data sources: UNAIDS database [internet]. Available at: [Accessed on March 22, 217]

132 6 SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH INDICATORS Sexual behaviour and reproductive health indicators Sexual intercourse is the primary route of transmission of genital HPV infection. Information about sexual and reproductive health behaviours is essential to the design of effective preventive strategies against anogenital cancers. In this section, we describe sexual and reproductive health indicators that may be used as proxy measures of risk for HPV infection and anogenital cancers. Several studies have reported that earlier sexual debut is a risk factor for HPV infection, although the reason for this relationship is still unclear. In this section, information on sexual and reproductive health behaviour in Asia is presented. Figure 92: Percentage of 15-year-old girls who report sexual intercourse in Asia Data accessed on 16 Mar 217. For Armenia, Israel: Fifteen-year-olds teenagers only were asked whether they had ever had sexual intercourse. For Armenia, Israel: Indicates a significant gender difference (at p<.5). For Armenia, Israel: Year of estimation: For Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, India, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Cambodia, Nepal, Philippines, Tajikistan: Percentage of all 15- to 19-year-olds who report having had sex before the age of 15 years. For Azerbaijan: Year of estimation: 26 For Bangladesh, Cambodia: Year of estimation: 214 For China: Year of estimation: 1997 For India: Year of estimation: For Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan: Year of estimation: 212 For Kazakhstan, Viet Nam: The main sources of data were surveys by the MEASURE DHS (Demographic and Health Surveys) project and published estimates from Reproductive National Health Surveys. For Kazakhstan, Viet Nam: Year of estimation: not reported For Nepal: Year of estimation: 211 For Philippines: Year of estimation: 213 Data sources: For Armenia, Israel: Growing up unequal: gender and socioeconomic differences in young people s health and well-being. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: international report from the 213/214 survey. Inchley J, Currie D, Young T, et al. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 216 (Health Policy for Children and Adolescents, No. 7). Available at: data/assets/pdf_file/3/33438/hsbc-no.7-growing-up-unequal-full-report.pdf?ua=1 Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, India, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Cambodia, Nepal, Philippines, Tajikistan: ICF International, 215. The DHS (Demographic and Health Surveys) Program STATcompiler. Funded by USAID. Accessed on March Kazakhstan, Viet Nam: Sexual behaviour in context: a global perspective. Wellings K, Collumbien M, Slaymaker E, et al. Lancet. 26 Nov 11;368(9548): Review. Erratum in: Lancet. 27 Jan 27;369(9558):274. PMID:17989.

133 7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES HPV preventive strategies It is established that well-organised cervical screening programmes or widespread good quality cytology can reduce cervical cancer incidence and mortality. The introduction of HPV vaccination could also effectively reduce the burden of cervical cancer in the coming decades. This section presents indicators on basic characteristics and performance of cervical cancer screening, status of HPV vaccine licensure, and introduction in Asia. 7.1 Cervical cancer screening practices Screening strategies differ between countries. Some countries have population-based programmes, where in each round of screening women in the target population are individually identified and invited to attend screening. This type of programme can be implemented nationwide or only in specific regions of the country. In opportunistic screening, invitations depend on the individual s decision or on encounters with health-care providers. The most frequent method for cervical cancer screening is cytology, and there are alternative methods such as HPV DNA tests and visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). VIA is an alternative to cytology-based screening in low-resource settings (the see and treat approach). HPV DNA testing is being introduced into some countries as an adjunct to cytology screening ( co-testing ) or as the primary screening test to be followed by a secondary, more specific test, such as cytology. Table 31: Cervical cancer screening policies in Asia Country Availability of cervical cancer screening programme α Quality assurance structure and mandate to supervise and to monitor the screening process β Active invitation to screening γ Main screening test used for primary screening Demonstration projects Screening ages (years) Screening interval or frequency of screenings Afghanistan Yes No No Cytology VIA years Armenia Yes No No Cytology years Azerbaijan No Bahrain Yes No No Cytology years after 2-3 consecutives annual negative tests Bangladesh Yes No No VIA Above 3 - Bhutan No VIA - - Brunei Yes No Yes Cytology years Cambodia Yes No A No VIA years China Yes No No Cytology /VIA HPV test 3-59 Cytology every 3 years (ages 35-59). VIA in rural women (ages 3-54) Georgia Yes No No Cytology HPV test years India Yes No No Cytology VIA/HPV test years (cytology) Indonesia Yes Yes No VIA years (Continued on next page)

