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1 0 IISTRUCNI RAD UDK Okultne metastaze karcinoma usne duplje... M. DimitrijeviC, A. MikiC, 2. PetroviC, I. Peudjer, S. JeSiC, A. TriviC Iustihlt za Otoriuolariugologiju i ~naksilofacijaluu hirurgijq KliuiEki ceutar Srbije Beograd Q) Maligni tumori glave i vrata u koje spadaju i maligni tumori usne duplje uprkos novim pristupima E IeEenju i smanjenju smrtnosti i dalje predstavljaju od znatajan onkoloski problem jer dugoroeno preii- N vlj avanje nije znatajno prornenjeno. Tumori ove Q) lokalizacije brzo i infiltrativno rastu, festo i rano k metastiaziraju u regionalne limfne Evorove. Maligni tumori usne duplje su na nasem prostoru zastupljeni sa 1,196 (Dimitrijevid 2001). Cilj rada je maliza regionalnih metastaza karcinoma jezika i poda usne duplje u 101 bolesnika sa planocelularnim karcinom lec.eni11 u periodu od do KliniEki pozitivni regionalni limfni nodusi su utvrdjeni u 67,3% bolesni- ka, najf&de su zahavdene submanidubularna regija (47,4%) i gornji jugularni region (46,1%). Ce~ce su kod lokalizacije poda msne duplje u odnosu na karcinom jezika. U hiruiiki IeEenih bolesnika sprovedena su tri tipa disekcija vrata. U grupi bolesnika sa klinieki negativnim nalazom na vratu (NO kategorija) kod kojih je ueinjena disekcija vrata, u 19,294 patohistoloski su verifikovane okultne metastaze u regionalnim limfnim Evorovima. U IeEenju malignih tumora usne duplje uvek postoji indikacija za disekciju vrata i kod NO kategorije zbog visokog procenta okultnih metastaza. KljuEne reei: karcinom usne duplje, regionalne metastaze v eoma bogata mreba limfnih kapilara, usne duplje doprinosi ranom metastaziranju malignih tumora ove regijel. Limfni sudovi usne duplje prate arterijske krvne sudove i jedan deo ovih sudova napubta odgovarajuku arteriju, prclazi na suprotnu stranu, stoga se metastaze pojavljuju i na suprotnoj strani vrata u odnosu na primarnu lokalizaciju h~mora'. Karcinom usnc duplje primarno metastazira limfnim putern procesom embolizacije malignih Celija u regionalne limfne Evorove vrata2. UEe- stalost metastaza je u korelaciji sa velicinom i dubinom infiltracije primarnog tumora, stepenom diferencijacije tumora i razvijenoscu mre2e limfnih kapilarals3. Regionalne metastaze karcinoma ove regije lokalizovane su najcesce u submandibularnim (region I), i gornjim jugularnim Cvorovima (region 11), u kasnoj fazi bolesti zahvaceni su i srednji i donji jugularni, i supraklavikularni limfni Evorovi',4p5 a u terminaloj fazi bolesti i u lateralni trougao vrata2. Najvatniji faktor koji odredjuje prognozu je stadijum bolesti, u tom pogledu diseminacija u regionalne limfne Cvorove redukuje prebivljavanje na polovinu. Pri prvom pregledu regionalne metastaze se mogu utvrditi kod 30 do 65% bolesnika sa karcinomom jezika i poda usne dup- 1je~~~,~'~'~3~. U bolesnika sa karcinomom usne duplje bez regionalnih metastaza, izlecenje se moie oeekivati u 60%, kod unilateralnih metastaza na pofetku IeEenja izlecenje se oeekuje u 30%, a kod bilateralnih metastaza u svega 1 %. Opstsukcija limfnih kapilara terapijskim procedurama (hirurgija ili radioterapijom) i tumorom, ski-eke limfotok na suprotnu stranu, kroz anastomoze limfnih kapila~a~~~. IJ bolesnika sa kategorijom NO u kojih nije sprovedena elektivna terapija vrata od 25% do 54% se razvi'aju meta- staze i u 1 l% se razvija drugi primarni tur~~orl,','~. Oklutne metastaze su najcesce kod primarnih neoplazmi