EFFECTS OF CORN GERM OIL SLUDGE (CS) IN BROILER DIET ON PERFORMANCE' AND CARCASS FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF BREAST MUSCLE

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1 Indian J. Anlm. Res., 34(1): 11-17, 2000 EFFECTS OF CORN GERM OIL SLUDGE (CS) IN BROILER DIET ON PERFORMANCE' AND CARCASS FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF BREAST MUSCLE Manllla, A.Hubert, Husveth, Ferenc 1 and Dublecz, Karoly2 Department of Agricultural Science, Rivers State College of Education, P.M.B. 5047, Port Harcourt. Rivers State, Nigeria. ABSTRACT Experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of corn germ oil sludge (CS) In diets for broiler chickens. CS was compared with beef tallow (Bn, and a control diet containing no added fat at dietary levels of 80 g/kg and 40 g/kg for CS and BT, respectively. Diets were formulated to be Isonltrogenous (195 g/kg CP) and calculated to be Isocalorlc (12.4 ± 0.2 Mj/kg). Live weight, feed Intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and mortality of the chicks was measured. Fatty acid composition of breast muscle tissues was also determined. Chicks fed CS did not differ In weight gain and feed conversion from those fed BT or the control diets. However, the fatty acid profile of breast muscle tissue was altered by diets. In the tissue, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentration and n-6 to n-3 ratio were higher (P<0.05) and.aturated fatty acid concentration lower (P<0.05) In chicks fed CS than In those fed BT or control diet.. Results suggest that CS may be effectively used In broiler diets. Th. alteration of the tissue fatty acid profile with the feeding of CS diet may be advantageous In the production of PUFA rich broiler chicken meat for health conscious consumers. INTRODUCTION Poultry diets in most parts of the world are still based essentially on a cornsoybean meal mix. Prices of corn and other cereals have continued to rise. Forecast has indicated that this trend will continue and that the use of corn in poultry diets will be limited (Hooge, 1996) not only because of their use by other livestock but also its demand in human nutrition and as a raw material for the starch and vegetable oil industries. There is therefore an' increasing pressure on nutritionists to continue the search for alternative raw materials if the already high feeding cost (60 to 70% of the production cost) in intensive broiler production is to be maintained. Corn by-products such as corn gluten are already being used in poultry diets. (Slinger et al., 1944; Owings et al., 1988). However, limited knowledge of some others, has restricted their use by comme.rctal producers. Corn germ oil sludge (CS) is a by-product of corn germ oil extraction. The schematic representation the production PI 'A' C y, which gives rise to CS, is presented in Figure 1. The non-starch nutrients of the corn are concentrated in the germ, which forms about 11% of the whole grain. Also, as in all cereals, the bulk of the fat of corn is located in the germ. Studies with different fat sources have shown that the type of supplementary fat in the diet may influence the I. Department of Animal Physiology and 2. Department of Animal Nutrition, Georgikon Faculty of Agricultural Science. Pannon University. H-8361, Keszthely. Hungary.

