Influence of Temperature on the Fatty Acid Composition of the Oil From Sunflower Genotypes Grown in Tropical Regions

Transcription

1 J Am Oil Chem Soc (2013) 90: DOI /s ORIGINAL PAPER Influence of Temperature on the Fatty Acid Composition of the Oil From Sunflower Genotypes Grown in Tropical Regions Anna Karolina Grunvald Claudio Guilherme Portela de Carvalho Rodrigo Santos Leite José Marcos Gontijo Mandarino Carlos Alberto de Bastos Andrade Renato Fernando Amabile Vicente de Paulo Campos Godinho Received: 17 October 2012 / Accepted: 19 November 2012 / Published online: 11 December 2012 Ó AOCS 2012 Abstract The influence of temperature on the fatty acid composition of the oils from conventional and high oleic sunflower genotypes grown in tropical regions was evaluated under various environmental conditions in Brazil (from 0 Sto23 S). The amounts of the oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic fatty acids from the sunflower oil were determined using gas chromatography (GC). The environment exhibited little influence on the amounts of oleic and linoleic fatty acids in high oleic genotypes of sunflower. In conventional genotypes, there was broad variation in the average amounts of these two fatty acids, mainly as a function of the minimum temperature. Depending on the temperature, especially during the maturation of the seeds, the amount of oleic acid in the oil of conventional sunflower genotypes could exceed 70 %. Higher temperatures led to average increases of up to 35 % for this fatty acid. Although the minimum temperature had the strongest effect on the fatty acid composition, locations at the same latitude with different minimum temperatures displayed similar values for both oleic acid and linoleic acid. A. K. Grunvald C. A. de Bastos Andrade Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil C. G. P. de Carvalho (&) R. S. Leite J. M. G. Mandarino Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Soybean, Londrina, P.O. Box 231, , Brazil cportela@cnpso.embrapa.br R. F. Amabile Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Cerrados, Londrina, Brazil V. de Paulo Campos Godinho Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Rondônia, Londrina, Brazil Furthermore, minimum temperature had little influence on the amounts of palmitic and stearic fatty acids in the oil. Keywords Helianthus annuus L. Oil quality Oleic acid Linoleic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid Introduction On average, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed oil contains linoleic acid levels between 55 and 65 % [1]. Human consumption of this fatty acid has been demonstrated to reduce plasma cholesterol and, as a consequence, to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease [2]. Mutant genotypes have been obtained with amounts of oleic acid that exceed 80 % [3]. Vegetable oils with high amounts of oleic acid exhibit greater oxidative stability during the refining process in storage and in cooking applications in addition to health benefits similar to those provided by linoleic acid [2]. Therefore, a general increase in the consumption of high oleic sunflower oil has been encouraged [4]. Linoleic and oleic fatty acids constitute approximately 90 % of the total fatty acids present in sunflower seed oil [5]. An inverse relationship exists between these two fatty acids, and this relationship may be influenced by environmental conditions, especially temperature. Several studies have reported that conventional (non-mutant) genotypes grown at higher minimum temperatures, especially during the maturation of seeds, exhibit a decrease in linoleic acid and a corresponding increase in oleic acid [6 9]. In Spain, Lajara et al. [7] observed a linoleic acid content of % in conventional sunflower seeds grown at a minimum temperature of 10.7 C. When grown at a minimum temperature of 18.3 C, the linoleic acid content of the seeds was %. In contrast, the relationship

