Utilization of Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids by Dairy Cattle. Tom Jenkins Professor Emeritus Animal & Veterinary Sciences Clemson University

Transcription

1 Utilization of Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids by Dairy Cattle Tom Jenkins Professor Emeritus Animal & Veterinary Sciences Clemson University

2 Fat Terms Total Lipid (ether extract) Includes fatty acids Non-lipid contaminants Fatty acids Basic unit of fats Best predictor of animal performance Saturated/Unsaturated

3 Saturated vs Unsaturated Different Structure

4 Saturated vs Unsaturated Different Structure

5 Saturated vs Unsaturated Different Structure

6 Saturated vs Unsaturated Different Sources Abbr Name Tallow DGS Linseed Canola Fish 16:0 palmitic :0 stearic :1 oleic :2 linoleic :3 linolenic :5 EPA 10 22:6 DHA 13

7 Saturated vs Unsaturated Different Sources Fatty Acid Alfalfa Rye Grass Timothy White Clover Corn Silage Sat : : : % TFA

8 Saturated vs Unsaturated Commercial Sources Commercial fats Designed to avoid rumen problems Dry fats for easy transport and mixing Categories Prilled fats mostly saturated (16:0 and 18:0) Ca salts with some unsaturated fatty acids

9 Saturated vs Unsaturated Different Benefits/Limitations Saturated provide energy with less problems on rumen function (MFD) and DMI but can have lower digestibility. Unsaturated provide energy with more problems on rumen function (MFD) and DMI, but better digestibility and supply omega fatty acids for improved tissue function.

10 Saturated vs Unsaturated Commonalties There is a limit to their benefits Feeding too much exceeds that limit and can reduce benefits No change or decrease in milk yield Reduce components Proper feeding rate varies Composition of fat source Composition of basal diet

11 Saturated fatty acids (28%) Saturated fatty acids (73%)

12 Saturated fatty acids (28%) Saturated fatty acids (73%) MAINLY UNSATURATED IN FEED BIOHYDROGENATION MAINLY SATURATED IN INTESTINES

13 How saturated fat affects DMI Rabiee et al. (2012) J. Dairy Sci. 95:

14 Moate et al Glasser et al Jenkins 1999 Boerman et al : : : : : Duo to feces X (Int BH NS) X Duo to ileum X X Species dairy Dairy, beef, sheep (NS) dairy Lactating dairy n (studies, obs) 8,36 77, ,49?, Outliers deleted HT, WS HT PHT

15 Fatty Acid AVE (all four dataset s) Range 16: : : : :

16 Possible factors affecting digestibility of stearic Fat particle size and its reduction by mixing, mastication, and rumination (Grummer and Rabelo, 1998). Basal stearic acid vs stearic acid supplements. Increased Ca salt formation at higher stearic acid concentration (Jenkins and Palmquist, 1982). Lysolecithin limiting at higher concentrations (Boerman et al., 2015).

17 Particle Size and FFA Effects on Digestibility CON Prilled FA Prilled HT Flaked FA MPS, mm FFA, % a 100 < Total tract digestibility, % Total FA a C18 a a Prilled: FFA vs HT (P < 0.02) Elliott et al J. Dairy Sci. 77:789.

18 Unsaturated Fatty Acids and the Risk of Milk Fat Depression

19 Tissue Effects of Unsaturated FA Precursors for eicosenoids and prostaglandins Enhance reproductive performance Increase CL diameter and pregnancy rates Increase synthesis of series 3 prostaglandins Immune System Modulation Omega-6 inflammatory/omega-3 anti-inflammatory w-3/w-6 attenuated inflammatory responses to an intra-mammary challenge with lipopolysaccharide (Greco et al. (2015) J. Dairy Sci. 98:602)

20 Source of Bioactive Lipids MAINLY UNSATURATED IN FEED BIOHYDROGENATION MAINLY SATURATED IN INTESTINES

21 Intermediates of Biohydrogenation UNSATURATED SATURATED CLA TRANS FA CLA = conjugated linoleic acid

22 CLA Shift MILK FAT DEPRESSION CLA mfi TRANS 10 FAT UNSATURATED SATURATED CLA TRANS 11 FAT

23 CLA Tested These are not a problem trans-8, cis-10 CLA cis-9, trans-11 CLA trans-9, trans-11 CLA trans-10, trans-12 CLA cis-11, trans-13 CLA c9t11 CLA No MFD These cause MFD trans-9, cis-11 CLA (Perfield et al. 2007) trans-10, cis-12 CLA (Baumgard et al. 2000) cis-10, trans-12 CLA (Saebo et al. 2005) t10c12 CLA CLA mfi