2 12 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH Table 1. Chemical composition of corn germ oil sludge Nutrients Values % Dry matter 63 Crude fat 35 Lecithin 28 Crude Protein 4.1 Crude fibre Ash N-free extract 23.9 performance and carcass fatty acid composition of broiler chickens (Carew and Hill, 1964; Edward and May, 1965; Verme('fsch and Vanschoubroek, 1968; Watkins, 1989; Olomu and Baracos, 1991). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding CS as. fat source in diet on performance and carcass composition of broiler chickens. MATERIAL AND METHODS Birds and diets : A total of 240 day old Hybro-Ross cockerels were obtained from a commercial hatchery (HEROSS Hatcheries Ltd., OCS3.). Chicks 'vere assigned randomly into battery cages (20 chicks per' cage) in batteries with raised floors and fed starter diet from 1 to 10 days. At day 11, chicks were individually' weighed, 13nd(,.:lly reassigned to cages (10 chicks per cage and fed the experimental diets (control diet with no added fat, 40 g/kg beef tallow and 80 g/kg CS diets). The amount of CS used was higher because of its lower (35%) fal conlen!. The chemical composition of CS and i, shown in Table 1, while the fatty acid composition of CS, beef tallow and control diets is shown in Table 2. Dll,ts were isonitrogenous (195 g/kg CP) arid calculated to be isocaloric (12.4 ± 0.2 Mj/kg). Adequate amount of vitamins, minerals and essential amino acids were provided in accordance with the National Research Council. (NRC, 1994) recommendations. The composition and nutrient content of basal diet is shown in Table 3. Birds were raised within a controlled environment at 20 C to 25 C. Additional heat was provided during the Ag. 1. Schematic representation of corn germ oil sludge (CS) production process. Fig. 2. N-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio of breast muscle lipids as influenced by experimental diets.. ~7 o +l 6 l! 'tl 5 13 ca 4 ~3 J!.., 2 c 1 ~O+-_--L _ Brust muac:1e c CONTROL.8T.cs I Columns with no common alphabets differ significantly (P<O. 05) "(7)

3 Vol. 34, No Table 2. Fatty acid compositions of control diet. beef tallow and corn germ oil sludge. Fatty acids Control diet Beef tallow Corn germ oil sludge % total Fatty acids C14:0 3.5 C16: C16: 1n C18: C18: 1n C18: 2n C18: 3n C20: 2n-6 C20: 3n-6 C20: 4n C20: C22: 40-6 C22: 50-3 C22: 60-3 Others SAT MUFA Total Total n PUFA SAT- saturated fatty acids; MUFA-monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA-polyunsaturated fatty acids. initial 2 weeks brooding period. Twenty four-hour lighting was employed. Water and feed were provided ad libuum. A complete randomised design was used. The design produced 4 dietary replicates per treatments. Measurements and sample collection: At 11, 27 and 42 days of age, body weight of individual chicks of each replicate were measured. Feed consumption of chicks was determined by weighirg residual feed daily. Mortality was recorded daily. Feed utilisation was calculated as total feed consumed divided by. the live weight. SarnpJ'es for chemical analysis were.collected at 42 days of age. Six chicks per treatment were weighed, sacrificed, and breast muscle tissue samples were obtained, packed in polyethylene hags, sealed, and immed1ately stored in the deep freezer at -20 C. Chemical analysis : Total lipid was extracted from muscle liver tissue samples according to the method of Folch et a/., (1957). Four gram of tissue samples were homogenised with a 2: I (v/v) mixture of chloroform-methanol after which 0.2 volume physiological solution (0.88% NaCl) was added, mixed and allowed to stand for 2hr to allow phase separation. The chloroform-methanol extract was ~vaporated to dryness in a water bath at 50 C under N 2 flow. The' lipid extracts were then converted to fatty acid methyl ester by using borontrifluoride-methylation solution (35:20:45, vol/vol/vol). The resultant fatty acid methyl esters were

