3T~ whom correspondence should be addressed.
|
|
- Alberta Banks
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Contribution of apob-48 and apob-1 triglyeriderih lipoproteins (TRL) to postprandial inreases in the plasma onentration of TRL triglyerides and retinyl esters Jeffrey S. Cohn,'.* Elizabeth J. Johnson,' John S. Millar: Susan D. Cohn,' Ross W. Milne,',t Yves L. Marel,'.t Robert M. Russell,' and Ernst J. Shaefer3.* Lipid Metabolism Laboratory and Gastrointestinal Nutrition Laboratory,' USDA Human Nutrition Researh Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 2111, and Clinial Researh Institute of Montreal,t 11 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebe H2W 1R7, Canada Abstrat After the ingestion of a fat-rih meal, there is a postprandial inrease in the plasma onentration of both apolipoprotein B-48- and apob-1-ontaining triglyeride-rih lipoproteins (apob-48 and apob-1 TRL). In order to determine the ontribution of these lipoproteins to postprandial lipemia, the onentration of triglyerides ('E) and retinyl esters (RE) was measured in apob-48 and apob-1 TRL after an oral fat load. Six normolipidemi male subjets were fed heavy ream (1 g fat per kg body weight) ontaining vitamin A (3 retinol equivalents). TRL were isolated by ultraentrifugation from plasma samples obtained at regular intervals after the meal, and apob-1 TRL were separated from apob-48 TRL by affinity hromatography using monolonal antibodies. Postprandial inrease in plasma TG onentration was due to an inrease in TG in the TRL fration, whih in turn was predominantly (82 f 4%) due to an inrease in TG in apob-48 TRL. Contribution of apob-1 TRL to postprandial inrease in TRL TG was 3-27% in individual subjets. ApoB-1 TRL remained a signifiant arrier of total plasma triglyeride in the fed state, as refleted by similar apob-1 and apob-48 TRL TG onentrations at 2, 4, and 6 h after the fat meal. Retinyl esters were regularly deteted in apob-1 TRL. Seventy-five (f 9) perent of the inrease in TRL-RE was due to RE in apob-48 TRL and % was due to RE in apob-1. These data suggest that RE in plasma are not always assoiated with apob-48- ontaining lipoproteins. Furthermore, we onlude that apob-1 TRL, as well as apob-48 TRL, make a signifiant ontribution to postprandial trig1yeridemia.-cohn, J. s., E. J. Johnson, J. S. Millar, S. D. Cohn, R. W. Milne, Y. L. Marel, R. M. Russell, and E. J. Shaefer. Contribution of apob-48 and apob-1 triglyeride-rih lipoproteins (TRL) to postprandial inreases in the plasma onentration of TRL triglyerides and retinyl esters. J. Lipid Res : Supplementary key words postprandial lipemia - atherogenesis It has been proposed that the interation of triglyeriderih lipoproteins (TRL) Of and liver Origin with lipoprotein lipase and ells of the artery wall onstitutes an atherogeni proess (1, 2). This onept is supported by studies showing that partially delipidated very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and hylomirons are able to load ultured smooth musle ells and marophages with esterified holesterol (3-5). The doumented in vitro atherogeniity of postprandial lipoproteins has led to numerous in vivo studies doumenting the qualitative and quantitative hanges of plasma lipoproteins in the fed state (as reviewed in refs. 6 and 7). We have shown in previous studies that after the ingestion of a fat-rih meal there is a postprandial inrease in the plasma onentration of both apob-48- and apob-1-ontaining TRL (8). These lipoprotein speies ontribute to both early (-6 h postprandially) and late (6-12 h) hanges in plasma triglyeride (Z) onentration (9). The rate of TRL apob-1 prodution is also inreased in the fed ompared to the fasted state, as measured by the in vivo rate of inorporation of intravenously administered [D,]-L-leuine into apob-1 in the d < 1.6 g/ml fration of plasma (1). In order to substantiate the onept that both apob-48 and apob-1 TRL ontribute to postprandial triglyeridemia, we have assessed the ontribution of these lipoproteins to postprandial inreases in the plasma onentration of TRL TG. Subjets in the present study were also fed vitamin A in order to measure the distribution of retinyl esters (RE) Abbreviations: TRL, triglyeride-rih lipoproteins; VLDL, very low density lipoproteins; LDL, low density lipoproteins; HDL, high density lipoproteins; TG, triglyeride; RE, retinyl ksters. 'Present address: Clinial Researh Institute of Montreal, 11 Pine Avenue West, Montreal Quebe H*W lr77 Canada. *Present address: University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 4th Floor, ROO^ H453, 153 Carling Avenue, Ottawa Ontario K1Y 4E9, Canada. 3T~ whom orrespondene should be addressed. Journal of Lipid Researh Volume 34,
2 between apob-48 and apob-1 TRL. Retinyl esters in the irulation have previously been used to identify the presene in plasma of lipoproteins of intestinal origin (hylomirons and hylomiron remnants). The rationale for this approah (11-14) is based on the onept that dietary vitamin A is esterified in the intestine and is inorporated into the ore of hylomiron partiles. These lipoproteins are sereted into intestinal lymph and their omponent TG are hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase in the irulation. It is believed that the RE remain assoiated with hylomirons during lipolysis and are taken up by the liver within hylomiron remnants via a reeptormediated proess. Evidene suggests that the liver does not reserete these RE, and they are either stored or resereted as unesterified retinol bound to retinol-binding protein. As plasma exhange of RE between lipoproteins is believed to be minimal and RE are not resereted into the irulation, it is postulated that RE in plasma are appropriate markers for lipoproteins ontaining apob-48 of intestinal origin. Cirumstantial evidene has been presented, however, suggesting that plasma RE are not always assoiated with apob-48-ontaining lipoproteins (15). Postprandial hanges in the plasma onentration of TRL apob-48 are not always mimiked by hanges in TRL RE onentration. Furthermore, in the fasting state and 12 h after a fat-rih meal, a signifiant proportion of plasma RE in normolipidemi subjets is found in the low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) frations, apparently unassoiated with apob-48. The seond purpose of the present experiments was, therefore, to diretly examine the extent of RE assoiated with apob-48 in the TRL fration. Subjets METHODS Six healthy male subjets (3 k 1 years, mean k SEM) who were of average height and weight were reruited. They had normal fasting lipid levels (holesterol: mmolll; triglyerides:.86 f.9 mmol/l; HDL holesterol: 1.24 k.12 mmol/l). They were not taking vitamin A or mediations known to affet plasma lipids. All studies were onduted in the Metaboli Researh Unit at the U.S. Department of Agriulture Human Nutrition Researh Center on Aging at Tufts University. Informed onsent was obtained from all volunteers under the guidelines established by the Human Investigation Review Committee of the New England Medial Center and Tufts University. Fat-feeding protool After a 12-h overnight fast, subjets were given an oral fat load (1 g fat/kg body weight) in the form of heavy ream, together with 3 retinol equivalents of vitamin A (three times the reommended daily allowane). Th vitamin was given as retinyl palmitate in orn oil (PlMO, a gift from Hoffman LaRohe In., Nutley, NJ). Blood samples (1 ml) were obtained via a small forearm indwelling atheter prior to the fat load and at 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 h thereafter. Blood samples were olleted in tubes ontaining ethylenediaminetetraaetate (EDTA) to give a final onentration of.1% EDTA, and were proteted from light with the use of aluminium foil. Water, but no food, was allowed during the ourse of the study. Lipoprotein separation Plasma was separated from red blood ells by ultraentrifugation at 1 g for 15 min at 4OC. TRL frations (ontaining hylomirons, very low density lipoproteins, and intermediate density lipoproteins) were isolated from 5 ml of plasma by a single ultraentrifugal spin (39, rpm, 18 h, 4OC) at d 1.19 g/ml in a Bekman 5.3 Ti rotor. Fration volumes were adjusted to 3. ml with normal saline and were assayed for protein by the method of Lowry et al. (16), using bovine serum albumin as a standard. Turbidity was leared with hloroform. Freshly isolated TRL frations were subjeted to affinity hromatography, using speifi apob-1 monolonal antibodies 4G3 and 5El1, whih do not