orofarinksa, usne duplje, hipofarinksa i suprag~otisa'~. Anatomska podela limfnih Evorova glave i vrata u deset grupa, detinisatla je od strane Rouviere-a Navedena anatomska podela koja je relativno komplikovana, modifikovana je za klinicku primenu TNM klasifikacijom (1987.) Medjunarodnog udrubenja za borbu protiv raka (IUCC)" i podelom na regiona vrata (1988.) od strane AmeriEke akademije za otorinolaringologiju i hirurgiju glave i ~rata~'~"? Prednosti kliniekih podela su 11 lakoj primeni kod odredjivanja klinickog statusa vrata i identifikaciji Cvorova navedenih glvpa pre patohistolobkog pregleda. Ove podele on~ogucilc su utvrdjivanje korelacije polotaja patohistoloski pozitivnih Evorova sa prognozod. U preoperativnoj proceni regionalne probirenosti klinicki pregled je nezamenljiv, porcd ultrazvuenog pregleda koji

2 ACI Vol. LI je deo osnovne dijagnostieke procedure veoma znaeajne informacije se dobijaju CT ilili MR pregledom, sa visokom specifienoscu do 96,3%14. Pored prikazivanja broja, velieine limfonodusa i njihovog odnosa sa neurovaskularnom strukturama vrata, odredjuje se densitet limfnih Cvorova, kao vatan prognostieki faktor. Na osnovu CT ili MR pregleda procenju'e se operabilnost tumora i planira se i!5 tip disekcije vrata. Cilj rada je analiza ueestalosti okultnih metastaza kod karcinoma usne duplje kod bolesnika bez klinieki pozitivnih limfnih Evorova (NO kategorije) MATERTJAL I METODE U ovom istrafvanju smo analizirali 101 bolesnika sa planocelularnim karcinomom jezika i poda usne duplje koji su IeEeni u Institutu za otorinolaringologiju i maksilofacijalnu hirurgiju KliniEkog centra Srbije i Institutu za onkologiju i radiologiju u Beogradu u periodu od do Klasifikacija karcinoma jezika i poda usne dup- Ije odredjena je po TNM si~temu~~ i gradus planocelularnog karcinoma odredjen je po preporukama WHO. U Institutu za otorinolaringologiju i maksilofacijalnu hirurgiju KliniEkog centra Srbije, ukupno je IeEeno 101 bolesnik sa karcinomom jezika i poda usne duplje. Analizirani bolesnici podeljeni su u tri grupe: grupa I - bolesnici koji su operisani uz postoperativno sprovedenu radioterapiju doza 50-65Gy (50 bolesnika); grupa I1 - bolesnici koji su samo leteni hirurski (24 bolesnika); grupa I11 - bolesnici koji su samo leeeni radioterapijom u dozama 60-70Gy (27 bolesnika). StatistiEka analiza razlititih nume- riekih obelezja progirenosti tumora izn~edju grupa izvrsena je Studentovim t-testom (da bi se ispitalo da li su razlike u proseenim vrednostima izmedju posmatranih grupa statistieki maeajne), testom znakjnosti razlika i Mantel- Haenszel-ovim X' testom. REZULTATI U toku postavljanja dijagnoze samo trekina bolesnika nije imala klinieki pozitivne limfne Evorove, dok su klinieki prisutni limfni Evorovi utvrdjeni u (67,3%), bolesnika. Zastupljenost limfnih Evorova je statistieki zna- Ca'nija u prvoj i tretloj glzlpi u odnosu na drugu grupu (2=4 16; p<o,o5). (Tabela 1) Submandibularni (47,4%) i gomji jugularni region (46,1%) bili su najeeska lokalizacija uvekanog limfnog Evora (grafikon 2). IwaStaj na vratu kao prvi simptom oboljenja je bio prisutan u 5,9% bolesnika; vetlina palpabilnih limfnih Evorova je pokretna u odnosu na okolne anatomske strukture 39/69(56,5%). Najzastupljeniji u (36,6%) bili su limfni Evorovi do 3cm-N1 kategorije u svim gnrpama. Limfni Evorovi su u prvoj i drugoj grupi najksce bili N1 kategorije, pod usta 42,9% i jezik 34,2%. U bolesnika sa karcinomom