134 7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES ( Table 31 continued from previous page) Country Availability of cervical cancer screening programme α Quality assurance structure and mandate to supervise and to monitor the screening process β Active invitation to screening γ Main screening test used for primary screening Demonstration projects Screening ages (years) Screening interval or frequency of screenings Iran Yes No No Cytology Married 3 years after 3 consecutive annual negative tests Iraq Yes Above 2 - Israel Yes No No Cytology years Japan Yes Yes Yes Cytology Above 2 2 years Jordan Yes No No Cytology Kazakhstan Yes No No Cytology years Korea DPR Yes No No Cytology year Korea Rep. Yes No No Cytology Above 3 2 years Kuwait Yes No No Cytology Married 5 years Kyrgyzstan Yes No No Cytology - 5 year Laos No Lebanon Yes No No Cytology 3 years 2-3 years after becoming sexually active Malaysia Yes No No Cytology years Maldives Yes - - VIA years Mongolia Yes No No VIA years Myanmar No VIA - - Nepal Yes No No VIA years Oman Yes No No Cytology Years Pakistan Yes No No VIA years Philippines Yes No No VIA years Qatar Yes No No Cytology year Saudi Arabia Yes No No Cytology (married women) 3 Years Singapore Yes No No Cytology years Sri Lanka Yes No No Cytology years Syria Yes No No Cytology Tajikistan Yes No No Cytology Above 2 - Thailand Yes Yes A No Cytology/VIA years Timor-Leste No Turkey Yes Yes A Yes Cytology VIA Years (cytology) Turkmenistan Yes No No Cytology Above 2 1 year UAE Yes No No Cytology years Uzbekistan Yes No No Cytology Viet Nam Yes - No Cytology/VIA - - Yemen No Data accessed on 31 Dec 216. A Implementation is in progress. B Single visit approach (VIA + cryotherapy). From January 27 to December 211 the project was piloted in the district of Karawang, and after the pilot it was up-scaled. C Annual Pap smear if risk factors (such as HPV positive, HIV positive, risky sexual behaviour). (Continued on next page)

135 7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES ( Table 31 continued from previous page) D Pap smear within 3 years after woman got married or sexually active - whatever comes first- regularly every 2-3 years until a woman has 3 or more normal exams. E The national screening program started in January 214. α Public national cervical cancer screening program in place (Cytology/VIA/HPV testing). Countries may have clinical guidelines or protocols, and cervical cancer screening services in a private sector but without a public national program. Publicly mandated programmes have a law, official regulation, decision, directive or recommendation that provides the public mandate to implement the programme with an authorised screening test, examination interval, target group and funding and co-payment determined. β Self-reported quality assurance: Organised programmes provide for a national or regional team responsible for implementation and require providers to follow guidelines, rules, or standard operating procedures. They also define a quality assurance structure and mandate supervision and monitoring of the screening process. To evaluate impact, organised programmes also require ascertainment of the population disease burden. Quality assurance consists of the management and coordination of the programme throughout all levels of the screening process (invitation, testing, diagnosis and follow-up of screen-positives) to assure that the programme performs adequately and provides services that are effective and in-line with programme standards. The quality assurance structure is self-reported as part of the national cancer programs or plans. γ Self-reported active invitation or recruitment, as organised population-based programmes, identify and personally invite each eligible person in the target population to attend a given round of screening. Data sources: Data sources are detailed at the country-specific report

136 7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES HPV vaccination HPV vaccine licensure and introduction Figure 93: Status of HPV vaccination programmes in Asia Data accessed on 31 Dec 216. Data sources: Adapted from Bruni L, Diaz M, Barrionuevo-Rosas L, Herrero R, Bray F, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S, Castellsagué X. Global estimates of human papillomavirus vaccination coverage by region and income level: a pooled analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 216 Jul;4(7):e453-63