rossreat with apob-48 (17, 18). These antibodies have previously been used to haraterize the very low density lipoprotein fration of Type I11 and Type IV hyperlipoproteinemi subjets (19, 2). Antibodies (mixed together in a 1:l protein ratio) were oupled to ativated Sepharose 4B (Pharmaia Fine Chemials, In., Uppsala, Sweden) as desribed previously (17). Routinely, 16 mg of 4G3 protein and 16 mg of 5Ell protein were oupled to 8 ml of ativated Sepharose. Binding apaity of the gel was mg TRL protein/ml gel. Separation of apob-48 and apob-1 frations was arried out in 1.5-ml Eppendorf tubes. Sepharose gel (1.2 ml) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, ph 7.4,.2% NaN,) was aliquoted into tubes and entrifuged for 5 min at 1, rpm. The supernate was aspirated and TRL (3 pg protein) was added to.6 ml of paked gel. Tubes were vortexed gently, roked for 1 h at room temperature on an osillating platform, and entrifuged, and the supernate was olleted (approximately.5 ml was retrieved). The gel was washed with 1. ml PBS, roked for 15-2 min, and after entrifugation, the supernate was aspirated and added to the first supernate. The washing proedure was repeated with a seond volume of PBS (final volume of fration: 2.5 ml). This sample (the unbound fration) ontained the apob-48 TRL. Lipoproteins bound to the gel were dissoiated by the addition of 3 M Na thioyanate (1. ml). Samples were roked for 1 h at room temperature, entrifuged, and the supernate was olleted. The gel was washed with two further 1.-ml aliquots of Na thioyanate, and these washes were added to the first 234 Journal of Lipid Researh Volume 34, 1993
3 thioyanate supernate to give the bound fration, ontaining apob-1 TRL. Reovery of initial TRL added to the affinity gel was 92 k 4% as estimated by measuring the reovered protein in the bound and unbound frations. The adequay of lipoprotein separation was assessed by SDS polyarylamide gel eletrophoresis using % arylamide gradient gels as previously desribed (8). Nondelipidated lipoprotein samples (3 pg protein), redued in SDS sample buffer ontaining 3% meraptoethanol, were routinely loaded onto the 1.5-mm thik vertial slab gels. The apob-48 (unbound) frations were onentrated before eletrophoresis to allow for adequate visualization of the apob-48 protein band. The apob-1 band of TRL omigrated with the major stainable protein of a narrow-ut LDL fration (1.4 < d < 1.5 g/ml). The apob-48 band of TRL omigrated with the major high moleular weight band of lymph hylomirons. The identity of the apob bands was onfirmed by Western blotting analysis using a polylonal antibody that was known to reat with both apob-48 and apob-1. Lipid and lipoprotein analyses Plasma and lipoprotein frations were assayed for total holesterol and TG with an Abbott Diagnostis ABA-ZOO bihromati analyzer using enzymati reagents (21). Assays were standardized through partiipation in the Centers for Disease Control - National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Standardization program. All lipid measurements (inluding separated TRL frations) were arried out in dupliate. HDL holesterol was quantitated by analyzing the supernate obtained by the preipitation of a plasma aliquot with dextran-mg*+ (22). Retinyl esters were measured under red lights by high-performane liquid hromatography using retinyl aetate as an internal standard (23). Using this method, all the major plasma RE (retinyl palmitate, stearate, and oleate) oeluted together and appeared as a single peak on the hromatograms. Statistis Paired t-tests were used to determine the statistial signifiane between lipid measurements obtained from fasting ( h) and postprandial samples. Postprandial inrease in TRL TG and RE was measured by planimetry as the area under the onentration-time urve, where the baseline was the zero-time (fasting) onentration. Area measurements are expressed in the units of mmol h/l. RESULTS Mean (k SEM) plasma holesterol, TG, and RE onentrations before and after the ingestion of the fat load are shown in Fig. 1. Mean plasma holesterol onentration did not hange signifiantly during the ourse of the experiment. This is onsistent with our previous studies I , I Time After Ingestion of Cream (hours) Fig. 1. Postprandial hanges in the plasma onentration of holesterol, triglyerides, and retinyl esters. Signifiantly different from fasting onentration by paired t-test: *P <.5; **P <.1. (24) and those of others (6). Plasma TG onentration peaked either 2 or 4 h after the fat load in individual subjets, and the mean plasma TG onentration was signifiantly (P <.5) elevated above fasting onentration 2 and 4 h postprandially. Mean plasma RE onentration peaked at 6 h and was signifiantly greater than baseline at all postprandial timepoints. As shown previously (9, 15) and as refleted by the different time ourse of the urves for the mean data (Fig. l), hange in plasma RE onentration ourred after hange in plasma TG in all subjets. TRL frations (d < 1.19 g/ml) were isolated by ultraentrifugation and were separated into apob-48 and apob-1 TRL speies by affinity hromatography. The apolipoprotein omposition of bound and unbound frations is shown in Fig. 2. Very adequate separation of apob-48- and apob-1-ontaining frations was ahieved. ApoB-48 was not detetable in the bound (apob-1-ontaining) frations. A faint apob-1 band was often observed in the unbound frations (see right hand gel of Fig. 2). Minor ontamination of the unbound fration has been noted previously using these antibodies (19, 2). Additional hromatography was not arried out to remove ontaminating apob-1 material, as this was found to adversely affet reovery. Laser sanning densitometry showed that less than 1% of the apolipoprotein omposition of apob-48 TRL was apob-1 (assuming equal hromogeniity of apolipoprotein bands). Two perent of apob-48 TRL protein was apob-48, 15% was albumin, 8% was 6-2-glyoprotein l, 21% was apoa-iv, 2% was apoe, 19% was apoa-i, and 34% was C- apolipoproteins. In apob-1 TRL, 35% of total protein by gel sanning was apob-1, 15% was albumin, 1% Cohn et af. Postprandial ontribution of apob-48 and apob-1 TRL 235
4 Albumin - - ApoA-IV - ApoE ApoA-l - APOCS -- Fig. 2. Apolipoprotein omposition of TRL frations separated by afinity hromatography using monolonal antibodies against apor-1. The hound fration ontaininq apor-1 is on the left, and the unbound fration ontaining apor-48 is on the right. Round TRL ontained relatively more apoe and less apoa-iv and epoa-i than unbound TRL. The unbound frartion was onentrated before loading onto the gel. Trae amounts of apor-1 were routinely deteted in the unbound fration. was /3-2-glvoprotein 1, 1% was apoa-iv, 9% was apoe, and 31% was C-apolipoproteins. In the fasting state (at zero time), mean plasma TG onentration was mmol/l and mean TRL TG onentration was mmol/l (representing % of total plasma triglyeride). In the fed state at A z E E v.- L E L ) V the timepoint of maximal TG inrease (2 h postprandially), mean plasma TG onentration was 1.26 k.19 mmol/l and mean TRL TG onentration was 1. k.19 mmol/l. A mean 77 k 3% of plasma TG was thus ontained in the TRL fration 2 h after the fat load. Mean TRL TG was signifiantly inreased above fasting onentration 2 and 4 h after the fat load (Fig. 3) in ' aord with the total plasma TG data. These results are omparable to those obtained in male subjets of different ages, reported previously (8). The plasma TG onentration of the apor-48 and apor-1 frations before and after the fat load is shown in Fig. 3. Postprandial inrease in plasma TG onentration was predominantly due to inrease in apor-48 TRL, whih was signifiantly inreased 2, 4, and 6 h after the meal. A smaller but signifiant inrease was observed in apor-1 TRL TG. The ontribution of apor-48 and apor-1 TRL frations to postprandial inrease in TRL TG (Table 1) was quantitated by measuring the area under individual TG response urves (fasting [ h] onentration taken as baseline). Inrease in apor-48 TRL TG was five times greater than inrease in apor-1 TRL TG (2.44 k.45 vs..47 k.15 mmol h/l). Eighty-two (k 4) perent of the postprandial inrease in TRL TG was thus due to apor-48 TRL (range: 73-97%). The ontribution of apor-1 TRL was not insignifiant, aounting for 3-27% of total inrease in TRL TG in individual subjets (mean k SEM: 18 k 4%). Total area (as opposed to inremental area) was also measured under the TRL TG response urves (zero onentration used as baseline). The apor-48 TRL TG total area was 3.96 k.48 mmol h/l and the apob-1 TRL TG area was 4.64 k.75 mmol h/l. This means that although apor-48 TRL were most responsible for the inrease in TRL TG onentration after the fat load, in absolute terms apob-1 TRL were the predominant arriers of plasma TG during the total 12 h postprandial period. RE were measured in TRL frations isolated at different postprandial timepoints. It is signifiant that we deteted RE in nearly all apor-1 TRL, as well as apob-48 TRL samples. The mean plasma RE onentrations of TABLE 1. Contribution of apor-1 TRL and apor-48 TRL to postprandial inreases in the plasma onentration of trixlyeride and retinyl ester.2 - lnrrraw in Conentration' ApoR-IO TRI. ApoR-4R TRL mmol- ha. I Time After Ingestion of Cream (hours) Fig. 3. Postprandial hanges in the triglyeride onentration of TRL frations. Signifiantly different from fasting onentration by paired I- test: 'P <.5; **P <.1. Triglyeride.47 i.15 (18%Ib 2.44 i.45 (82%)b Retinyl ester 333 i 129 (25%) 889 i 169 (75%)' 'Measured as the area between the postprandial response urves and a baseline drawn through the fasting onentration. 'Values in parentheses represent inreases expressed as a perentqe of the total. 236 Journal of Lipid Researh Volume 34, 1993
5 the total, apob-48, and apob-1 TRL frations before and after the fat load are shown in Fig. 4. Total TRL RE onentration was signifiantly elevated 2, 4, 6, and 9 h after the fat load, whih mimiked the postprandial hanges in total plasma RE onentration (Fig. 1). Inreases in both apob-48 TRL and apob-1 TRL RE were responsible for the hange in total TRL RE. RE onentration peaked on average at 6 h in the apob-48 TRL fration, whereas the maximum RE onentration in apob-1 TRL tended to our at later timepoints (at 9 h for the mean data). The ontribution of apob-1 TRL and apob-48 TRL to postprandial inreases in plasma TRL RE onentration was quantitated by planimetry and mean area measurements are shown in Table 1. Inrease in RE onentration postprandially tended to be 2- to 3-times greater in apob-48 TRL than in apob-1 TRL. Thus 75 * 9% of TRL RE inrease was due to apob-48 TRL and 25 f 9% was due to apob-1 TRL. It is worth noting that the ontribution of apob-1 TRL varied from one subjet to another, and was quite signifiant in some individuals (range: 6-56%). Cholesterol onentrations were also measured in the different TRL frations and these results are shown in Fig. 5. A postprandial inrease in total TRL holesterol was not observed in every subjet (as we have observed in previous studies (8)). In this group of subjets, who had relatively low plasma holesterol onentrations, a derease in the mean total TRL holesterol below fasting onentration was, in fat, observed at later timepoints. This derease was predominantly due to a fall in the postprandial onentration of apob-1 TRL holesterol. In h 25 -\ E" E. 2 C E 8 1 G v) w -.- )r 5 2 T Time After Ingestion of Cream (hours) Fig. 4. Postprandial hanges in the retinyl ester onentration of TRL frations. Signifiantly different from fasting onentration by paired f- test: 'P < Time After Ingestion of Cream (hours) Fig. 5. Postprandial hanges in the holesterol onentration of TRL frations. Signifiandy different from fasting onentration by paired t- test: 'P <.5. ontrast, mean apob-48 TRL holesterol was signifiantly inreased 2 and 4 h after the fat load. DISCUSSION Speifi monolonal antibodies for apob-1 have been used before (19, 2) to isolate and haraterize the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) fration of dyslipidemi subjets in the fasted state. The same antibodies were used in the present study to isolate the apob-48- and apob-1-ontaining TRL of plasma obtained from subjets in the fed state. In order to obtain reliable quantitative data with these antibodies, we have separated single sample aliquots in individual Eppendorf tubes (see Methods), ontaining antibodies bound to Sepharose, rather than eluting frations from affinity hromatography olumns, as desribed previously (19). In addition, sodium thioyanate rather than itri aid was used to separate the bound TRL fration from the affinity hromatography gels. These modifiations resulted in aeptable reovery (85-95%) of TRL samples and allowed for the plasma onentration of different frations to be estimated. Adequay of separation was also ontrolled as losely as possible by monitoring the apolipoprotein omposition of isolated frations by polyarylamide gel eletrophoresis (Fig. 2). Some ontamination of apob-48 frations was noted (see Methods), leading to a small underestimation of apob-1 TRL lipid onentrations. This underestimation, if taken into aount, would only Cohn et al. Postprandial ontribution of apob-48 and apob-1 TRL 237
6 inrease the ontribution of apob-1 TRL and enhane the signifiane of the present results. We have shown that inrease in plasma triglyeride onentration after an oral fat load is predominantly due to triglyeride ontained within apob-48-ontaining lipoproteins in the TRL fration of plasma. In normolipidemi male subjets, we have found that 82 f 4% of the postprandial inrease in TRL TG was attributable to triglyeride in apob-48 TRL. This is onsistent with the established onept that dietary fat is inorporated into large triglyeride-rih hylomirons in the intestine that have apob-48 as their major strutural apolipoprotein (25). These lipoproteins are sereted into intestinal lymph and then into the irulation where their triglyerides are hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase. ApoB-48-ontaining lipoproteins in the irulation, therefore, represent a spetrum of partially atabolized lipoproteins of intestinal origin, whih make a signifiant ontribution to postprandial triglyeridemia. Although the inrease in plasma TRL 7G onentration in the fed state was predominantly due to an inrease in apob-48 TRL, the ontribution of apob-1 TRL was not insignifiant; 18 f 4% of the total TRL TG inrease following the oral fat load was attributable to apob-1 TRL, and this varied among individual subjets (range: 3-27%). In absolute terms, apob-1 TRL were responsible for transporting a signifiant proportion of plasma X in the postprandial state, as refleted by the relatively similar onentrations of TG in apob-1 and apob-48 TRL at 2, 4, and 6 h after the fat load (Fig. 3), and as refleted by the total area under the TRL response urves for the 12-h period after the meal ( vs f.48 mmol - h/l for apob-1 TRL and apob-48 TRL, respetively). Similar data have reently been presented by Shneeman et al. (26). These results suggest that apob-1 TRL make a signifiant ontribution to the total plasma triglyeride onentration in the fed as well as in the fasted state. There are at least three possible explanations for the inrease in the onentration of apob-1 TRL triglyeride in postprandial plasma. I) The plasma learane of apob-1 TRL is inhibited by the influx into plasma of postprandial hylomirons; 2) the ingestion of a fat-rih meal stimulates the synthesis and seretion of apob-1 TRL from the intestine; and 3) hepati apob-1 TRL are sereted postprandially in response to lipid of dietary origin reahing the liver via the portal vein or via hylomiron transport. The first possibility is supported by the studies of Brunzell et al. (27) showing that hylomirons and VLDL are atabolized by a ommon pathway. Triglyerides in both hylomirons and VLDL are hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase at the apillary endothelial surfae and these lipoproteins an ompete for enzyme-mediated lipolysis. Redued availability of lipolyti ativity due to the postprandial presene of apob-48- ontaining hylomirons ould explain the observed inrease in apob-1 TRL triglyeride. An inrease in the prodution of apob-1 TRL is, however, an equally possible explanation. We have previously found that in the fed state there is an inrease (5% on average) in the plasma onentration of apob-1 in the TRL fration (8), as well as an inrease in the rate of prodution of TRL apob-1 (1). We have suggested that this represents a postprandial inrease in postprandial synthesis and seretion of TRL by the liver, as it is normally assumed that apob-1 in plasma is of hepati origin. Data from a reent study in whih apob-1 epitopes were determined in human subjets before and after liver transplantation (28) support the hepati origin of irulating apob-1. Other lines of evidene, however, have suggested that the human intestine has the apaity to synthesize apob-1 (29, 3), and it annot be ruled out that in the fed state apob-1 in TRL is partly of intestinal origin. Irrespetive of the