Health care workers and infectious diseases
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1 Introduction
2 Health care workers and infectious diseases
3 Objectives 1. What is an infectious disease?? 2. What is an infection and disease?? 3. Causes of re-emerging of the problem of the infectious diseases 4. Microbiological classification of infectious diseases 5. Means of transmission of infectious diseases 6. The action of pathogen in infectious process (pathogenicity) 7. What is infectivity,virulence, immunogenicity and incubation period 8. Manifestations of infectious process (infection spectrum) 9. The immune reaction of host in infectious process 10. Common symptoms and signs
4
5 Definition Disease Infection Infectious diseases
6 Types of diseases Degenerative diseases Immune disorders Infectious diseases Metabolic disorders Neoplasms (cancers and other types of tumors) Nutritional disorders Psychiatric disorders
7 Infectious diseases Can affect more than one anatomical site or spread Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans
8 Pathogenicity of Infectious Diseases HOST DISEASE TRIAD PATHOGEN ENVIRONMENT OTHER MICROBES Microbial Interactions
9 Factors Influencing Disease Age Sex Genotype (race) Occupation Nutritional status Health status (immune status) Host DISEASE TRIAD Agent Infectivity Pathogenicity Virulence Immunogenicity Antigenic stability Survival Environment Weather Housing Geography Occupational setting Air quality Food
10 Microbiological Classification of Infectious Diseases
11 Transmission Infectious Diseases Cases Index the first case identified Primary the case that brings the infection into a population Secondary infected by a primary case Tertiary infected by a secondary case S Susceptible Immune P S S Sub-clinical T T Clinical
12 Pathogenicity Factors Influencing Disease progression What does pathogenicity mean??? The pathogenicity of pathogen is related to : 1. Invasiveness 2. virulent 3. Number of pathogen 4. Mutation (variability)
13 Factors Influencing Disease Progression Infectivity: Ability of agent to cause infection Number of infectious particles required In person-to-person transmission, secondary attack rate is a measure of infectivity Virulence : Severity of the disease after infection occurs. Measured by case fatality rate or proportion of clinical cases that develop severe disease.
14
15 Stages of infectious diseases
16 Factors Influencing Disease Progression Immunogenicity Ability of an organism to produce an immune response that provides protection against reinfection with the same or similar agent Can be life long or for limited periods Important information for development of vaccines
17 The immune reaction of host in infectious process Infection and Immunity Non specific immunity Specific immunity Ext. barriers: skin, mucosa & their Secretion Barrier Action Int. barriers: Placenta or BBB Humoral Immunity Immunoglobulin: IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD Phagocytosis Cell mediated immunity Humoral Action Complement, Lysozyme, Fibronectin, Cytokines
18 Barriers for Defense Against Infection 1. Skin: 2. Mucus membrane: 3. Cilia: 4. Coughing
19 Infection and immunity Manifestations of infectious process (infection spectrum): 1) Clearance of pathogen (no infection) 2) Covert infection (subclinical infection) 3) Overt infection (clinical infection or apparent infection) 4) