Physico-Chemical, GC-MS Analysis and Cold Saponification of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Seed Oil

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1 American Journal of Chemistry and Applications 2015; 2(5): Published online September 18, 2015 ( Physico-Chemical, GC-MS Analysis and Cold Saponification of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Seed Oil Aliyu Ahmad Warra 1, *, Fatima Sheshi 2 1 Department of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science & Technology, Aliero, Nigeria 2 Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Kebbi State University of Science & Technology, Aliero, Nigeria address aliyuwarra@yahoo.com (A. A. Warra), Fatima_sheshi@yahoo.com (F. Sheshi) To cite this article Aliyu Ahmad Warra, Fatima Sheshi. Physico-Chemical, GC-MS Analysis and Cold Saponification of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Seed Oil. American Journal of Chemistry and Applications. Vol. 2, No. 5, 2015, pp Abstract The experimental investigation revealed that the hexane extract of onion seed oil has acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, saponification value, relative density and refractive index of 0.03±0.01 mg KOH/g, ±0.21 gi 2 /100g, 3.00± 0.00 meq H 2 O 2, ±0.71 mg KOH/g, 0.82±0.01 and 1.44±0.00 respectively. The percentage yield was 50.28±0.01%. The colour of the oil was light green. We restricted our GC-MS spectra interpretation to compounds identification, particularly fatty acids and they are identified as palmitic acid, linolelaidic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, linolenic acid and eicosatetraenoic acid. The ph, foam ability (cm³), total fatty matter, total alkali and percentage chloride of the onion oil soap were 11.03± 0.02, 75.13±0.15 (cm³), ± 0.02%, 0.92 ± 0.02% and 0.53 ± 0.15 % respectively. The texture was soft and the colour was lighter green. The results indicated that the hexane extract of the onion seed oil has potential for cosmetic industries. Keywords Onion Seeds, Soxhlet Extraction, Physicochemical, GC-MS, Cold Saponification 1. Introduction Allium cepa is highly valued for their therapeutic properties [1]. There are many different methods of extracting oil from onion. Enzyme assisted aqueous extraction and phenolic antioxidants of onion oil was reported [2]. Different parts of onion are found to contain fatty acids. Characterization of domestic onion wastes and bulb (Allium cepa L.) fatty acids was reported [3] Analysis of Physical, chemical and bioactive properties of onion (Allium cepa L.) seed and seed oil from adapted varieties in Turkey, fatty acid composition and volatile compounds analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was reported [4].This research work was to carried out Physico-chemical, GC-MS Analysis and Cold Saponification of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Seed Oil and show the potential of the seed oil in cosmetic preparations. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Sample Collection, Identification and Preparation The Allium cepa L. seed was procured from onion commercial producers at Aliero Onion market in Aliero town of Kebbi State, Nigeria.The onion tuber with its leaves and flowers were identified and authenticated by Dr. Dhramemdra Singh of the Botany unit Biological Sciences Department, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology Aliero. Confirmation of taxonomic identity (voucher No. 55A) was achieved by comparing with the specimens kept in the Herbarium of Department of Biological Sciences. The dried seeds were crushed into powder using mortar and pestle and were stored in a plastic container for oil extraction.

2 111 Aliyu Ahmad Warra and Fatima Sheshi: Physico-Chemical, GC-MS Analysis and Cold Saponification of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Seed Oil 2.2. Oil Extraction Procedure The hexane extract was obtained by complete extraction using the Soxhlet extractor (GG-17, SHUNIU). The 50 g of each powdered kernel sample was put into a porous thimble and placed in a Soxhlet extractor, using 150 cm 3 of n-hexane (with boiling point of C) as extracting solvent for 6 hours repeatedly until required quantity was obtained. The oil was obtained after evaporation using Water bath at 70 o C to remove the excess solvent from the extracted oil. The oil was then stored in refrigerator for subsequent physicochemical analysis Percentage Yield The oil which was recovered by complete distilling of most of the solvent on a heating mantle was transferred to a beaker. The beaker was then placed over water bath for complete evaporation of solvent for about 2 hours and volume of the oil was recorded and expressed as oil content (%) in line with literature report [5] 2.4. Determination of Colour The colour of the oil samples was determined by observation using several independent competent individuals. Oil colour was correlated using colour charts [6] 2.5. Determination of Relative Density This was performed according to literature report [7].The 10ml of the oil was measured in a pre-weighed measuring cylinder. The weight of the cylinder and oil was measured; the weight of the oil was then obtained by subtracting the weight of the cylinder from the weight of the oil and cylinder. The density of the oil was obtained using equation below. Density of oil = Where W1 = weight of empty measuring cylinder + oil. W o = weight of measuring cylinder, V o = volume of oil used Physico-Chemical Analysis The physico- chemical analysis of the onion seed oil was carried out using the methods reported [8], [9], [10] GC-MS Analysis of the Onion (Allium cepa L) Seed Oil The analysis of the fatty acids in the onion seed oil sample was done at National Institute of Chemical Technology (NARICT), Zaria, Nigeria, a Shimadzu QP2010 plus series gas chromatography coupled with Shimadzu QP2010 plus mass spectroscopy detector (GC-MS) system was used. The temperature programmed was set up from 70 C to 280 C. Helium gas was used as carrier gas. The injection volume was 2 µl with injection temperature of 250 o C and a column flow of 1.80 ml/min for the GC. For the mass spectroscopy ACQ mode scanner with scan range of amu at the speed of 1478 was used. The mass spectra were compared with the NIST05 mass spectral library [11] Preparation and Analysis of the Onion Seed Oil Soap Saponification Procedure: As reported in literature [12]200 grams of sodium hydroxide pellets was dissolved in 1000cm 3 volumetric flask and the volume made to the mark with distilled water. The required quantity of alkaline solution was mixed with onion seed oil (ratio 1:1 v/v). The oil was warmed gently and poured into the beaker followed by the alkali solution to form an intimate mix and then stirred frequently for 7 minutes using stirring rod until reaction reached equilibrium. The saponification mixture was then poured into mould and allowed to dry (cure) for 24hours Determination of Total Fatty Matter (TFM) The TFM was determined by petroleum spirit extraction. Soap (5g) was dissolved in 50ml warm water and transferred to a separating funnel. Three to four drops of methyl orange indicator were added, followed by 4N sulphuric acid until the indicator colour changed from orange to pink. Petroleum spirit (10 ml) was added and the separating funnel shaken vigorously for 30s. The solution was then allowed to stand for a few minutes until the fatty acid liberated soap formed a clear layer on top. The soap was skimmed off, washed with distilled water and dried to constant weight in an oven at 60 C [13] % TFM = X 100 Where A= weight of wax + oil, X= weight of wax, W= weight of soap Determination of Total Alkali The total alkali was determined by titrating excess acid contained in the aqueous phase with standard volumetric NaOH solution. Procedure reported in [14] was modified and used. One grams of finished soap was weighed and 5ml of ethanol was added to it. 0.5 milliliters of 1N H 2 SO 4 solution was added to the mixture and heated till the soap sample dissolved. Test solution was titrated against 1 N NaOH using phenolphthalein as indicator. The total alkali was obtained with the formula; % Total alkali = 3.1 Where VA= Volume of acid W; VB= Volume of base; W= weight of soap Determination of % Chloride Five grams of finished soap was weighed and 50ml of distilled water added to it and heated to dissolve sample. The resulting solution was transferred into a 250ml volumetric flask and 10ml of 15 % Ca (NO 3 ) 2 was added to it and shaken to dissolve the soap. Distilled water was added to the

The solution was filtered and methyl red was added to

1 N AgNO3 using K2Cr2O7 as indicator, till a brick-red

PH Determination The ph was determined using ph meter

A 5g of the soap shavings were weighed and dissolved

The electrode of the ph meter was inserted into the

cm³ measuring cylinder containing 100 cm³ of distilled

The mixture was shaken vigorously so as to generate

After shaking for some time, the cylinder was allowed

The height of the foam in the solution was measured and

Hexane extract of onion seed oil. Figure 4.