4 14 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH Table 3. Composition and calculated nutrient content of basal diet fed to chicks:, Ingredients and composition Yellow corn Wheat Soybean meal Fish meal, % Vitamin/mineral premix Total Calculated nutrient content ME (MJ/kg) Crude protein, g/kg. Crube fibre, g/kg Lysine, g/kg Methionine, g/kg Methionine+cystine, g/kg g/kg Provides p,er kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 15,999 IU; vitamin. E, 13.8 IU; vitamin D3, IU; vitamin K3, 10.2 mg; vitamin B1, 5.0 mg; vitamin B2, 15.2 mg: pantothenic acid, 20.2 mg; vitamin B6, 4.0 mg; vitamin B12, 0.06 mg; nicotinic acid, 50.3 mg; folic acid, 5.0 mg; biotin, 0.4 mg; cholin chloride. 600 mg: Zn, 100 mg; I, 4.1 mg; Se, 0.2 mg; Mn, 100 mg; Cu, 16.2 mg; Fe, 20.3 mg.; Benduramycin, mg. separated and analysed by gas liquid chromatography according to Husveth. et a/., (19"82). The gas choromatograph (Chrom 42 type) used for the analysis was equipped with dual flame ionisation detector and a 1.8 m x 3 mm internal diameter packed glass column containing 100/120 Chromos?rb WAW coated with 10% SP An isothermic oven temperature of 180 a C was maintained during the whole analysis. Injector and detector temperatures were 225 and 245 C, respectively. Nitrogen was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 20ml!. min. Conditions were chosen to separate fatty acids from 12 to 24 carbons in chain length. Fatty acids were identified by comparison of. retention times with known external standard mixtures (PUFA- 2: Catalog. No. 1081) quantified by a Shimadzu C-RGA integrator and results expressed as a percentage distribution of fatty acid methyl esters. All chemicals used fo J(1~ chromatographic analysis were obtained Lorn Supelco Inc. (Bellefonte, PA, U.S.A). Statistical analysis : A complete randomised experimental design was used with the experimental unit of one cage. Statistical analysis was carried out by oneway analysis of variance (AJ'.:OVA) using Statgraphics version 5.0 (1991) statistical package. Significant differences were tested by Duncan's multiple range test. Significance was accepted at the 5% confidence level. Data are expressed as means ± standard error of the mean (SEM). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Nutrient composition: Chemical analysis of corn germ oil sludge (CS) shows that it contained 35 u ;" oil. 4.1 % crude protein (CP) and 23.9% N-free extract (Table 1). The fatty acid profile of CS indicated a higher concentration of oleic acid (CI8:0), linoleic acid (CI8:2n-6), linolenic acid (CI8: 3n-3), total n-3, n-6 and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) when compared with beef tallow (BT; Table 2). Total n-3, n-6 and PUFA were 25-, 54-, and 14-fold higher in CS than in BT. Concentration of palmitic acid (CI6: 0), saturated fatty acid (SAl) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) were lower when compared with BT (Table 2). Performance : Diets had no influence on live weight, feed intake, and weight ~ain or feed conversion ratio among treatments (Table 1\) Diets also failed to effect mortality and total breast muscle fat (Table 5). Fatty acid composition: Fatty acid composition of breast muscle is shown

5 Vol. 34, No.1, in Table 6. Chicks fed CS diets showed significantly higher deposition of C 18: 2n-6, C20: 4n-6, total n-6, PUFA and lower concentration of C20: 5n-3 and MUFA in breast muscle when compared with BT and control diets. Linolenic acid (CI8: 3n-3) deposition was not influenced by treatments. SAT was significantly lower (P>O.OI) in the breast muscle of chicks fed CS when compared with BT and no Table 4. Live weight, feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of chickens as influenced by experimental diets Experimental diets Live weight (glbird) Feed intake (glbird) Weight gain (glbird) FCR (g: g) NS=P>0.05 Control BT (40g/kg CS (80 g/kg corn Level of beef tallow germ oil sludge) significance 1509 ± ± ± 22.8 NS' ± ± ± 11.6 NS ± ± ± 21.5 NS 1.7 ± ± ± 0.03 NS Table 5. Total breast muscle fat of chickens as influenced by experimental diets Control Total breast muscle fat (g/kg wet weight) 11.4 ± 0.4 NS=P>0.05 BT (40g/kg beef tallow) 11.4 ± 0.3 Experimental diets CS (80 g/kg corn germ oil sludge) 11.5 ± 04 Level of significance Table 6. Composition of selected nutritionally important fatty acids of breast muscle lipids as influenced by experimental diets. Experimental diets Fatty acids Control BT (40g/kg CS (80 g/kg corn Level of beef tallow) germ oil sludge) significance C18: 2n ± O.6 b 14.0 ± 0.3' 22.4 ± 0.4' C'i8: 3n ± ± ± 0.03 NS C20: 4n ± 0.3 b 3.7 ± 0.2' 6.5 ± 0.3' C20: 5n ± O.P 1.3 ± 0.1' 0.6 ± 0.04' C22: 5n ± ± ± 0.1 NS C22: 6n ± ± ± 0.1 NS Total n ± ± ± 0.2 NS Total n ± 0.6 b 19.5 ± 0.3' 31.6 ± 0.3 b SAT 3.5 ± 0.5' 34.1 ± 0.3' 32.1 ± O.4 b MUFA 30.9 ± 0.7 b 32.7 ± 0.6' 25.3 ± 0.6' PUFA 25.5 ± 0.8 b 26.3 ± 0.5' 37.2 ± 0.3' SAT.. saturated fatty acids; MUFA=monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA= polyunsaturated acids; NS=P>0.05; =P<O.Ol; =P<O.OOl; a-c Means ± SEM within rows with no common superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05). NS

6 16 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH added fat control diets. Diets had no influence on the deposition of C22: 5n 3,. C22: 6n-3 and total n-3, but n-6 to n-3 ratios of chicks fed CS was, respectively 2- and 1.5-fold higher than those of BT and no fat control diets (Fig. 2). The results of chemical analysis showed that CS contained a substantial amount of fat. Fatty acid analysis indicated a higher concentration of n-6, n-3, PUFA and lower concentration of SAT and MUFA than BT. The fatty acid profile of CS is similar to that of corn oil (Valencia et al., 1993), except in CI8: In-9 concentration in which it is much lower (0.7%) than corn oil (25.9%). With the above nutrient composition CS as a feed ingredient may be a source to influence the PUFA in the broiler chickens, since increases in the tissue PUFA levels depend on their levels in the feed (Chanmugam et al., 1992). The results of feeding trial showed no significant differences in live weight, feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion efficiency among chicks fed CS, BT or control diets. Edward and May (1965) found no significant difference in growth between corn oil, and beef tal1ow. The high deposition of n-6 fatty 'acids (CI8: 2n-6, C20: 4n-6) as wel1 as low REFERENCES deposition of SAT in the breast muscle with the feeding of CS, is of interest in the light of the relationship which has been established between coronary heart diseases (CHD) and fatty acid composition of food products (Burr et al., 1989; Hrboticky et al., 1993). It might be anticipated that such broiler chickens might meet the low saturated fatty acid product demand of health conscious consumers. The increase in n-6 to n-3 fatty acids ratio in the breust muscle of chicks fed CS suggests that its supplementation in broiler diet may be useful for optimising n-6 to n-3 ratio of n-3 PUFA rich poultry diets. Yahuda and Carasso (1993) in their studies, found the optimum functional ratio of n~6 to n-3 fatty acid to be 4: 1 while the British Nutritional Foundation (BNF; 199~ recommended a ratio of 6: 1. In this trial, n-6 to n-3 ratios in breast muscle of chicks fed CS was 5.7. The results of the present study ipdicate that CS may be effectively utilised as a fat source in brolier diets without any negative influence 0(1 performance. The alteration of the fatty acids of the tissues with the feeding of CS diet may be advantageous in the production quality broiler chicken for health conscious consumers. British Nutrition Foundation (BNF) (1992): Unsaturated fatty acid nutrition and physiological significance. The Report of the British Nutrition Foundation's Task Force, Chapman and Hall, London, 211. p. Burr, M.L. et al., (1989): Effects of changes in fat, fish and fibre intakes on death and reinfarction trial (DART) Lancet II, Carew, L.B. and Hill, F.W. (1964): J. Nutr. 83: Chan, K.M. and Decker, E.A. (1994): erit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 34: Chanmugam, P. et al. (1992): Pou/lt. Sci., 71: Dam, R. et al., (1959): J.Nutr., 68: Duncan, D. B. (1955): Biometrics, 11:1-42.p. Edwards, H.M. Jr. and May, K.N. (1965): Poult. Sci., 44: Folch, J.et al., (1957): J.Biol. Chern. 226:

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