24 Dietary changes that affect CLA mfi Main drivers of MFD Too much of the wrong type of fat Too much starch Low rumen ph Fine tuning of MFD K/Na carbonate (+),Palmitate (+) Yeast/Molds (-), Ionophores (-), Starch k d (-)

25 How much fat is too much? Common Recommendation Absolute maximum of 7% total Fat (DM basis) 6% maximum preferred

26 3.4% Added Soybean Oil CON SBO Milk fat, lb/d * Milk fat, % * * CON and FAT diets differed (P < 0.05). Taken from AlZahal et al., J. Dairy Sci. 91:

27 3.6% Added Saturated FFA CON Sat FFA Fat, lb/d * Fat, % * * CON and Sat FFA diets differed (P < 0.05). Taken from Weiss et al J. Dairy Sci. 94 :

28 Rumen Unsaturated FA Load (RUFAL) 18:1 (oleic) + 18:2 (linoleic) + 18:3 (linolenic) A Way to Monitor The High Risk Fatty Acids

29 Rumen Unsaturated FA Load (RUFAL) 3.9

30 t10c12 vs RUFAL in Continuous Cultures 6 studies (n=34 means) 3 fat sources (0 to 10%) Canola oil (n=12) Corn oil (n=4) Soybean oil (n=18) Range t10c to 65.8 mg/d Total FA 1.83 to 7.96 % DM RUFAL 1.15 to 6.57% DM

31 t10c12 produced, mg/d Predictors of t10c12 80 t10c12 CLA vs RUFAL y = 0,9663e 0,0659x R² = 0, RUFAL, mg/g DM

32 < >5.35 % of Samples Distribution of Rumen Unsaturated Fatty Acid Load (RUFAL), %DM in Production TMR 18% 16% 14% N=6262 Ave. = 2.65 St. Dev. = % 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% RUFAL, %DM

33 Fatty Acid Sources Ingredient DMI, lb/d RUFAL, g/d Corn Silage, Med Chppd AlfHay2 20Cp40Ndf17LNDF 5.78 CrnGrn56DryFine 9.34 Citrus Pulp Grnd 1.03 Cottonsd WLint 2.30 Megalac 0.29 Soybean ML 47.5 Solv 6.95 Other (mineral, vitamin, trace supplements) 1.32 Total RUFAL, % DM 2.57

34 Fatty Acid Sources Ingredient DMI, lb/d RUFAL, g/d Corn Silage, Med Chppd AlfHay2 20Cp40Ndf17LNDF CrnGrn56DryFine Citrus Pulp Grnd Cottonsd WLint Megalac Soybean ML 47.5 Solv Other (mineral, vitamin, trace supplements) 1.32 Total RUFAL, % DM

35 Ingredient 1.5 % CS 3.5 % CS Corn Silage, Med Chppd AlfHay2 20Cp40Ndf17LNDF CrnGrn56DryFine Citrus Pulp Grnd 6 6 Cottonsd WLint Megalac Soybean ML 47.5 Solv Other (mineral, vitamin, trace supplements) 0 0 Total RUFAL, % DM

36 Feed Libraries use the same fat values for all corn silages

37 % of Samples Distribution of Total Fatty Acids, %DM in Corn Silage 20% 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% N=2481 Ave. = 2.41 St. Dev. = 0.35 Total Fatty Acids, %DM

38 % of Samples Distribution of Total Fatty Acids, %DM in Corn Grain 25% 20% N=1534 Ave. = 3.73 St. Dev. = % 10% 5% 0% Total Fatty Acids, %DM

39 % of Samples Distribution of Total Fatty Acids, %DM in Distillers Grains 18% 16% 14% N=2300 Ave. = 9.77 St. Dev. = % 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Total Fatty Acids, %DM

40 RUFAL Risk Influenced by Other Dietary Factors

41 Forage/Concentrate Interactions 34% forage 80%forage 34% starch 21% starch 0 oil 5% sunflower oil 0 oil 5% sunflower oil RUFAL, % DM t10c12 CLA, %

42 Forage/Concentrate Interactions 34% forage 80% forage 34% starch 21% starch 0 oil 5% sunflower oil 0 oil 5% sunflower oil RUFAL, % DM t10c12 CLA, %

43 % of total CLA Production vs ph 0,7 0,6 0,5 c9t11 t10c12 * 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 ph6.5 ph5.5 Continuous culture data taken from Fuentes et al, 2009.