soure of apob-1 TRL in the fed state, and irrespetive of the mehanism for the inreased presene of apob-1 TRL in postprandial plasma, our studies suggest an additional reason why the postprandial state is potentially atherogeni. Zilversmit (1) originally proposed that atherogenesis was a postprandial phenomenon beause it involved the binding of hylomirons to the arterial surfae, the hydrolysis of triglyeride by arterial lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent internalization of holesterol-enrihed hylomiron remnants by arterial smooth musle ells. Postprandial apob-1 TRL may, however, be of equal signifiane, espeially sine a ertain proportion of TRL ontaining apob-1 are the preursors of potentially atherogeni LDL (31) and partially degraded apob-1 TRL remnants have themselves been shown to be atherogeni (2). An important finding of the present study is that RE were routinely deteted in apob-1 TRL. The presene of RE in apob-1 TRL was of greater signifiane at later postprandial timepoints (Fig. 4), and for the 12-h period as a whole 25 9% of TRL RE was ontributed by RE in apob-1 TRL. These data lend support to the irumstantial evidene that we and others have presented previously, suggesting that plasma RE are not always assoiated in plasma with apob-48-ontaining lipoproteins (12, 15, 32). There are three possible explanations for the presene of RE in apob-1 TRL. 1) RE are sereted by the intestine within hylomirons ontaining apob-1 or possibly within smaller VLDL-sized apob-1 partiles; 2) RE are sereted by the liver in VLDL ontaining apob-1; or 3) RE are transferred to apob-1 TRL in the irulation from other plasma lipoproteins. As disussed before, evidene has been presented showing that the intestine has the apaity to synthesize apob-1 (29, 3). The quantitative signifiane of this synthesis and whether it results in the seretion of a mature protein remains, however, to be substantiated. As far as hepati 238 Journal of Lipid Researh Volume 34, 1993
7 seretion of RE is onerned, there are data from isolated ell studies (33) and from experimental animals (34) that suggest that RE are not sereted by the liver. Nevertheless, it annot be totally ruled out that the human liver in vivo is able to serete RE inorporated into apob-1- ontaining lipoproteins. The third possibility is supported by evidene that small amounts of RE are able to transfer between plasma lipoproteins (35, 36); however several investigators onsider this transfer to be quantitatively insignifiant (12, 14, 37). Finally, plasma RE have been used as a measure of the duration and extent of postprandial lipemia in order to establish the role of postprandial lipoproteins (speifially intestinal lipoproteins) in the etiology of atheroslerosis (38-4). As suggested before, however (15), studies traing the presene of RE in plasma for relatively long periods of time after meal-feeding need to be interpreted with aution. Small amounts of RE not assoiated with the TRL fration (assoiated with LDL and HDL at later timepoints) are probably not assoiated with remnant lipoproteins. In addition, RE within the TRL fration are not always assoiated with apob-48-ontaining lipoproteins and they are therefore not neessarily indiative of TRL of intestinal origin. I Supported by grant HL from the National Institutes of Health and ontrat 53-3K-6 from the U.S. Department of Agriulture Researh Servie. Manusript reeived 19 Jub 1991, in revisedjonn 26 May 1993, and in re-revised fom 21 J REFERENCES 1. Zilversmit, D. B Atherogenesis: a postprandial phenomenon. Cirulation. 6: Gianturo, S. H., and W. A. Bradley Lipoproteinmediated ellular mehanism for atherogenesis in hypertriglyeridemia. Semin. Thmmb. Hemostasis. 14: Floren, C-H., J. J. Albers, and E. L. Bierman Uptake of hylomiron remnants auses holesterol aumulation in ultured human arterial smooth musle ells. Biohim. Biophys. Ata. 663: Van Lenten, B. J., A. M. Fogelman, R. L. Jakson, S. Shapiro, M. E. Haberland, and P. A. Edwards Reeptor-mediated uptake of remnant lipoproteins by holesterol-loaded human monoyte-marophages. J. Biol. Chem Huff, M. W., A. J. Evans, C. G. Sawyez, B. M. Wolfe, and P. J. Nestel Cholesterol aumulation in 5774 marophages indued by triglyeride-rih lipoproteins. Comparison of very low density lipoprotein from subjets with type 111, IV, and V hyperlipoproteinemias. Arteriosler Thromb. 11: Tall, A. R Metabolism of postprandial lipoproteins. MethodF Enzymol. 129: Miesenboek, G., and J. R. Patsh Postprandial hyperlipidemia: the searh for the atherogeni lipoprotein. Cum Opin. Lipidol. 3: Cohn, J. S., J. R. MNamara, S. D. Cohn, J. M. Ordovas, and E. J. Shaefer Plasma apolipoprotein hanges in the triglyeride-rih lipoprotein fration of human subjets fed a fat-rih meal. J. Lipid Res. 29: Cohn, J. S., J. R. MNamara, S. D. Krasinski, R. M. Russell, and E. J. Shaefer Role of triglyeride-rih lipoproteins from the liver and intestine in the etiology of postprandial peaks in plasma triglyeride onentration. Metabolism. 38: Cohn, J. S., D. A. Wagner, S. D. Cohn, J. S. Millar, and E. J. Shaefer Measurement of very low density and low density lipoprotein apolipoprotein (apo) B-1 and high density lipoprotein apoa-i prodution in human subjets using deuterated leuine. Effet of fasting and feeding. J. Clin. Invest. 85: Hazard, W. R., and E. L. Bierman Delayed learane of hylomiron remnants following vitamin A- ontaining oral fat loads in broad-beta disease (type 111 hyperlipoproteinemia). Metabolism. 25: Wilson, D. E., I-F. Chan, and M. Ball Plasma lipoprotein retinoids after vitamin A feeding in normal man: minimal appearane of retinyl esters among low density lipoproteins. Metabolism. 32: Blomhoff, R. M., M. H. Green, T. Berg, and K. R. Norum Transport and storage of vitamin A. Siene. 25: Berr, F., and F. Kern, Jr Plasma learane of hylomirons labeled with retinyl palmitate in healthy human subjets. J. Lipid Res. 25: Krasinski, S. D., J. S. Cohn, R. M. Russell, and E. J. Shaefer Postprandial plasma vitamin A metabolism in humans: a reassessment of the use of plasma retinyl esters as markers for intestinally derived hylomirons and their remnants. Metabolism. 39: Lowry,. H., N. J. Rosebrough, A. L. Farr, and R. J. Randall Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent.j. Bid. Chem. 193: Marel, Y. L., M. Hogue, R. Theolis, Jr., and R. W. Milne Mapping of antigeni determinants of human apolipoprotein B using monolonal antibodies against LDL. J. Biol. Chem. 257: Milne, R. W., R. Theolis, Jr., R. B. Verdery, and Y. L. Marel Charaterization of monolonal antibodies against LDL. Arterioslerosis. 3: Milne, R. W., P. K. Weeh, L. Blanhette, J. Davignon, P. I. Alaupovi, and Y. L. Marel Isolation and haraterization of apolipoprotein B-48 and apob-1 very low density lipoproteins from type I11 hyperlipoproteinemi subjets. J. Clin. Invest. 73: Tere, F., R. W. Milne, P. K. Weeh, J. Davignon, and Y. L. Marel Apolipoprotein B-48 and B-1 very low density lipoproteins. Comparison in dysbetalipoproteinemia (type 111) and familial hypertriglyeridemia (type IV). Arterioslerosis. 5: MNamara, J. R., and E. J. Shaefer Automated enzymati standardized lipid analyses for plasma and lipoprotein frations. Clin. Chim. Ata. 166: Warnik, G. R., J. Benderson, and J. J. Albers Dextran sulfate-mgz+ preipitation proedure for quantitation of high density lipoprotein holesterol. Clin. Chem. 28: Bankson, D. D., R. M. Russell, and J. A. Sadowski Determination of retinyl esters and retinol in serum or Cohn et al. Postprandial ontribution of apob-48 and apob-1 TRL 239