3 American Journal of Chemistry and Applications 2015; 2(5): solution to the 150 ml mark. The solution was filtered and methyl red was added to 50 ml of the filtrate and was titrated against 10 N H2SO4 until a pink color was obtained. Resulting solution was titrated against 0.1 N AgNO3 using K2Cr2O7 as indicator, till a brick-red color was obtained [15]. % Cl = PH Determination The ph was determined using ph meter (827PH Metronm Model). A 5g of the soap shavings were weighed and dissolved with distilled water in a 100ml volumetric flask. The electrode of the ph meter was inserted into the solution of the soap and the ph reading was recorded [16] Foam Ability Test A 2g of the soap was added to a 500 cm³ measuring cylinder containing 100 cm³ of distilled water. The mixture was shaken vigorously so as to generate foams. After shaking for some time, the cylinder was allowed to stand for 10 minutes. The height of the foam in the solution was measured and recorded [16]. Figure 3. Hexane extract of onion seed oil. Figure 4. Onion seed oil soap. Figure 1. Red onions variety. 3. Results Table 1. Physicochemical properties of (Allium cepa L) Seed Oil*. Figure 2. Ground onion seeds. Parameters Values Oil yield (%) 50.28±0.01 Colour Light green Acid value mgkoh/g 0.03±0.01 Iodine value gi2/100g ±0.21 Peroxide value meq H2O2 3.00± 0.00 Saponification value mgkoh/g ±0.71 Relative density (g/cm3) 0.82±0.01 Refractive index 1.44±0.00 Values are expressed as mean and ± standard deviation of triplicate determinations *

4 113 Aliyu Ahmad Warra and Fatima Sheshi: Physico-Chemical, GC-MS Analysis and Cold Saponification of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Seed Oil Figure 5. Typical GC-MS total ionic chromatogram (TIC) of onion (Allium cepal) Seed Oil. Table 2. Major fatty acids derived from hexane extract of onion(allium cepa L) Seed Oil. S/N Name of fatty acid Molecular MW RI formula SI% to T. C. 1. Palmitic acid C 17H 34O Linolelaidic acid C 19H 34O Oleic acid C 18H 34O Stearic acid C 19H 38O Behenic acid C 23H 46O Linolenic acid C 19H 32O Eicosatetraenoic acid C 21H 34O Note: S/N = Serial number, M.W. = Molecular weight, RI= Retention index SI% = Similarity index, T.C. = Target compound. Table 3. Physicochemical characteristics of the Onion seed oil soap*. Parameters Values/Observation ph 11.03± 0.02 Foam ability (cm³) 75.13±0.15 Solubility in water Slightly soluble Texture Soft Color Lighter green %Total fatty matter ± 0.02 %Total alkali 0.92 ± 0.02 % Chloride 0.53 ± 0.15 *Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of triplicate determinations 4. Discussion The oil content of the onion (Allium cepal) seed was 50.28±0.01 % lower than ± 2.35% reported for Terminalia Catappa L Congo-Brazzaville seeds [17]higher than 38.74% reported for shea nut [18] and ± 0.20% reported for wild castor seed [19] which indicated that the seed has high oil content. The colour of the oil was light green. Physico-chemical analysis results showed that the onion (Allium cepal) Seed Oil has acid value of 0.03±0.01 mgkoh/g lower than the value obtained for Hyptis spicigera seed oil 2.5mg KOH/g [20]. Lower acid value signifies a maximum purity and made it suitable for soap production. Iodine value of ±0.21 gi 2 /100g was obtained having lower value than iodine value (mg/100g) of 152.3, reported for wild Corchorusolitorius seed oil [21] and higher than Iodine value of ± I2/100g reported for Jatropha curcas L. seed oil [16] recommended for cosmetics and medicinal purposes. The peroxide value was found to be 3.00± 0.00 meq H 2 O 2 which is lower than 37.79± 0.02 reported for Moringa oliefera Lam seed oil [22]similar to the value 3.00mgO2/g reported for Pricralimanitida seed oil (Dawodu, 2009 ). Peroxide value indicate deterioration or not of seed oils. Fresh oils have values less than 10 meq kg-1 values between 20 and 40 meq kg-1 results to rancid taste [23]. Saponification value of ±0.71 (mgkoh/g) was obtained which is lower than that of Elaeis guineensis seed oil mg KOH/g [24] but higher than that of African pear oil mgkoh/g [25] recommended for soap making. The relative density of 0.82±0.01 was obtained, the value is lower than 0.97±0.03 reported for Dennettia tripetala Fruit Oil [26], 0.94 reported for Cucumismelo Linn Seed oil [27] and 0.93± 0.00 reported for Blighia sapida fruit oil [28]. The refractive index was 1.44±0.00 lower than refractive indexes of Gundelia seed oil at 25º and 40ºC which were and , respectively [29]. Refractive index measures the purity of oil. The result indicate that the oil is of high purity [30]. The fatty acids obtained from the GC-MS fragments (peaks) are; 1.Palmitic acid (Palmitic acid also known as n- Hexadecoic acid which is mainly used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and release agents. These applications utilize sodium palmitate, Hydrogenation of palmitic acid yields cetyl alcohol, which is used to produce detergents and cosmetics [31] 2. Linolelaidic acid which is an omega-6trans fatty acid (TFA) and is a geometric isomer of linoleic acid. It is found in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils [32]3.Oleic