2 546 J Am Oil Chem Soc (2013) 90: between linoleic and oleic acids in high oleic genotypes is influenced less strongly by environmental conditions [6, 8, 9]. Studies examining the influence of temperature on the fatty acid composition of sunflower seed oil have generally been performed in regions at latitudes of between 23 N and 23 S in the range of traditional sunflower-producing countries [6 10]. However, little information has been reported on the influence of temperature in tropical regions, which exhibit different environmental conditions. Brazil is one of those countries located between 23 N and 23 S that currently produce or have the potential to produce sunflowers. In Brazil, it is common to plant a second summer crop (February/March) such that the main crop is sown from October to the beginning of November and is harvested in February. Although the cultivated area of sunflower is still relatively small (100 thousand ha), it is one of the most favorable crops for this second harvest, as rainfall conditions and temperatures during that part of the season are appropriate for its production. Thus, sunflower is beginning to be sown in areas traditionally used for soybean crops (main crop), which had a cultivated area of approximately 24 million hectares in the 2010/2011 season [11]. The present study examined the influence of minimum temperature on the fatty acid composition of the oil of conventional and high oleic genotypes of sunflower grown in tropical regions under different environmental conditions in Brazil (0 S 23 S). Experimental Procedures Field Trials The fatty acid composition of the oil obtained from the seeds of conventional and high oleic genotypes of sunflower was evaluated. The genotypes were produced in trials conducted between 2008 and 2010 in different locations in a number of Brazilian states (Ceará, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Piauí, Rondônia, São Paulo) and in the Federal District. These trials were part of the Network of Trials for the Evaluation of Sunflower Genotypes, which was coordinated by Embrapa with the participation of various public and private enterprises. The geographic coordinates and minimum temperatures of the locations during the maturation of seeds, in addition to the institutions responsible for each respective trial, are described in Table 1. The trial crops were sown between the months of February and March in a completely randomized block experimental Table 1 The locations of the trials conducted across different years and Brazilian states and the responsible research institutions for each respective trial State City Years Institution Geographic coordinates Minimum air temperature C a Latitude Longitude Altitude (m) MA Mata Roma 2008 Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation S W CE Quixadá 2009 Federal University of Ceará S W PI Teresina 2010 Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation S W RO Vilhena 2008 Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation S W GO Porangatu 2009 Rural Agency S W MT Campo Verde 2009 Federal University of Mato Grosso S W DF Planaltina 2008 Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation S W MG Patos de Minas 2008 Minas Gerais Agricultural Research Company S W Muzambinho 2009 Federal Agrotechnical School of Muzambinho S W SP Manduri 2008 Coordinating of Full service S W MA Maranhão, CE Ceará, PI Piauí, RO Rondônia, GO Goiás, MT Mato Grosso, DF Distrito Federal, MG Minas Gerais, SP São Paulo a Average minimum temperature observed during the sunflower seed maturation period