8 plasma by normal-phase liquid hromatography: method and appliations. Clin. Chem. 32: Cohn, J. S., J. R. MNamara, S. D. Cohn, J. M. Ordovas, and E. J. Shaefer Postprandial plasma lipoprotein hanges in human subjets of different ages. J. Lipid Res. 29: Bisgaier, C. L., and R. M. Glikman Intestinal synthesis, seretion and transport of lipoproteins. Annu. Rev. Phyriol. 45: Shneeman, B. O., L. Kotite, K. M. Todd, and R. J. Havel Relationships between the responses of triglyeriderih lipoproteins in blood plasma ontaining apolipoproteins B-48 and B-1 to a fat-ontaining meal in normolipidemi humans. Pro. Natl. Aad. Si. USA. 9: Brunzell, J. D., W. R. Hazzard, D. Porte, Jr., and E. L. Bierman Evidene for a ommon, saturable, triglyeride removal mehanism for hylomirons and very low density lipoproteins in man. J. Clin. Invest. 52: Linton, M. E, R. Gish, S. T. Mubl, F. Butler, C. Esquivel, W. I. Bry, J. K. Boyles, M. R. Wardell, and S. G. Young Phenotypes of apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein E after liver transplantation. J Clin. Invest. 88: Hughes, T. E., W. V. Sasak, J. M. Ordovas, T. M. Forte, S. Lamon-Fava, and E. J. Shaefer A novel ell line (Cao-2) for the study of intestinal lipoprotein synthesis. J Biol. Chem. 262: Hoeg, J. M., D. D. Sviridov, G. E. Tennyson, S. J. Demosky, Jr., M. S. Meng, D. Bojanovski, I. G. Safonova, V. S. Repin, M. B. Kuberger, V. N. Smirnov, K. Higuhi, R. E. Gregg, and H. B. Brewer, J Both apolipoproteins B-48 and B-1 are synthesized and sereted by the human intestine.j. Lipid Res. 31: Sigurdsson, G., A. Nioll, and B. Lewis Conversion of very low density lipoprotein to low density lipoprotein. A metaboli study of apolipoprotein B kinetis in human subjets. J. Clin. Znuest. 56: Berr, F Charaterization of hylomiron remnant learane by retinyl palmitate label in normal humans.,/. Lipid Res. 33: Lenih, C. M., and A. C. Ross Chylomiron remnant-vitamin A metabolism by the human hepatoma ell line HepGZ. J Lipid Res. 28: Thompson, K. H., L. B. Hughes, and D. B. Zilversmit Lak of seretion of retinyl esters by livers of normal and holesterol-fed rabbits. J. Nutr. 113: Wilson, D. E., and I-F. Chan In vitro transfer of hylomiron retinol and retinyl esters. Biohem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 115: Zilversmit, D. B., R. E. Morton, L. B. Hughes, and K. H. Thompson Exhange of retinyl and holesteryl esters between lipoproteins of rabbit plasma. Biohim. Biophys. Ata. 712: Spreher, D. L., S. L. Knauer, D. M. Blak, L. A. Kaplan, A. A. Akeson, M. Dusing, D. Lattier, E. A. Stein, M. Rymaszewski, and D. A. Wiginton Chylomironretinyl palmitate learane in type I hyperlipidemi families. J. Clin. Inuest Weintraub, M. S., S. Eisenberg, and J. L. Breslow Dietary patterns of postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in normal, type IIa, type 111, and type IV hyperlipoproteinemi individuals. J Clin. Inuest. 79: Simpson, H. S., C. M. Williamson, T. Oliverona, S. Pringle, J. Malean, A. R. Lorimer, F. Bonnefous, Y. Bogaievsky, C. J. Pakard, and J. Shepherd Postprandial lipemia, fenofibrate and oronary artery disease. Atheroslerosis. 85: Groot, P. H. E., W. A. H. j. van Stiphout, X. H. Krauss, H. Jansen, A. van Tol, E. van Ramshorst, S. Chin-On, A. Hofman, S. R. Cresswell, and L. Havekes Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in normolipidemi men with and without oronary artery disease. Arterzosler. Thromb. 11: Journal of Lipid Researh Volume 34, 1993
Identification of an adipose tissue-like lipoprotein lipase in perfusates of chicken liver
Identifiation of an adipose tissue-like lipoprotein lipase in perfusates of hiken liver Andre Bensadoun and Tung Liu Koh Division of Nutritional Sienes and Division of Biologial Sienes, Cornel1 University,
More informationT. G. Redgrave' and L. A. Carlson
Changes in plasma very low density and low density lipoprotein ontent, omposition, and size after a fatty meal in normo- and hypertriglyeridemi man T. G. Redgrave' and L.. Carlson King Gustaf V Researh
More informationCharacterization of proteoliposomes containing apoprotein A-I: a new substrate for the measurement of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransf erase activity
~ Charaterization of proteoliposomes ontaining apoprotein AI: a new substrate for the measurement of leithin: holesterol ayltransf erase ativity Chinghong Chen and John J. Albers' Department of Mediine,
More informationInternational Journal of Biological & Medical Research
Int J Biol Med Res. 2013; 4(3) :3414-3418 Int J Biol Med Res Volume 3, Issue 1, Jan 2012 www.biomedsidiret.om BioMedSiDiret Publiations Contents lists available at BioMedSiDiret Publiations International
More informationMeasurement of Dose Rate Dependence of Radiation Induced Damage to the Current Gain in Bipolar Transistors 1
Measurement of Dose Rate Dependene of Radiation Indued Damage to the Current Gain in Bipolar Transistors 1 D. Dorfan, T. Dubbs, A. A. Grillo, W. Rowe, H. F.-W. Sadrozinski, A. Seiden, E. Spener, S. Stromberg,
More informationSystematic Review of Trends in Fish Tissue Mercury Concentrations
Systemati Review of Trends in Fish Tissue Merury Conentrations Tom Grieb 1, Roxanne Karimi 2, Niholas Fisher 2, Leonard Levin 3 (1) Tetra Teh, In., Lafayette, CA, USA; (2) State University of New York,
More informationTHE ATP-DEPENDENT CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM BY A GOLGI APPARATUS-RICH FRACTION ISOLATED FROM RAT LIVER
J. Cell Si. 30, 117-128 (1978) Printed in Great Britain Company of Biologists Limited igys THE ATP-DEPENDENT CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM BY A GOLGI APPARATUS-RICH FRACTION ISOLATED FROM RAT LIVER STUART HODSON
More informationModel of α-linolenic acid metabolism
Model of α-linoleni aid metabolism N.Kokulan, C.-H. Lai Shool of Computing and Mathematial Sienes University of Greenwih London, UK RAE2012 Competitive Grant with Shool of Siene Projet progress meeting
More informationInduction of Interleukin 18 Expression from Human Peripheral Blood Monocyte-derived Macrophages by 9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic Acid*
THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 0 1992 by The Amerian Soiety for Biohemistry and Moleular Biology, In. Vol. 267, No. 20, Issue of July 15, pp. 14183-14188,1992 Printed in U. S.A. Indution of Interleukin
More informationphosphatidylcholine by high performance liquid chromatography: a partial resolution of molecular species
A large-sale purifiation of phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylholine by high performane liquid hromatography: a partial resolution of moleular speies R. S. Fager,
More informationcholerae Non-Ol and Comparison with a Protease of V. cholerae 01
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Sept. 1989, p. 2799-283 Vol. 57, No. 9 19-9567/89/92799-4$2./ Copyright C) 1989, Amerian Soiety for Mirobiology Purifiation and Charaterization of a Protease Produed by Vibrio holerae
More informationconstituent amino acids in man'
Gut, 197, 11, 25-254 Intestinal absorption of arnosine and its onstituent amino aids in man' A. M. ASATOOR, J. K. BANDOH2, A. F. LANT, M. D. MILN, AND F. NAVAB From the Medial Unit of the Westminster Hospital,
More informationAbnormal lipid and apolipoprotein composition of major lipoprotein density classes in patients with chronic renal failure
Nephrol Dial Transplant (1996) 11: 63-69 Original Artile Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation Abnormal lipid and apolipoprotein omposition of major lipoprotein density lasses in patients with hroni renal
More informationdescribing DNA reassociation* (renaturation/nucleation inhibition/single strand ends)
Pro. Nat. Aad. Si. USA Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 415-419, February 1976 Biohemistry Studies on nulei aid reassoiation kinetis: Empirial equations desribing DNA reassoiation* (renaturation/nuleation inhibition/single
More informationLeukotriene B4-like material in scale of psoriatic skin lesions
Br. J. Pharma. (1984), 83,313-317 Leukotriene B4-like material in sale of psoriati skin lesions S.D. Brain1, R.D.R. Camp, F.M. Cunningham, P.M. Dowd, M.W. Greaves & A. Kobza Blak Wellome Laboratories for
More informationRole of the actin cytoskeleton on epithelial Na
Kidney International, Vol. 48 (1995), pp. 970 984 Role of the atin ytoskeleton on epithelial Na hannel regulation Hoiio F. ANTIELLO Renal Unit, Massahusetts General Hospital and Department of Mediine,
More informationPostprandial plasma lipoprotein changes in human subjects of different ages
Postprandial plasma lipoprotein changes in human subjects of different ages Jeffrey S. Cohn, Judith R. McNamara, Susan D. Cohn, Jose M. Ordovas, and Ernst J. Schaefer Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, USDA
More informationMETHODS JULIO A. PANZA, MD, ARSHED A. QUYYUMI, MD, JEAN G. DIODATI, MD, TIMOTHY S. CALLAHAN, MS, STEPHEN E. EPSTEIN, MD, FACC
JACC Vol. 17. No.3 Marh 1. 1991 :657-63 657 METHODS Predition of the Frequeny and Duration of Ambulatory Myoardial Ishemia in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease by Determination of the Ishemi
More informationMiles Fisher. Coronary disease DIABETES AND ATHEROGENESIS RESISTANCE AND THE METABOLIC SYNDROME
336 Correspondene to: Dr Miles Fisher, Wards 4 & 5, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G4 0SF, UK; miles.fisher@northglasgow. sot.nhs.uk Coronary disease DIABETES AND ATHEROGENESIS INSULIN T Miles Fisher
More informationbetween normal children and children with primary
