THE MORTON COLLECTION:

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "THE MORTON COLLECTION:"

Harvey Howard
5 years ago
Views:

1 THE MORTON COLLECTION: Then and Now- Past and Present...Into the Future SEPTEMBER 28, 2016

2 MORTON COLLECTION History Collection Management Preservation Interpretation in Scientific Research Interpretation of the Collection to the Public

3 1200 crania in his lifetime

5 Camper ( ) facial angle to determine intelligence among species Europeans 80 degrees Africans 70 Orangutan 58

7 Einstein s brain weighed 1230 grams (average human brain size is 1400 grams)

1. mortuary practice assessment 2. paleodemographic parameters (age and sex) 3. sampling for adna, isotopic, and radiocarbon dating 4. paleopathology - ancient patterns of disease 5.

8 1. mortuary practice assessment 2. paleodemographic parameters (age and sex) 3. sampling for adna, isotopic, and radiocarbon dating 4. paleopathology - ancient patterns of disease 5. metric and non-metric analysis associated with population affinities 6. cultural modifications of the body associated with group identity 7. markers of occupational stress/management including enthesopathies

9 Malaria remains one of the planet s leading killers, especially of youngsters, with an estimated death rate of between 3 and 4 million people each year.

10 MALARIA IN AFRICA Symptoms: o fever, rigor, sweats Disease organism: Parasite: Plasmodium o o o o P. falciparum P. gambia P. vivax P. malariae Vector: Mosquitos o Anopheles gambiae o Anopheles funestus

11 A. gambiae breeds in open, sunny areas and preys on humans as a major host Anopheles gambiae (most efficient form) Other species: A. funestus, A. phaoensis, A. sergentii, A. stephensi, A. moucheti, A. nili

POPULATION FREQUENCY OF HBS High frequency in parts of Africa In some parts of Central Africa, 1 in 5 people are carriers heterozygous genotype:

12 POPULATION FREQUENCY OF HBS High frequency in parts of Africa In some parts of Central Africa, 1 in 5 people are carriers heterozygous genotype: HbS/HbA a co-dominant trait: both polypeptides are expressed Also found in the circum Mediterranean, South and Southeast Asia and most tropical parts of world

14 SICKLE CELL ANEMIA Sickle Cell: red blood cell shape Anemia: poor oxygen delivery Cause: abnormal hemoglobins genetically based there are many other forms of anemia, including: 1. Iron deficiency anemia 2. Protein deficiency anemia

15 NORMAL AND SICKLED RED BLOOD CELLS

Sickle and normal shaped red blood cells

16 Sickle and normal shaped red blood cells Although the sickle-cell variant protects against malaria, inheriting a double dose from parents produces the disease Sickle-Cell Disease. This anemia disease effects the shape of red blood cells - the name sickle-cell comes from the shape change

IMAGINE AFRICA - Heal and Disease Anemia - Red blood cells are made

When a person has anemia, the body reacts by producing more red blood

These areas within the skull bones get larger and larger eventually

17 IMAGINE AFRICA - Heal and Disease Anemia - Red blood cells are made in the space between the tables of skull bone. When a person has anemia, the body reacts by producing more red blood cells. These areas within the skull bones get larger and larger eventually perforating the outside surface bone of the skull. This is called CRIBRA ORBITALIA (shown here within the eye orbits of an early African American child s skull)

19 t-values of sex differences in cranial size and shape red-to-orange: males > females blue-to-white: females < males green: males females

22 HOW DOES IT WORK? Measurements are standardized by defined anatomical landmarks. Specialized tools exist for measuring skeletal remains. Measurements from an unknown individual are then compared with data drawn from known individuals.

25 WHO WON T FORDISC WORK ON? Individuals from populations not represented or underrepresented in the FDB. Individuals from mixed ancestry. Individuals whose cranial shape varies widely from the means of the reference sample. Individuals who fall into the significant area of overlap between population subsamples and male/female subsamples.

Below are the sections of the DNA sequences of a normal hemoglobin gene and the mutated gene that causes sickle cell disease.

Below are the sections of the DNA sequences of a normal hemoglobin gene and the mutated gene that causes sickle cell disease. Sickle Cell Analysis Directions: Read the information below to complete the two tables. A person with sickle-cell disease has the genotype: Hb s Hb s. People who have this condition have two abnormal genes,