3 J Am Oil Chem Soc (2013) 90: design with two replicates. Each plot (replicate) consisted of four rows measuring 6 m long and spaced at m from each other. The two external rows of each plot (borders) were discarded, as were 0.5 m from each end of the two central rows, leaving a useful area of 7 9 m 2. The genotypes evaluated in 2008 and 2009 were NTO 3.0, NEON, BRSGIRA 26, V 20041, HELIO 358, EXP 1452, PARAISO 33, and AGROBEL 960. In 2009 and 2010, the evaluated genotypes were NTO 2.0, AROMO 10, M 734, EXP 1456DM, V 70003, ALBISOL 20CL, BRS- GIRA 27, and HLA 211 CL. The hybrids NTO 3.0, NTO 2.0, and AROMO 10 are high oleic genotypes, and the other hybrids are conventional genotypes. Determination of the Fatty Acids The amounts of the oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), palmitic (C16:0), and stearic (C18:0) acids in the oils from the seeds of the evaluated genotypes were determined by gas chromatography (GC) according to the official method of the American Oil Chemists Society [12]. For each replicate, two injections were performed in a Hewlett-Packard model 6890 gas chromatograph equipped with a Supelco brand model SP 2340 silica capillary column measuring 30 m in length and 0.32 mm in internal diameter and a 0.2 lm thick film. Statistical Data Analysis The experimental data obtained for each location and year were examined using the analysis of variance. Because the locations of the trials in the first year were not always conserved for the second year, joint analysis was performed for the environments (specific location and year). The fatty acid contents of the genotypes from each group (2008 and 2009 crops and 2009 and 2010 crops) were compared using the clustering test [13] at 5 % probability. All statistical analyses were performed using the Genes software [14]. Results and Discussion Oleic and Linoleic Fatty Acid Contents The joint analysis of variance for the oleic and linoleic acid contents of seeds produced in both the 2008 and 2009 crops and the 2009 and 2010 crops displayed a significant interaction between genotype and environment according to the F test (P \ 0.05), indicating that the differences among genotypes should be verified in each environment (specific location and year) and that the environmental influence should be examined for each genotype (Table 2). The high oleic genotypes NTO 3.0, NTO 2.0, and AROMO 10 displayed oleic acid amounts that were greater than those obtained for the conventional genotypes according to the clustering test [13] at 5 % probability in all evaluated environments (Tables 3, 4). In the 2008 and 2009 crops, the NTO 3.0 hybrid displayed higher amounts of oleic acid in lower latitude environments (Table 1), varying between (Muzambinho 2009 crop latitude S) and 91.1 % (Vilhena 2008 crop latitude S) (Table 3). In the 2009 and 2010 crops, the oleic acid contents of the NTO 2.0 and AROMO 10 hybrids did not differ significantly (P [ 0.05), either from each other or in the different evaluated locations (Table 4). These hybrids displayed average oleic acid contents of and %, respectively. The insignificance of environmental influences on the oleic acid contents of high oleic sunflower was also observed by [6, 8, 9]. According to [8], the gene that confers the high oleic phenotype also provides greater phenotypic stability in the presence of environmental variation. The linoleic acid contents of the NTO 3.0, NTO 2.0, and AROMO 10 hybrids did not vary (P [ 0.05) as a function of the environment with average values of 6.48, 3.75, and 4.78 %, respectively (Tables 3, 4). No variation across environments was detected for the NTO 2.0 and AROMO 10 hybrids, as well (Table 4). The amounts of oleic and linoleic acids in the conventional genotypes varied between (AGROBEL 960 Manduri 2008 crop) and % (M 734 Teresina 2010 crop) and between (M 734 Teresina 2010 crop) and % (AGROBEL 960 Manduri 2008 crop), respectively (Tables 3, 4). These large variations were primarily due to the environment with several genotypic effects. For any particular conventional genotype, significant differences in both oleic and linoleic acids were detected among environments by the clustering test [13] at 5 % probability (Tables 3, 4). Large environmental influences were also observed when the high oleic genotypes were compared with conventional genotypes. The conventional hybrid M 734 displayed an oleic acid content of % in Teresina (2010 crop). This value is approximately 10 % less than that obtained for the high oleic genotypes NTO 2.0 and AROMO 10 (Table 4). In Patos de Minas, however, the conventional genotype contained more than 75 % less oleic acid. On the other hand, among the conventional genotypes in 11 environments out of the 20 evaluated, no significant differences were observed with regard to the two fatty acids upon adopting clustering test [13] at 5% probability. Among the environmental factors influencing the fatty acid composition, the geographical location of the crop had a greater effect than did crop year. Only two genotypes

4 548 J Am Oil Chem Soc (2013) 90: Table 2 Joint analysis of variance for the amounts of oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), stearic (C18:0), and palmitic (C16:0) acid from sunflower oil as obtained from seeds from trials conducted in different Brazilian states between the years 2008 and 2010 Years 2008 and 2009 df Mean squared Years 2009 and 2010 D.F. Mean squared C18:1 C18:1 Genotype (G) 7 8,648.12** Genotype (G) 7 11,648.80** Environment (E) 9 1,562.54** Environment (E) 9 1,546.41** G 9 E * G 9 E ** Mean Mean CV (%) CV (%) C18:2 C18:2 Genotype (G) 7 8,065.9** Genotype (G) 7 10,751.66** Environment (E) 9 1,317.2** Environment (E) 9 1,299.13** G 9 E * G 9 E ** Mean Mean CV (%) 9.27 CV (%) C18:0 C18:0 Genotype (G) ** Genotype (G) ** Environment (E) ** Environment (E) ** G 9 E ns G 9 E ns Mean 3.75 Mean 3.23 CV (%) CV (%) C16:0 C16:0 Genotype (G) ** Genotype (G) ** Environment (E) ** Environment (E) ** G 9 E ns G 9 E ns Mean 5.22 Mean 4.80 CV (%) CV (%) 13.0 *, ** Significant at 5 and 1 % probability, respectively, by the F test ns not significant (NTO 3.0 and EXP 1452) displayed significant differences (P \ 0.05) in linoleic acid content (Table 3) over crop years. This small effect of crop year on the oleic acid content was also observed at other locations (Vilhena, Manduri, and Porangatu) for two evaluation years (Tables 3, 4). Conversely, geographic location had a large influence, mainly associated with the latitude of the locations. In locations at lower latitudes (03 05 S), such as Teresina, Quixadá, and Mata Roma, the oleic acid content of the conventional genotypes was greater than 47 %, and the amount of linoleic acid was less than 45 % with the exception of BRSGIRA 27 grown in Quixadá in the 2009 crop. In locations at higher latitudes (18 23 S), such as Patos de Minas, Muzambinho, and Manduri, the oleic acid content of conventional genotypes was generally less than 22 %, and the linoleic acid content was generally greater than 60 %. Differences in the oleic and linoleic acid contents of conventional genotypes as a function of geographic location were also observed by [6 8, 15]. The broad variations in the oleic and linoleic fatty acids contents detected in the present study for conventional sunflower seeds sown between 0 and 23 S were not observed by the investigation in [16] in soybean seeds grown in Brazil at similar latitudes. Those authors found a variation of only 5.6 % for oleic acid and 3.1 % for linoleic acid. Among the Brazil s sunflower-producing regions, the central region (12 16 S) has the greatest concentration of the crop, most of which is used for the production of edible oil. The federal government has also encouraged sunflower production in the northeast region (03 15 S) to obtain biodiesel. Oil obtained from conventional sunflower seeds in these two regions contains higher amounts of oleic acid than that obtained from sunflowers in more southern regions of the country (18 23 S) (Tables 3, 4) or from soybean sown as the main crop in these regions [16]. The potential of producing oil with a greater oleic acid content and therefore with greater nutritional quality [2] and characteristics for edible oil [17] may favor the