Arhives of Disease in Childhood, 1989, 64, 224-228 odium transport in erythroytes: differenes between normal hildren and hildren with primary and seondary hypertension M UCHIYAMA, V HAH, C E DAMAN WILLEM,
More informationDEPOSITION AND CLEARANCE OF FINE PARTICLES IN THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY TRACT
PII: S0003^t878(96)00171-8 Ann. oup. Hyg., Vol. 41, Supplement 1, pp. 503-508, 1997 1997 British Oupational Hygiene Soiety Published by Elsevier Siene Ltd. All rights reserved Printed in Great Britain
More informationEFFECT OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF PRESERVATION ON THE QUALITY OF CATTLE AND GOAT MEAT. Abstract
Bang. J. Anim. Si. 2009, 38(1&2) : 86 91 ISSN 0003-3588 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF PRESERVATION ON THE QUALITY OF CATTLE AND GOAT MEAT S. Bin. Faisal, S. Akhter 1 and M. M. Hossain Abstrat The study
More informationIBUPROFEN KINETICS IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL INSUFFICIENCY WHO ARE RECEIVING MAINTENANCE HEMODIALY SIS
14 BRIEF REPORT IBUPROFEN KINETICS IN PATIENTS ITH RENAL INSUFFICIENCY HO ARE RECEIVING MAINTENANCE HEMODIALY SIS HERMANN R. OCHS, DAVID J. GREENBLATT, and BIRGITT VERBURGOCHS Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal
More informationRADIATION DOSIMETRY INTRODUCTION NEW MODALITIES
RADIATION DOSIMETRY M. Ragheb 1/17/2006 INTRODUCTION Radiation dosimetry depends on the aumulated knowledge in nulear siene in general and in nulear and radio hemistry in partiular. The latter is onerned
More informationKinetics of the two-step hydrolysis of triacylglycerol by pancreatic lipases
Eur. J. Biohem. 23, 892898 (1995) FEBS 1995 Kinetis of the twostep hydrolysis of triaylglyerol by panreati lipases Athanasios LYKDS, Vassilis MOUGOS and Pantelis ARZOGLOU Laboratory of Biohemistry, Department
More informationWise, 1974), and this was shown to be associated with an increase in the rate of 45Ca. Denmark (Received 18 August 1978) by tetracaine (104 M).
J. Physiol. (1979), 292, pp. 55-526 55 With 11 text-ftgurew Printed in Great Britain THE EFFECT OF HYPEROSMOLARITY AND INSULIN ON RESTING TENSION AND CALCIUM FLUXES IN RAT SOLEUS MUSCLE BY T. CLAUSEN,
More informationDepartment of Virology, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Langley Court, Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BS, U.K. and heterologous virus challenge.
Journal of General Virology (1992), 73, 727-731. Printed in Great Britain 727 Comparison between in vitro neutralization titres and in vivo protetion against homologous and heterologous hallenge indued
More informationReading a Textbook Chapter
HENR.546x.APPBpp001-013 7/21/04 9:37 AM Page 1 APPENDIX B Reading a Textbook Chapter Copyright 2005 Pearson Eduation, In. 1 2 Read the following hapter from the ollege textbook Total Fitness: Exerise,
More informationReversal of ammonia coma in rats by L-dopa: a peripheral effect
Gut, 1979, 2, 28-32 Reversal of ammonia oma in rats by L-dopa: a peripheral effet L. ZV1, W. M. DOZAK, AND R. F. DRR From the Department of Mediine, Hennepin ounty Medial enter and Minneapolis Veterans
More informationWhat causes the spacing effect? Some effects ofrepetition, duration, and spacing on memory for pictures
Memory & Cognition 1975, Vol. 3 (3), 287 294 What auses the spaing effet? Some effets ofrepetition, duration, and spaing on memory for pitures DOUGLAS 1. HNTZMAN, JEFFERY J. SUMMERS, and RCHARD A. BLOCK
More informationpolymorphonuclear neutrophil release of granular
Br. J. Pharma. (1985), 86, 533-537 Phorbol myristate aetate enhanes human polymorphonulear neutrophil release of granular enzymes but inhibits hemokinesis J.R.S. Hoult & Sussan Nourshargh Department of
More informationEXCRETION RATE ON PLASMA NICOTINE DURING
Br. J. lin. Pharma. (1978), 5, 293-297 EFFECT OF URINARYpH AND NICOTINE EXCRETION RATE ON PLASMA NICOTINE DURING CIGARETTE SMOKING AND CHEWING NICOTINE GUM C. FEYERABEND & 1M.A.H. RUSSELL Poisons Unit,
More informationEffect of atorvastatin on inflammation and outcome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on hemodialysis
http://www.kidney-international.org & 2008 International Soiety of Nephrology original artile Effet of atorvastatin on inflammation and outome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on hemodialysis
More informationInterrelationships of Chloride, Bicarbonate, Sodium, and Hydrogen Transport in the Human Ileum
Interrelationships of Chloride, Biarbonate, Sodium, and Hydrogen Transport in the Human Ileum LEsLE A. TURNBERG, FREDERICK A. BIEBERDORF, STEPHEN G. MORAWSKI, and JOHN S. FORDTRAN From the Department of
More informationThe comparison of psychological evaluation between military aircraft noise and civil aircraft noise
The omparison of psyhologial evaluation between military airraft noise and ivil airraft noise Makoto MORINAGA ; Ippei YAMAMOTO ; Hidebumi TSUKIOKA ; Koihi MAKINO 2, Sonoko KUWANO 3, Mitsuo MATSUMOTO 4
More informationincorporation in hepatoma 7288CTC perfused in situ
Br. J. Caner (I 992), 66, 297 33 '." Mamillan Press Ltd., 1992 Br. J. Caner (1992), 66, 297-33 Mamillan Press The effet of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty aids on 3H-thymidine inorporation in hepatoma 7288CTC
More informationEvaluation of a prototype for a reference platelet
932 Royal Postgraduate Medial Shool, Duane Road, London W12 ONN S M Lewis Western Infirmary, Glasgow R M Rowan Toa Medial Eletronis, Kobe, Japan F Kubota Correspondene to: Dr S M Lewis Aepted for publiation
More informationHepatic Uptake of Bile Acids in Man
Hepati Uptake of Bile Aids in Man FASTING AND POSTPRANDIAL CONCENTRATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL BILE ACIDS IN PORTAL VENOUS AND SYSTEMIC BLOOD SERUM Bo ANGELIN, INGEMAR BJORKHEM, KURT EINARSSON, and STAFFAN EWERTH,
More informationStructure of human plasma low-density lipoproteins: Molecular
Pro. Natl. Aad. Si. USA Vol. 74, No. 3, pp. 142-146, Marh 1977 Biophysis Struture of human plasma low-density lipoproteins: Moleular organization of the entral ore (small-angle x-ray sattering/holesterol
More informationEffects of Fasting and Chronic Alcohol Consumption on the First-Pass Metabolism of Ethanol
GASTROENTEROLOGY 1987;9:1169-73 Effets of Fasting and Chroni Alohol Consumption on the First-Pass Metabolism of Ethanol CARLO DIPADOV A, THERESA M. WORNER, RISTO J. K. JULKUNEN, and CHARLES S. LIEBER Alohol
More informationMechanism of activation of liver acetyl-coa carboxylase by cell swelling
Eur. J. Biohem. 217, 1083-1089 (1993) 0 FEBS 1993 Mehanism of ativation of liver aetyl-coa arboxylase by ell swelling Arnaud RAQUET', Viniane GAUSSIN', Mathieu BOLLEN2, Willy STALMANS' and Louis HUE' I
More informationa-galactosidase from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
Eur. J. Biohem. 77, 375382 (1977) agalatosidase from Saharomyes arlsbergensis Cellular Loalization, and Purifiation of the External Enzyme Pedro S. LAZO, Amparo G. OCHOA, and Santiago GASCON Departamento
More informationcells in culture (pituitary trophic hormones/goiter/cell differentiation)
Pro. Natl. Aad. St. USA Vol. 76, No. 4, pp. 222-226, April 1979 Medial Sienes Thyrotropin is not a growth fator for human thyroid ells in ulture (pituitary trophi hormones/goiter/ell differentiation) BNGT
More informationBinding and Transport of Thiamine by Lactobacillus casei
JOURNAL OF BACTRIOLOGY, Mar. 1978, P. 119-1196 21-9193/78/133-1 19$2./ Copyright 1978 Amerian Soiety for Mirobiology Vol. 133, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Binding and Transport of Thiamine by Latobaillus asei
More informationKeywords: congested heart failure,cardiomyopathy-targeted areas, Beck Depression Inventory, psychological distress. INTRODUCTION:
International Journal of Medial Siene and Eduation An offiial Publiation of Assoiation for Sientifi and Medial Eduation (ASME) Original Researh Artile ASSOCIATION BETWEEN QUALITY OF LIFE AND ANXIETY, DEPRESSION,
More informationUrea and oxalate inhibition of the serum lactate dehydrogenase
and oxalate inhibition of the serum latate dehydrogenase PULINE M. EMERSON ND J. H. WILKINSON J. lin. Path. (1965), 18, 83 From the Department of Chemial Pathology, Westminster Medial Shool (University
More informationThe effects of bilingualism on stuttering during late childhood
Additional information is published online only at http:// ad.bmj.om/ontent/vol93/ issue11 1 Division of Psyhology and Language Sienes, University College London, London, UK; 2 Department of Language and