poda usta CeSCe su prisutne regionalne me tastaze u odnosu na jezik. Bilateralne metastaze zastupljenije su kod karcinoma poda usta 21,4% u odnosu na jezik 5,5%. Od ukupnog broja bolesnika 101 bilateralne metastaze bile su prisutne u 9,9% (tabela 2). GRAFIKON 1 BOLESNICI SA KARCINOMOM JEZIKA I PODA USTA PREMA KLINICKI POZITIVNIM GRUPAMA LIMFNIH CVOROVA GRAFIKON 2 BOLESNlCl SA KARCINOMOM JEZIKA I PODA USTA HIRURSKI LECENI SA ph UTVRDJENlM OKULTNIM ME- TASTAZAMA U hiruskom leknju regionalnih metastaza pi-imenjivane su tri vrste disekcije vrata: selektivna (supraomohioidna) (43,2%), radikalna disekcija (41,9%) i samo u strogo indikovanim sludajevima, modifikovana radikalna disekcija (14.9%). Obostrane disckcije su sprovedene u 7/62 (11,3%) bolesnika. U odnosu na lokalizaciju jezik-pod usta nije zabelebena statistieka znadajnost u zastupljenosti pn kategorije kao i u odnosu prve i druge grupe prema odnosu cn:pn. Pozitivni lilnfni Evorovi u klinieki NO kategoriji nakon elektivne disekcije vrata patohistolo3kim pregledorn su utvrdjeni u.19,2% bolesnika. Kategorija pn+ je znaeajno vise zastupljena u bolesnika kod kojih cn=n (x2=9,15; p<0,01). U bolesnika sa NO kliniekim nalazom je sprovedena elektivna disekcija vrata i PI3 pregledom disektata utvrdjen je visok procenat okultnih metastaza. (grafikon 2)

3 Okultne metastaze karcinoma usne duplje TABELA 1 BOLESNICI SA KARCINOMOM JEZIKA I PODA USNE DUPLJE PREMA NACINU LECENJA I REGIONALNIM LIMFONODUSIMA I grupa: hirurgija sa I1 grupa: hiru&ka I11 grupa: radioterapija Ukupno Regionalni limfonodusi radioterapijom terapija broi % broi % broi % broi '56 KliniEki (NO) KliniEki (N+) Svi TABELA 2 BOLESNICI SA KARCINOMOM JEZIKA I PODA USTA PREMA NACINU LECENJA I REGIONALNOJ PROSIRENOSTI N KATEGORIJE I grupa: hirurgija sa IIgrupa: hirurska I11 grupa: radioterapija Tlkupno Regionalna prosirenost radi0terapijorn terapija broj % broj % broj % broj yo DISK USIJA Svi U hirurskom leeenju karcinorna usne duplje uvek postoji indikacija za disekciju vrata zbog velikog potencijala regionalnog Sirenja, stoga disekci'a vrata je sastavni deo lefenja karcinoma ove regije3sg~0~'6.a~'s~ig Karakteristike regionalnih limfnih Evorova koje utieu na tok bolesti su: prisustvo-odsustvo klinicki palpabilnih cervikalnih Evorova, velicina limfnog Evora, broj zahvaknih Evorova, i njihova lokacija. Pojedine patohistoloske osobine primarnog tumora takodje povetavaju rizik od regionalnih metastaza (stepen keratinizacije, mitoze, stepen i vid invazije)". Dubina tumorske infiltracije takodje je tesno povezana sa nastajanjem regionalnih metastaza5. Zbog te Cinjenice terapija regionalnih metastaza je sastavni deo leknja karcinoma usne duplje2'. Miluometastaze i manji metastatski depoziti se lek radioterapijom, dok je hirurgija najmocnije oru2je u Lerapiji palpabilnih Evorova? Radikalna disekcija vrata ili radioterapija mogu kontrolisati rnetastatske depozite (N1) ukoliko nerna ekstrakapsularnog Sirenja tumorskih Celija. Ukoliko je primarni tunlor lekn radioterapijom i pri NO, istovremeno se obezbedj~ie i profilaksa pojave regionalnih depozita. Kategorija N2 ili veca zahteva prirnenu kombinovanog leeenja - radikalna disekcija i radioterapija, Sto povetava izglede za kontrolu regionalnih metastaza3. JoS davne 1973., Hanna smalra da intraoralna eksciziia bez disekciie vrata nema mesto u le- Eenju, jer su i rnal'k lezije TI i T2 udnlbene sa ipsilateralnim okultnim metastazama u regionalnim limfnirn Evorovima od 15 do 3~%'~,*~, odnosno do 21 % kod karcinorna usne duplje i idrela", Sto je veoma blisko rezultatima na- Seg istrabivanja u kojima je ueestalost okultnih metastaza karcinorna jezika i poda usta 19,2%. LJ grupi nasih bolesnika, najveti broj Liimora je u uzna- predovalom stadiju~nu (T3 i T4 kategorije) (62,4%). KliniEki prisutne limfne Evorove imalo je (G7,3%) bolesnika, od toga obostrano palpabilne limfne Eorove (14,7%) bolesnika. NajCeSte zahvatena bila je submandibularna grupa 47,4% (region I) i gornja jugularna glvpa 46,1% (region 11), u grupi klinicki pozitivnih limfnih Evorova. Bilateralni limfni Evorovi takodje su utvrdjeni u submandibularnoj i gornjoj jugularnoj grupi, Sto potvrdjuje podatke divgih autora da su ove dve glupe dominantnc LI drena2i usne duplje. UEestalost regionalnih metastaza zavisi od lokalizacije jezik, ili pod usta, i stadijuma bolesti. Metastaze su CeBte kod karcinorna poda usta i do 75% i pri tome mogu biti obostrane, i do PatohistoloSki pregled lirnfnih Evorova, nakon diskecije vrata koja je ueinjena u primarno hirurskih lefenih, pokazala je da su pozitivni limfni Evorovi (pn+) dijagnostikovani u (58%)

4 ACI Vol. LI bolesnika a u preostalih bolesnika bila je izra2ena reaktivna hiperplazija. Analizom rezultata utvrdjeno je da je cno kategorija najcesce podcenjena (12 bolesnika) a potom i cn2b kategorija (G), a precenjena cn1 (15) i cn2c kategorija (4). U posthimrskoj analizi u gmpi sa pozitivnim limfnim Cvorovima najzastupljenija je pn2a gsupa za razliku od cn1 u inicijalnoj klasifikaciji. Polovina bolesnika poda usta (47,6%) i jezika (50,9%) je sa pozitivnim limfnim Cvorovima. Obostrane metastaze bile su verifikovane samo u bolesnika sa karcinomom poda ~sta~~. PreposuCuje se PH provera veceg broja limfnih Cvorova LI disektatu vrata minimun 20 do 30 limfnih Cvorova. HirurSko IeCenje karcinoma usne duplje ukljucuje i disekciju vrata na strani zahvacenoj tumor on^. Veliki broj autora335311p19325 preporucuje ex-tempore proveru limfnih Evorova na vratu, ako je klinicki-palpatorni nalaz na vratu negativan. U slucaju pozitivnog PH nalaza savetuje se izvodjenje radikalne disekcije vrata, u slucaju PI-I negativnog nalaza izvodi se selektivna disekcija vrata. Ukoliko je na obe strane vrata pozitivan nalaz, radikalna disekcija izvodi se na strani ve- Ce tumorske mase u usnoj duplji. Obostrana eksploracija vrata preporueuje se kod svih karcinoma poda usta koji su najcesce u medijalnoj liniji i Sire se obostrano ili su nepos- to 1995.Clinically positive regional lymph nodes were redno uz srednj~l liniju i kod karcinoma jezika ~~koliko found in 67.3% of patients, while the most commonly inprelaze medi'alnu liniju. Ovaj stav je i stav vecine au- volved regions were submandibular (47.4%) and upper t0ra3,g,l~,l~.li ld. Stoga, posebnu pa2nju treba pokloniti di- jugular region (46.1%). They were more frequent in localsekciji, jer se recidivi regionalnih limfnih Cvorova prak- ization of the floor of mouth than in case of tongue canticno ne rnogu adekvatno IeCiti. cer. Three types of neck dissections were used for surgical Sistematizacija kategorije lokalne i regionalne bolesti treatment of patients. In the group of patients with clinikarcinoma jezika i poda usta ucinjena je u saglasnosti sa cally negative results of the neck (NO) who undelwent TNM klasifikacijom12. Prezentiranje klinicke klasifikacije neck dissection, occult metastases of