5 J Am Oil Chem Soc (2013) 90: Table 3 Oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) contents in oil from sunflower seeds from the 2008 and 2009 crops grown in trials conducted in different locations in Brazil Overall mean Mata Roma a Campo Verde b Vilhena b Planaltina a Planaltina b Vilhena a Manduri b Patos de Minas a Manduri a Muzambinho b C18:1 (%) NTO 3.0 (OL) aA 87.20aA 89.48aA 86.79aA 80.13aB 91.1aA 86.13aA 84.04aB 80.05aB 79.71aB NEON (C) cA 49.35bB 45.21bB 28.22bC 35.32bC 26.23bC 28.2bC 28.38bC 27.69bC 18.13bC BRSGIRA 26 (C) bA 33.14bB 28.66cB 38.73bB 32.64bB 32.08bB 22.58bC 21.51bC 18.59cC 23.3bC V (C) cA 32.28bB 31.11cB 29.45bB 29.39bB 23.63bC 21.16bC 19.62bC 36.85bB 17.73bC HELIO 358 (C) cA 36.07bA 27.3cB 30.92bB 28.07bB 24.92bB 18.8bC 21.06bC 15.65cC 18.2bC EXP 1452 (C) cA 21.92cC 28.77cB 29.00bB 20.56cC 29.53bB 25.06bB 19.35bC 16.04cC 19.19bB PARAISO 33 (C) cA 21.01cB 20.12cB 25.70bB 25.11cB 20.36bB 16.91bB 18.64bB 16.02cB 15.6bB AGROBEL 960 (C) cA 24.09cB 22.52cB 19.05bB 18.28cB 19.79bB 15.53bB 16.53bB 12.95cB 20.29bB Overall mean MG (C) MG (OL) C18:2 (%) NTO 3.0 (OL) cA 3.31dA 3.4cA 4.33cA 12.93bA 2.33bA 6.74bA 5.61bA 12.52cA 10.57bA NEON (C) bC 40.46cB 46.29bB 61.31bA 54.42bA 65.01aA 63.5aA 61.29aA 62.97bA 70.37aA BRSGIRA 26 (C) bC 56.52bB 62.7aA 50.56bB 57.26bB 58.83aB 67.06aA 66.78aA 69.76bA 65.6aA V (C) aC 57.18bB 58.03aB 58.87bB 59.92bB 67.49aA 68.33aA 67.54aA 53.08bA 72.22aA EXP 1452 (C) bB 65.85aA 60.64aA 58.28bA 68.56aA 60.45aA 65.05aA 66.54aA 72.11aA 68.95aA HELIO358 (C) bC 54.23bB 62.94aB 57.66bB 61.68bB 64.68aA 70.64aA 66.24aA 73.76aA 70.05aA PARAISO 33 (C) aB 67.36aA 71.2aA 63.71aA 65.9aA 71.24aA 74.37aA 69.81aA 74.28aA 73.86aA AGROBEL 960 (C) aB 65.43aA 68.67aA 71.23aA 71.78aA 71.6aA 74.85aA 74.18aA 75.92aA 68.54aA Overall mean MG (C) MG (OL) Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test (1974) at 5 % probability. Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the row do not differ by the Scott-Knott test (1974) at 5 % probability OL highly oleic genotype, C conventional genotype, MG (C) mean of the linoleic genotypes, MG (OL) mean of the highly oleic genotypes Trial evaluated in the year 2008 a b Trial evaluated in the year 2009

6 550 J Am Oil Chem Soc (2013) 90: Table 4 Oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) contents in oil from sunflower seeds from the 2009 and 2010 crops grown in trials conducted in different locations of Brazil General mean Teresina b Quixadá a Porangatu b Vilhena b Porangatu a Planaltina a Planaltina b Campo Verde b Manduri a Patos de Minas a C18:1 (%) NTO 2.0 (OL) aA 91.20aA 90.32aA 87.48aA 90.55aA 88.85aA 89.51aA 88.91aA 86.58aA 86.61aA AROMO 10 (OL) aA 90.38aA 90.03aA 89.60aA 89.00aA 88.87aA 88.13aA 87.53aA 87.66aA 87.13aA M 734 (C) bA 49.91bA 48.13bB 48.33bB 45.03bB 35.59bC 31.47bC 29.04bC 24.54bC 19.03bC EXP 1456DM (C) cA 57.42bA 54.90bA 41.04bB 46.37bA 36.65bB 37.13bB 31.18bB bc 25.58bC V (C) cA 51.12bA 37.66cB 45.42bB 42.95bB 36.99bB 21.41bC 29.88bC 26.82bC 21.73bC ALBISOL20CL (C) cA 47.12bA 53.58bA 37.91bB 37.71bB 36.09bB 28.10bC 18.91bC 21.37bC 15.91bC BRSGIRA 27 (C) cA 32.49cB 49.03bA 45.16bA 42.15bA 33.41bB 24.75bC 25.25bC 21.16bC 18.82bC HLA211CL (C) cA 49.71bA 36.29cB 33.81bA 35.87bB 36.93bB 24.14bC 28.57bC 19.54bC 15.01bC General mean MG (C) MG (OL) C18:2 (%) NTO2.0 (OL) cA 2.83bA 2.66cA 3.04bA 4.1bA 4.66bA 4.28bA 3.86bA 5.55bA 4.05bA AROMO 10 (OL) cA 3.3bA 1.38cA 5.82bA 3.23bA 4.41bA 3.34bA 4.01bA 6.1bA 4.48bA M 734 (C) bC 40.48aB 42.52aB 43.68aB 47.52aB 55.07aA 58.3aA 60.12aA 65.68aA 68.57aA EXP 1456DM (C) aC 35.17aC 35.38bC 49.53aB 46.11aC 54.47aB 52.82aB 56.27aB 71.04aA 62.70aA V (C) aC 41.79aC 53.71aB 46.54aB 48.84aB 53.29aB 67.83aA 58.88aA 63.43aA 66.55aA ALBISOL 20CL (C) aC 45.39aC 37.05bC 51.8aB 53.39aB 53.62aB 59.5aA 70.17aA 69.08aA 72.29aA BRSGIRA 27 (C) aC 59.18aC 32.00cC 45.54aB 49.81aB 57.99aB 65.36aA 63.71aA 68.69aA 70.57aA HLA211CL (C) aC 43.08aC 54.59aB 57.80aB 56.23aB 53.11aB 66.4aA 60.64aA 71.55aA 73.02aA General mean MG (C) MG (OL) Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test (1974) at 5 % probability. Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the row do not differ between one another by the Scott-Knott test (1974) at 5 % probability OL highly oleic genotype, C conventional genotype, MG (C) mean of the linoleic genotypes, MG (OL) mean of the highly oleic genotypes Trial evaluated in the year 2009 a b Trial evaluated in the year 2010

7 J Am Oil Chem Soc (2013) 90: Table 5 General mean of the genotypes with regard to the palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) fatty acid contents in oil from sunflower seeds from the 2008 and 2009 crops and the 2009 and 2010 crops at several locations in Brazil Fatty acid composition Genotype C16:0 (%) C18:0 (%) 2008 and 2009 Crops EXP 1452 (C) 6.1a 4.4a AGROBEL 960 (C) 6.0a 2.7d HELIO 358 (C) 5.5b 4.0b PARAISO 33 (C) 5.5b 3.3c BRSGIRA 26 (C) 5.2c 3.9b V (C) 5.1c 4.3a NEON (C) 4.6d 3.7b NTO 3.0 (OL) 3.5e 3.5c General mean MG (C) MG (OL) and 2010 Crops ALBISOL 20CL (C) 5.7a 2.4b HLA 211CL (C) 5.4a 3.0b BRSGIRA 27 (C) 5.2a 3.2a EXP 1456DM (C) 4.8b 3.7a V (C) 4.8b 3.6a M 734 (C) 4.7b 3.8a AROMO 10 (OL) 3.7c 3.0b NTO 2.0 (OL) 3.6c 2.7b General mean MG (C) MG (OL) Means followed by the same letter, in the column, do not differ by the Scott-Knott test (1974) at 5 % probability OL highly oleic genotype, C conventional genotype, MG (C) mean of the linoleic genotypes, MG (OL) mean of the highly oleic genotype introduction and establishment of sunflower crops in the productive system of these regions. The greater oleic acid contents obtained from the oil of conventional sunflower seeds grown in lower latitude locations is associated with the greater minimum temperature of these locations. According to references [10, 18], temperature is the factor that most influences the fatty acid composition of sunflower oil. Higher minimum temperatures affect the activity of the desaturase enzyme, which is responsible for the conversion of oleic acid into linoleic acid [19]. In the present study, locations between 03 and 05 displayed minimum temperatures of approximately 22 C, while locations at latitudes between 18 and 23 S displayed temperatures of approximately 12 C (Table 1). This approximately 10 C increase in temperature generated an average oleic acid content increase of approximately Table 6 General mean of the environments with regard to the palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) fatty acid contents in oil from sunflower seeds from the 2008 and 2009 crops and the 2009 and 2010 crops at several locations in Brazil Fatty acid composition Environment C16:0 (%) C18:0 (%) 2008 and 2009 Crops Patos de Minas a 6.9a 4.7a Manduri b 5.6b 3.6c Vilhena a 5.5b 2.5d Muzambinho b 5.3c 4.7a Planaltina a 5.2c 4.5a Campo Verde b 5.1c 4.4a Manduri a 5.1c 3.4c Vilhena b 5.0c 3.1c Planaltina b 4.8c 3.9b Mata Roma a 4.2d 2.58d General mean MG (C) MG (OL) and 2010 Crops Patos de Minas b 5.8a 3.5b Campo Verde c 5.2b 4.2a Teresina c 5.1b 2.4d Porangatu c 4.9c 3.0c Manduri b 4.7c 3.4b Porangatu b 4.6c 2.3d Vilhena c 4.5c 2.7c Planaltina c 4.5c 3.7b Quixadá b 4.2d 2.3d Planaltina b 4.0d 3.5d General mean MG (C) MG (OL) Means followed by the same letter, in the column, do not differ by the Scott-Knott test (1974) at 5 % probability OL highly oleic genotype, C conventional genotype, MG (C) mean of the linoleic genotypes, MG (OL) mean of the highly oleic genotype a Trial evaluated in the year 2008 b Trial evaluated in the year 2009 c Trial evaluated in the year % and a corresponding average linoleic acid content reduction of approximately 35 %. According to Demurin et al.[20], an increase in temperature of 1 C may increase the oleic acid content of sunflower seed oil by up to 2 %. Thus, a temperature increase of 10 C would theoretically increase the oleic acid content by up to 20 %. Such a value was obtained in studies performed in Australia [18] and in Spain [7], where temperatures vary between approximately 10 and 20 C. However, these oleic acid increases in

8 552 J Am Oil Chem Soc (2013) 90: conventional sunflower oil were less than the 35 % obtained in the present study and one reported in Argentina [10]. In Brazil, the oil from conventional sunflower seeds grown at latitudes between 12 and 15 S displayed intermediate oleic and linoleic acid contents in comparison with that obtained from latitudes between 03 and 05 S and 18 and 23 S (Tables 3, 4). Among the evaluated locations, Porangatu exhibited the closest fatty acid contents to the values obtained in the latitudes between 03 and 05 S due to its higher minimum temperature (Table 4). Oil from conventional genotype seeds grown at Vilhena (with the exception of the 2010 crop), Planaltina, and Campo Verde contained, on average, % oleic acid and % linoleic acid. The average oleic acid content was 5 16 % higher in Planaltina (15 S), despite a minimum temperature (13 C) that was similar to those of the S locations. Thus, even with its lower minimum temperatures, Planaltina yielded oil with oleic acid contents similar to those of locations with similar latitude and higher minimum temperatures, such as Campo Verde. Palmitic and Stearic Acid Contents In contrast to the results found for oleic and linoleic fatty acids, no significant (P [ 0.01) genotype 9 environment interaction was found for either palmitic or stearic acid in the evaluated crops (Table 2). The analysis of variance also revealed that there were significant differences among genotypes and among environments (specific location and year) (P \ 0.01) for these fatty acids. As the interaction was not significant, the difference among genotypes was verified based on the average of the environments (specific location and year), and the environmental influence was calculated based on the average of the genotypes. According to the clustering test [13] at 5 % probability, the greatest palmitic and stearic acid contents were obtained from the conventional genotypes (Table 5). The high oleic genotypes displayed the lowest palmitic acid contents; however, several conventional genotypes (AGROBEL 960 in the 2008 and 2009 crops and ALBISOL 20CL and HLA 211CL in the 2009 and 2010 crops) had stearic acid contents that were lower than or equal to those of the high oleic genotypes. Except for EXP 1452 and BRSGIRA 27, the conventional genotypes displaying the greatest palmitic acid contents were not the same as those displaying the greatest stearic acid contents. The minimum temperature had little influence on the amounts of palmitic and stearic acid. The stearic acid content of the sunflower oil obtained from seeds grown in Campo Verde (4.4 %), for example, was equal (P \ 0.05) to that obtained in Muzambinho (4.7 %) for the 2009 crop, despite the difference of 5 C between the minimum temperatures of these locations (Table 6). Even between Porangatu (4.6 %) and Manduri (4.7 %), where the difference in minimum temperature was 9 C in the 2009 crop, the palmitic acid contents did not differ notably. The fatty acid contents were also similar for the oils of the sunflower seeds grown in Planaltina and Quixadá, and the difference in the minimum temperature between these two locations was 8 C in the 2009 crop. These results differ from those found by Izquierdo and Aguirrezábal [10], who observed that an increase in minimum temperature resulted in a decrease in the saturated fatty acid contents. 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