More informationSodium-Potassium-Activated Adenosine Triphosphatase
Sodium-Potassium-Ativated Adenosine Triphosphatase of Brain Mirosomes: Modifiation of Sodium Inhibition by Diphenylhydantoins GORG J. SIGL and BVRLY B. GOODWIN From the Departments of Neurology and Physiology,
More informationInternational Journal of Biological & Medical Research
Int J Biol Med Res. 2010; 1(4): 144-148 Int J Biol Med Res Volume 3, Issue 4, Sep 2010 www.biomedsidiret.om ISSN: 0976:6685 BioMedSiDiret Publiations Contents lists available at BioMedSiDiret Publiations
More informationUrbanization and childhood leukaemia in Taiwan
C International Epidemlologial Assoiation 1998 Printed in Great Britain International Journal of Epidemiology 199827:587-591 Urbanization and hildhood leukaemia in Taiwan Chung-Yi Li, a Ruey S Iin b and
More informationEffect of Dietary Astaxanthin and Background Color on Pigmentation and Growth of Red Cher r y Shr imp, Neocaridina heteropoda
KASETSART UNIVERSITY FISHERIES RESEARCH BULLETIN 04, VOLUME 38 () Effet of Dietary and Color on Pigmentation and Growth of Red Cher r y Shr imp, Neoaridina heteropoda Nongnuh Laohavisuti * and Usharee
More informationDepartment of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, U.S.A.
PPR 16 RSTRUTON O LOO LOW N TRNSCNNTL MTTON R. VNN,.. WLSON, W.R. SMT, and M. MORTON epartment of Mediine, University of California, rvine, California, U.S.. Mar ked dereases in hepati and renal blood
More informationStefan D Anker, Stephan von Haehling
464 See end of artile for authors affiliations Correspondene to: Dr Stefan D Anker, National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Clinial Cardiology, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK; s.anker@imperial.a.uk
More informationNormal Human Blood Glucose and Insulin Levels
Presented at the COMSOL Conferene 2010 Boston Normal Human Blood Gluose and Insulin Levels In healthy humans, blood gluose levels have to be maintained in a relatively narrow range (3.5 7.0 mm, 60 130
More informationUbiquitin-dependent degradation of TGF-β-activated Smad2
Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of -ativated Roger S. Lo* and Joan Massagué* *Cell Biology Program, Howard Hughes Medial Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Caner Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
More informationAntidiabetic activity of the methanol and acetone extracts of twigs of Combretum molle in dexamathasone induced-insulin resistance in rats
World Journal of Pharmaeutial Sienes ISSN (Print): 232-33; ISSN (Online): 232-3086 Published by Atom and Cell Publishers All Rights Reserved Available online at: http://www.wjpsonline.org/ Original Artile
More informationUnit 02 - The Inside Story about Nutrition and Health. True / False
True / False 1. Geneti traits exert the strongest overall influene on health and longevity. False 2. The bodies of modern humans adapted to exist on a diet of wild game, fish, fruits, nuts, seeds, roots,
More informationDefective Peroxisomal Cleavage of the C27-Steroid Side Chain
Defetive Peroxisomal Cleavage of the C27-Steroid Side Chain in the Cerebro-Hepato-Renal Syndrome of Zellweger Pedersen Institute for Nutrition Researh, Shool ofmediine, University of Oslo, Oslo 3, Norway;
More informationhcg PREPARATIONS have been used extensively
001-97X/8/5501-007$0.00/0 Journal of Clinial Endorinology and Metabolism Copyright 198 by The Endorine Soiety Vol. 55, No. 1 Printed in U.S.A. Testiular Responsiveness to Chroni Human Chorioni Gonadotropin
More informationThe effect of enalapril on the renal response to tilting in humans
Br. J. lin. Pharma. (1989), 27, 191197 The effet of enalapril on the renal response to tilting in humans N. P. LWS & D. R. FRGUSON Department of Pharmaology, University of ambridge, Hills Road, ambridge
More informationPARKINSON S DISEASE: MODELING THE TREMOR AND OPTIMIZING THE TREATMENT. Keywords: Medical, Optimization, Modelling, Oscillation, Noise characteristics.
PARKINSON S DISEASE: MODELING THE TREMOR AND OPTIMIZING THE TREATMENT Mohammad Haeri, Yashar Sarbaz and Shahriar Gharibzadeh Advaned Control System Lab, Eletrial Engineering Department, Sharif University
More informationLipoproteins Metabolism
Lipoproteins Metabolism LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this Lecture, the student should be able to describe: What are Lipoproteins? Describe Lipoprotein Particles. Composition of Lipoproteins. The chemical
More informationRapid Modulation of Renal and Adrenal Responsiveness to Angiotensin II
832 Rapid Modulation of Renal and Adrenal Responsiveness to Angiotensin II Paul R. Conlin, Thomas J. Moore, Gordon H. Williams, Norman K. Hollenberg Reiproal hanges in adrenal and vasular responsiveness
More informationCyclic Fluctuations of the Alveolar Carbon Dioxide Tension during the Normal Menstrual Cycle
Cyli Flutuations of the Alveolar Carbon Dioxide Tension during the Normal Menstrual Cyle Ruth L. Goodland, M.S., and W. T. Pommerenke, Ph.D., M.D. THE SHORT spa~ of funtional life of the unfertilized human
More informationSTRUCTURAL AND HORMONAL ALTERATIONS IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF PARENTERALLY FED RATS
GASTRONTROLOGY 68:1177-1183, 1975 Copyright 1975 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 68, No.5, Part 1 Printed in U.S.A. STRUCTURAL AND HORMONAL ALTRATIONS IN TH GASTROINTSTINAL TRACT OF PARNTRALLY FD RATS
More informationMODELING THE AIRWAY SURFACE LIQUID REGULATION IN HUMAN LUNGS. Peiying Zuo
MODELING THE AIRWAY SURFACE LIQUID REGULATION IN HUMAN LUNGS Peiying Zuo A dissertation submitted to the faulty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements
More informationIn-vivo determination of lead in the skeleton after occupational exposure to lead
British Journal of Industrial Mediine 198;37:19-113 In-vivo determination of lead in the skeleton after oupational exposure to lead L AHLGREN,' BIRGITTA HAEGER-ARONSEN,2 S MATTSSON,' AND A SCHUTZ3 From
More informationa-4/b-1 and a-l/b-2 integrins mediate cytokine induced lung leukocyte-epithelial adhesion and injury
British Journal of Pharmaology (27) 152, 915 929 & 27 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 7 1188/7 $3. www.brjpharmaol.org RESEARCH PAPER a-4/b-1 and a-l/b-2 integrins mediate ytokine indued lung
More informationrabbits were paired and both strains were used for For the estimation of mediators in the grafts, rabbits
Br. J. Pharma. (1978), 64, 123-128. HANGES N BLOOD FLOW AND MEDATOR ONTENT OF RABBT SKN GRAFTS G.P. LEWS & BEVERLEY A. MANGHAM Department of Pharmaology, Royal ollege of Surgeons, Linoln's nn Fields, London
More informationSupporting information
Supporting information Evolution of Hollow TiO 2 Nanostrutures via the Kirkendall Effet Driven y Cation Exhange with Enhaned Photoeletrohemial Performane Yanhao Yu, 1 Xin Yin, 1 Alexander Kvit, 1,2 Xudong
More informationDecreased plasma isoleucine concentrations after
Gut 1996; 39: 13-17 Dereased plasma isoleuine onentrations after upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in humans 13 Department of Surgery, Biomedial entre/aademi Hospital Maastriht, Maastriht, the Netherlands
More informationOnset, timing, and exposure therapy of stress disorders: mechanistic insight from a mathematical model of oscillating neuroendocrine dynamics
Kim et al. RESEARCH arxiv:63.2773v [q-bio.nc] 9 Mar 26 Onset, timing, and exposure therapy of stress disorders: mehanisti insight from a mathematial model of osillating neuroendorine dynamis Lae Kim, Maria
More informationHigh density lipoprotein metabolism
High density lipoprotein metabolism Lipoprotein classes and atherosclerosis Chylomicrons, VLDL, and their catabolic remnants Pro-atherogenic LDL HDL Anti-atherogenic Plasma lipid transport Liver VLDL FC
More informationHuman ovarian granulosa cell culture: determination of blood cell contamination and evaluation of possible culture purification steps*
FERTLTY AND STERLTY Copyright 1991 The Amerian Fertility Soiety Vol. 56, No. 5, November 1991 Printed on aid-free paper in U.S.A. Human ovarian granulosa ell ulture: determination of blood ell ontamination
More informationDifferences in metabolism and isomerization of all-trans-retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid between human endothelial cells and hepatocytes
Eur. J. Biohem. 247, 59664 (1997) FEBS 1997 Differenes in metabolism and isomerization of alltransretinoi aid and 9isretinoi aid between human endothelial ells and hepatoytes Mirian LANSINK, Ariette M.
