Indoor Air Pollution. Indoor Air Pollution. Trends. Indoor Air Pollution Trends Sources. Regulation and Abatement 2
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1 Indoor Air Pollution Toxins, carcinogens, oh my! 1 Indoor Air Pollution Indoor Air Pollution Trends Sources Carbon Monoxide Building Materials: Formaldehyde Mites and Microbes Radon Gas Asbestos Tobacco Smoke Regulation and Abatement 2 Trends Concentrations increased during 1980s Energy-efficient homes leak in less fresh air Increased use of insulation Cheaper woodwork Exposure time increased Longer hours spent indoors 3
2 Carbon Monoxide Sources 4 Building Materials Carpets, textiles Organic solvents, formaldehyde Glue in composite materials (plywood, particleboard, plastic laminate) Formaldehyde, organic vapors Paints and coatings Formaldehyde, organic vapors Foams (insulation and cushions) Fiber insulation 5 Formaldehyde H2CO, CH2O, or HCHO Organic compound Slightly sweet odor Organic preservative Preserve biological specimens Sets dyes 6
3 HCHO in the Home Main (long-term) source is furniture, wood, and insulation, not carpets! Carpets, drapes, paint emit mainly when new Insulation trapped in walls slowly outgas over a long period Glues trapped in carpentry outgas slowly over time 7 HCHO Health Effects Effects as concentration/exposure increases (in order): Eye irritation Odor detected Cerebral cortex affected Nose, throat irritation Autonomous system affected Also carcinogenic 8 Mites and Microbes Dust mite Dust mite feces Bacteria Viruses Pollen 9
4 Mold Fungus Black mold : Stachybotrys Live or dead cells and spores can cause allergic reactions Remediation: 1. Eliminate sources of excessive moisture 2. Remove organisms and spores 10 Infiltration of Outdoor Air Pollutants Comes in through open and closed windows, doors Seeps in through cracks and gaps in walls and roof 11 Radon Gas in the Home Source: radon gas seeping out of soil Radon gas is a decay product of naturally occurring radioisotopes (Uranium-238) Radon gas problem increased during the 1980s Increased awareness Energy-efficient homes decreased ventilation 12
5 House Bismuth-214, Lead-214 Air Polonium-218 Soil Uranium-238 Basement Seepage: due to Radon-222 heating/ cooling cycle in Radium-226 house 13 picocuries per liter (pci/l) 4-pack/day smoker 100 pci/l Radon-infested 10 pci/l (1 pack/day smoker) EPA standard 4 pci/l 14 Radon test kits Yellow: risk of < 2 pci/l Orange: risk of 2 4 pci/l Red: risk of > 4 pci/l 15
6 Radon Mitigation Air pump Blow air into basement 16 Radon Mitigation Air pump Layer of coarse gravel 17 Radon Mitigation Air pump Active Subsoil Depressurization 18
7 Asbestos A mineral in the form of fibers Used extensively as an insulating material Problem occurs when fibers break off and become airborne 19 Health effects Asbestosis: chronic inflamation and scarring of lung tissue Lung cancer and mesothelioma 20 Tobacco Smoke From combustion of tobacco products in: Cigarettes Cigars Pipes Similar smoke from other combustible products 21
8 Partial List of Tobacco Smoke Constituents Carbon monoxide Nitrogen oxides Hydrogen Cyanide Acrolein Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde Hydrazine Vinyl Chloride Nicotine, Tar Urethane 2-nitropropane Quionoline Nitrosamines Nickel carbonyl Benzo(a)pyrene 5-methylchrysene 210Polonium Cadmium 22 Sidestream Smoke (Environmental Tobacco Smoke) Same as Mainstream smoke gases + Smoldering cigs Cooler Less efficient burn Higher CO content 23 Sidestream Smoking Dosage Depends on number of smokers, room volume, ventilation, distance from cigarette(s) One pack of cigarettes = 20 µg/m 3 of particulates per day Near smoker, µg/m 3 Health effects: eye irritation, aggravation of asthma, increased respiratory tract illness, cardiovascular and heart disease, lung cancer 24
9 Regulation No NAAQS for indoors Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has workplace standards These standards are less stringent than outdoors Workers are a healthier subset of general population Photochemical smog is not an indoor problem 25 Indoor Air Pollution Remediation Reduce polluting activity Decreases the source rate Enhance ventilation Decreases residence time or increases mixing volume Live plants (?) Filtration (air cleaners) Anthropogenically enhanced deposition 26 Filtration Mechanical: fiber-based filtration medium traps aerosol particles Fibers: paper, cotton/cloth, fiberglass Sorbents: materials that capture gas molecules out of the air Granulated Activated Charcoal (GAC) Zeolite 27
10 28
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