regional lymph karcinoma ove regije i pored svih prednosti nije precizna nodes were verified palhohistologically in 19.2% of the u odredivanju velicine i pokretljivosti limfonodusa na time.malignant h~mors of the oral cavity are always the vratu. Pored UIIC TNM klasifikacije u preciznom odredj- indication for neck dissection, even in NO category, on acivanju metstatskih depozita preporucuje se i primena kla- count of high proportion of occult metastases. sifikacije podele na regione vrata (1988.) AmeriCke aka- Key words: cancer of the oral cavity, regional demije za otorinolaringologiju i himrgiju glave i vrata. metastases Stoga, smatramo de je potreban detaljan pregled operativnog preparata tumora i disektata vrata radi ptnm klasi- BIBLIOGRAFIJA fikacije. NajveCi broj bolesnika zapocinje IeEenje u odmaklom stadijumu bolesti, 78% (I11 i IV klinitki stadijum), a Nt kategorija je bila prisutna kod 67,3% bolesnika. Potvrdjena je veca je ucestalost regionalnog metastaziranja karcinoma poda usta u odnosu na karcinom jezika (78,6% prema 63%). U hirus3ki IeEenih bolesnika sa karcinomom jezika i poda usta sekundami depoziti su najcesce dijagnostikovani u ipsilateralnim submandibulaminl (region I) i gornjim jugularnim lin~fnim Cvorovima (region 11). U gmpi bolesnika klinicke NO kategorije kod kojih je ucinjena disekcija vrata, u 19,2% patohistoloski su verifikovani okultni metastatski depoziti u regionalnim limfi~im Cvorovima. Kod NO kategorije obavezna je selektivna disekcija vrata uz ex tempore proven1 regionalnih linlfnih Cvorova zbog visoke ~Cestalosti okultnih metastam. U slucaju pozitivnog PH nalaza neophodno je uciniti radikalnulmodifikovanu radikalnu disekciju vrata. U IeCe~lju N+ kategorije treba uvek primeniti radikalndmodifikovanu radikalnu disekciju vrata. SUMMARY OCCULT METASTASES OF ORAL CAVITY CANCERS Despite new approaches to treatment and lower mortality, malignant tumors of the head and neck, including the malignant tumors of the oral cavity, still represent significant ontological problem because long-te~m survival has not been significantly prolonged. The growth of tumors of this localization is fast and infiltrative, while early metastases of regional lymph nodes are rather frequent. Malignant tunloss of the oral cavity account for 1.1% ofpopulation in our community (Dimitrijvic, 2001). The objective of the study was to analyze rcgional metastases of the cancers of the tongue and the floor of mouth in 101 patients with planocellular cancers treated in the period Million RR, Cassisi NJ, Wittes RE. Cancer of the Head and Neck. In: DeVita, VT, IIellman S, Rosenborg SA. Cancer Principles & Practice of Oncology. 2nd Edition, Lippincott Con~pally Philadelphia, London,Mexico City, New York, St Louis, Sao Paolo, Sydney, 1985; McGregor IA, McGregor, FM. Cancer of the Face and Mouth. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, London, Melbourne, New York, 1986: 3. Ridge JA, Hooks MA, Lee RW, Benner SE. Head and neck tumors. In: Pazdur R, Coia LR, I-Ioskins WJ, Wagman LD. Cancer Management: A Multidisciplina~y approach. PRR, Huntington, NY, 1996; Wang CC. Cancer of the Oral Cavity. In: Perez CA, Brady LW. Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology. Lippincott Company Philadelphia, 1987; Shah JP. Head and Neck Surgery. Mosby-Wolfe, London, Baltimore, Bogota, Boston, Buenos Aires, Carlsbad, Chicago, Madrid, Mexico City, Milan, Naples,

5 Okultne n~etastaze karcinoma usne duplje New York, Philadelphia, St.louis, Seoul, Singapore, Sydney, Taipei, Tokyo, Toronto, Wiesbaden, Skokljev A, RistiC J, Cikari~ S, TrbojeviC P. Maligni tumori usne Supljine sa posebnim osvrtom na savremene koncepcije leeenja. Zbornik radova X stomatologke nedelje, StomatoloSki glasnik Srbije, 1975; 5: Padovan I. Otorinolaringologija, 3 Kirurgija usne upljine, 2drijela, grla i vrata. Skolska knjiga Zagreb, LaziC J, Sobi~ V. Radiologija. Medicinska knjiga- Medicinske komunikacije, Beograd, Novi Sad, NiS, PriStina, Kragujevac, Ariyan S, Chicarilli ZN. Cancer of Upper Aerodigestive System. In: McCarthy JG. Plastic surgery, Tumors of the head and neck and skin. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, London, Toronto, Montreal, Sydney, Tokyo, 1990; Vol5: Dimery IW. Head and Neck Cancer. In: Pazdur R. Medical Oncology a Comprehensive Review. prr Huntington, New York, Ferlito A, Devaney KO, Devaney SL, Rinaldo A. What is the incidence of occult metastasis in patients with stageno cancers of the head and neck.orl,2001;63: Hermanek P, Sobin LH. TNh4 Classification of Malignant Turnours, UICC International Union Against Cancer. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, Robbins KT, Medina JE, Wolfe GT, Levine PA, Sessions RB, Pruet CW. Standardizacija terminologije disekcije vrata. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991 ; 117: 6: Zupi A, Calirano L, Marenlonti P, Longo F, Ciccarelli R, Soricelli A. Accuracy in the diagnosis of mandibular involvement by oral cancer. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery; 1996;24: Shingaki S, Suzuki I, Nakajima T, Hayashi T, Nakayalna H, Nakamura M. Conlputed tomographic evaluation of lymph node metastasis in head and neck carcinomas. Journal of Cranio Maxillo-Facial Surgery, 1995;23: Byers RM, Wolf PF, Ballantyne AJ. Rationale for elective modified Neck dissection. Head & Neck Surgery, 1988;lGO Miiller H, Slootweg PJ. Mandibular Invasion by Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J. Cranio-Max.-Fac. Surg. 1990;18: Leemans CR, Tiwari R, Nauta JP, Snow F. Discontinuous vs In-Continuity Neck Dissection in Carcinoma of the oral cavity. Arch Otolaryngol. Head and Neck Surg. 1991;117: Andersen PE., Warren, F, Spiro J, et al. Results of Selective Neck Dissection in Management of the Node- Positivc Neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg; 2002;Vol. 128: Okamoto M, Ozeki S, Watanabe T, Iida Y, Tahiro H. Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis in Carcinoma of the Tongue. J. Cranio-Max.-Fac. Surg. 1988; 16: Naumann HH. Head nad Neck Surgery. Surgery of the Cervical Lymph Nodes,Volume 4, Neck, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart - New York, Mohit-Tabatabai MA, Sobel IIJ, Rush BF, Mashberg A: Relation of Thickness of Floor of Mouth Stage I and I1 Cancers to Regional Metastasis. Head and Neck Sur., 1986;152: KarapandBiC M, PiSEeviC A. Karcinom jezika. Zbornik radova X stomatoloske nedelje, StomatoloSki glasnik Srbije, 1975; 5: DimitrijeviC M, DjukiC V, TriviC A.: Procena lokalne i regionalne prosirenosti malignih tumora jezika i poda usne duplje, Vojno Sanitetski pregled 2004 u tarnpi. 25. Panje WR, Morris MR. Surgery of oral cavity, tonque and oropharynx, In: Naumann HI-I. Head nad Neck Surgery. Volume 1, part 11, Face and Facial Skull, Georg Thieme Publishers Sturtgart, 1995.

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