More informationHeart failure CLINICAL USEFULNESS OF B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE MEASUREMENT: PRESENT AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Heart failure CLINICAL USEFULNESS OF B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE MEASUREMENT: PRESENT AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES Take the online multiple hoie questions assoiated with this artile (see page 1488) EFFECTS Correspondene
More informationORIGINAL ARTICLE. Introduction. Kumari Asha 1, Suman B. Sharma 1, Archana Singal 2, Amitesh Aggarwal 3
ORIGINAL ARTICLE ASSOCIATION OF CAROTID INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS WITH LEPTIN AND APOLIPOPROTEIN B/APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I RATIO REVEALS IMMINENT PREDICTORS OF SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN PSORIASIS PATIENTS
More informationMineral Oil Application Experiments: Reducing Current Season PVY
Mineral Oil Appliation Experiments: Reduing Current Season PVY Prinipal Investigator(s). Russell L. Groves, Assistant Professor and Entomology Extension Speialist, Department of Entomology, 537 Russell
More informationPRESENCE OF A GASTRIC MOTOR-STIMULATING PROPERTY IN DUODENAL EXTRACTS
GASTRONTROLOGY opyright 1967 by The Williams & Wilkins o. Vol. 52, No.2, Pat 1 Printed in U.S.A. PRSN OF A GASTR MOTOR-STMULATNG PROPRTY N DUODNAL XTRATS JOHN. BROWN, PH.D. Department of Physiology, University
More informationANSC/NUTR 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM Lipoprotein Metabolism
ANSC/NUTR 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM Lipoprotein Metabolism I. Chylomicrons (exogenous pathway) A. 83% triacylglycerol, 2% protein, 8% cholesterol plus cholesterol esters, 7% phospholipid (esp. phosphatidylcholine)
More informationThe burden of smoking-related ill health in the United Kingdom
The burden of smoking-related ill health in the United Kingdom S Allender, R Balakrishnan, P Sarborough, P Webster, M Rayner Researh paper Department of Publi Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Correspondene
More informationMolecular basis for the immunosuppressive action of
Immunology 199 7 379-384 Moleular basis for the immunosuppressive ation of steari aid on T ells P. W. TEBBEY & T. M. BUTTKE Department of Mirobiology and Immunology, East Carolina University Shool of Mediine,
More informationChristian Carpene, Michel Berlan, and Max Lafontan
Influene of development and redution of fat stores on the antilipolyti a,-adrenoeptor in hamster adipoytes: omparison with adenosine and,&adrenergi lipolyti responses' Christian Carpene, Mihel Berlan,
More informationTranslocation of a hydrocarbon fluorescent probe between Epstein-Barr virus and lymphoid cells: An assay for
Pro. Natl. Aad. Si. USA Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 576-58, Otober 1978 ell Biology Transloation of a hydroarbon fluoresent probe between Epstein-Barr virus and lymphoid ells: An assay for early events in viral
More informationImpaired acetaldehyde oxidation in alcoholics*
Impaired aetaldehyde oxidation in aloholis* K R PALMR and W J JNKINSt From the Aademi Department of Mediine, Royal Free Hospital, London Gut, 1982, 23, 729-733 SUMMARY High blood aetaldehyde levels in
More informationAgonist-Induced Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation in Rat Thoracic Aorta May Be Mediated through cgmp
352 Agonist-Indued Endothelium-Dependent in Rat Thorai Aorta May Be Mediated through Robert M. Rapoport and Ferid Murad From the Departments of Mediine and Pharmaology, Stanford University Shool of Mediine,
More informationPDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publiation lik this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/22708
More informationFluoride Exposure in Michigan Schoolchildren
18 Journal of Publi Health Dentistry Fluoride Exposure in Mihigan Shoolhildren Susan M. Szpunar MPH, DrPH Brian A. Butt BDS, MPH, PhD Program in Dental Publi Health Shool of Publi Health II The University
More informationApoli poprotei n C-I I lo lacks carbohydrate residues: use of mass spectrometry to study apolipoprotein structure
Apoli poprotei n -I I lo laks arbohydrate residues: use of mass spetrometry to study apolipoprotein struture Yasushi Ito, * Jan L. Breslow, * and Brian T. haitt Laboratory of Biohemial Genetis and Metabolism,.
More informationProliferation of Legionella pneumophila as an Intracellular Parasite
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1984, p. 467-471 0099-2240/84/030467-05$02.00/0 Copyright C) 1984, Amerian Soiety for Mirobiology Vol. 47, No. 3 Proliferation of Legionella pneumophila as
More informationBrain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor as a Biomarker in Children with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder 1* 2 2 2
JKIMSU, Vol. 4, No. 4, Ot-De 2015 ISSN 2231-4261 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Brain-Derived Neurotrophi Fator as a Biomarker in Children with Attention Defiit-Hyperativity Disorder 1* 2 2 2 Farshid Saadat, Maryam
More informationA novel approach to regulate cell membrane permeability for ATP and NADH. formations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae induced by air cold plasma 1
A novel approah to regulate ell membrane permeability for ATP and NADH formations in Saharomyes erevisiae indued by air old plasma 1 Xiaoyu DONG ( 董晓宇 ), Tingting LIU ( 刘婷婷 ), Yuqin XIONG ( 熊玉琴 ) Shool
More informationHaemophilus influenzae
INFCTION AND IMMUNITY, June 1993, p. 2419-2424 19-9567/93/62419-6$2./ Copyright X 1993, Amerian Soiety for Mirobiology Vol. 61, No. 6 Inhibition of Human Neutrophil Migration In Vitro by Low- Moleular-Mass
More informationSupplementary Figure 1. Schematic illustrating major conclusions of this study.
ORNs GABA A GABA B glomeruli LN PNs Supplementary Figure 1. Shemati illustrating major onlusions of this study. This study represents the most diret evidene to date of inhiitory interations etween olfatory
More informationOxidized Low Density Lipoproteins Induce mrna Expression and Release of Endothelin
1191 Oxidized Low Density Lipoproteins Indue mrna Expression and Release of Endothelin From Human and Porine Endothelium Chantal M. Boulanger, Felix C. Tanner, Marie-Lue Bea, Alfred W.A. Hahn, Annik Werner,
More informationSouthwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr. La Jolla, California 92037
233 Abstrat We estimated the total number of pantropial spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) mothers killed without their alves ( alf defiit ) in all tuna purse-seine sets from 1973 90 and 1996 2000 in
More informationPDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publiation lik this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/24753
More informationEffects of training to implement new working methods to reduce knee strain in floor layers. A twoyear
Department of Oupational Mediine, Region Hospital Skive, Denmark Correspondene to: Dr L K Jensen, Department of Oupational Mediine, Region Hospital Skive, Resenvej 25, DK- 7800 Skive, Denmark; lilli.kirkeskov.jensen@
More information