5 American Journal of Chemistry and Applications 2015; 2(5): Acid (also known as cis-9-octadecenoic acid, cis-oleic acid, oleate, Elaidoic acid, Metaupon, Delsauere). An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent [33]. Oleic Acid s high lipid count makes it a great moisturizer, and a number of cosmetic companies add it to lotions and soaps in order to boost their ability to nourish the skin. 4. Stearic acid (stearic acid is the most common saturated fatty acid [34] is a saturated fatty acid with an 18-carbon chain and has the IUPAC name octadecanoic acid, Stearic acid is mainly used in the production of detergents, soaps, and cosmetics such as shampoos and shaving cream products. Soaps are not made directly from stearic acid, but indirectly by saponification of triglycerides consisting of stearic acid esters. Esters of stearic acid with ethylene glycol, glycol stearate, and glycol distearate are used to produce a pearly effect in shampoos, soaps, and other cosmetic products. They are added to the product in molten form and allowed to crystallize under controlled conditions. Detergents are obtained from amides and quaternary alkylammonium derivatives of stearic acid. Surfactants, cosmetics and personal hygiene products are infact prospects of stearic acid [35]5. Behenic acid (is a carboxylic acid the saturated fatty acid with formula C 21 H 43 COOH. In appearance, it consists of white to cream color crystals or powder with a melting point of 80 C and boiling point of 306 C. It is soluble in both ethanol and ether. It is a major component of Ben oil which is extracted from the seeds of the Moringa oleifera is often used to give hair conditioners and moisturizers their smoothing properties. Also used as anti-foam in the manufacturing of detergents). 6. Linolenicacid is an essential fatty acid belonging to the omega-3 fatty acids group. It can refer to either of two octadecatrienoic acids (i.e. with an 18-carbon chain and three double bonds, which are found in the cis configuration), or a mixture of the two. It is highly concentrated in certain plant oils and has been reported to inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin resulting in reduced inflammation and prevention of certain chronic diseases [36]. 7. Eicosatetraenoic acid designates any straight chain 20.4 fatty acid. The ph of the soap was found to be 11.03± 0.02 higher than ph of 8.6 reported for Jatropha oil soap [37] and 10.4 ± 0.04 reported for neem oil soap [38]. Even though the ph was higher than the skin friendly ph, it can be regulated by superfatting. The Foam ability (cm³) was 75.13±0.15 higher than 2.5cm reported for animal fat soap [39] and 4.2 cm reported for sheanut oil soap [40]. Foam ability has little to do with cleansing ability [41] it is of interesting importance to the consumer and is therefore considered a parameter in evaluating soaps and detergents. The percentage Total fatty matter was ± 0.02%, the value is lower than ± 0.07% reported for neem oil soap [38] and 60.20% reported for Jatropha oil soap[37] Total Fatty Matter (TFM) tells how much fat substance the soap has. The quality of a soap can be indicated with the amount of fatty matters. Soap with 70% to 80% fatty matters is considered best one in quality. If the TFM lowers then it would not give you the softness that is expected out of a soap along with the other qualities of a beauty soap [22]. The percentage total alkali was 0.92 ± 0.02% higher than 0.76% reported for Jatropha oil soap [37] NaOH and NaCl contribute to the total alkali of soap. The percentage chloride was 0.53 ± 0.15% lower value than 1.15 ± 0.02 reported for neem oil soap [38] and 1.26±0.01 reported for sheanut fat soap [18]. 5. Conclusion From the results of the physicochemical, GC/MS and onion oil soap produced, it can be concluded that seed oil has potential in the production of soap, perfumery and pharmaceuticals. Acknowledgement The authors wish to acknowledge the effort of Mr Ibrahim of the Central Laboratory National Institute of Chemical Technology (NARICT), Zaria, Nigeria. References [1] Kumar, KP S., Bhowmik, D, Chiranjib, Biswajit and Tiwar, P Allium cepa: A traditional medicinal herb and its health benefits. J. Chem. Pharaceutical Res (1): [2] Salina, HF, Rinani, AR., Masniza, SM., and Faeizh, HN. Enzyme assisted aqueous extraction and phenolic antioxidants of onion oil. Int. J. Sci. Environ. Technol. 2013, 2(5): [3] Bello, MO., Olabanji, IO., Abdul-Hammed, M. and Okunade, TD. 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