44 t10c12, g/100 g FA ph & Corn Oil Interactions 0,30 0,25 0,20 ph 5.8 0,15 0,10 0,05 ph 6.2 0,00 0% 1% 2% OIL concentration

45 Milk Fat Depression: How Important is Rumen ph? Rumen ph vs. Milk Fat Zebell et al Livestock Science 127:1-10.

46 How much fat is too much? Common Recommendation Absolute maximum of 7% total Fat (DM basis) 6% maximum preferred My Recommendation

47 How much fat is too much? Common Recommendation Absolute maximum of 7% total Fat (DM basis) 6% maximum preferred My Recommendation Calculate lbs rumen-active FA lbs FA limit = 4 * NDF * DMI (UFA*FA) fat

48 Bakery Waste Example I can get a GREAT deal on bakery waste from a local cookie plant that makes chocolate chip cookies and I want to use as much as I can. I presently feed about 1/3 lb commercial bypass fat and 5 lbs whole cottonseed. I need to leave these in the ration because of previous commitments but we can adjust their amounts to use up inventory. The supplier states that the waste product contains 24.7% total fat of which 12.5% is saturated.

49 Responses from 16 Nutrition and Veterinary Consultants Lbs/d n or 4% DM or 5% DM

50 Responses from 16 Nutrition and Veterinary Consultants Lbs/d n or 4% DM or 5% DM Reasons given for 0 lbs/d Risk of MFD too high Wouldn t feed it No clue where to start Need more information about ration Risk too high for spoilage problems High risk of lowering components

51 56 lb 2.9% FA = 1.62 lb CURRENT 5 lb WCS * 17.5% FA = 0.88 lb.3 lb Bypass * 85% FA = 0.26 lb Basal; 1,62 Active; 0,88 Bypass; 0,26 Start; lb Max % fat Max; 3,22

52 56 lb 2.9% FA = 1.62 lb Max lbs = 4*NDF*DMI (UFA*FA) fat 5.9 lb WCS = 1.03 lb WCS FA 3.42 lb Bakery = 0.84 lb Bakery FA Basal; 1,62 Active; 0,88 Bypass; 0,26 Start; lb Max % fat Max; 3,22

53 56 lb 2.9% FA = 1.62 lb Max lbs = 4*NDF*DMI (UFA*FA) fat 5.9 lb WCS = 1.03 lb WCS FA 3.42 lb Bakery = 0.84 lb Bakery FA Basal; 1,62 Active; 0,88 Bypass; 0,26 Start; lb Max % fat Max; 3,22 5 lb WCS = 0.88 lb FA Max FA = 1 lb 0.12 lb FA = 0.5 lb Bakery

54 Fine Tuning!

55 CLA production from continuous culture. Treatment mg/d CON K 2 CO 3 Na 2 CO 3 SE Total CLA c9t11 a t10c12 b a CON differed from others (P < 0.05) b CON differed from others (P < 0.10)

56 K Carbonate 1 Effects on Milk Fat Milk Fat, % Δ TMR K - K + K P < Reference 1.2 to 2.0% Harrison et al to 2.2 % (LF) Kamar and Weiss, to 2.2 % (HF) Kamar and Weiss, to 2.3% Ma et al., Added as K carbonate sesquihydrate (DCAD Plus, C&D, Inc.)

57 Palmitate (C16) 1 Effects on Milk Fat Milk Fat, % Study length Cows g added C16 - C16 + C16 d n Reference * Warntges et al., Rico and Harvatine, * Mosley et al * Lock et al., * Piantoni et al, All supplemented sources were > 85% C16.

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59 Composition of Unprocessed and Processed Corn Sources Unprocessed (UP) Corn Processed (P) Starch, % DM h degrad., % of starch diets in 2 x 3 factorial 2 fat levels (0 and 3.3% added soybean oil) 3 rates of starch degradability (LOW, MED, HIGH)

60 Starch Degradability Effects - % of total CLA LF HF Prob % LOW MED HIGH LOW MED HIGH F S cis-9 trans NS <0.01(L) trans-10 cis NS <0.01(L) J. Dairy Sci. (2016) Accepted

61 Points to Remember Lipid is unique among feed nutrients because of its potential insult on the rumen microbial population. RUFAL is useful for a quick look at the FA fraction that potentially disrupts rumen function. RUFAL > 3% of TMR DM is higher risk because of potential to increase CLA that causes milk fat depression. RUFAL is in balance with rumen ph to determine effects on rumen function. Learn how to limit fats and oils that can negatively affect animal performance.

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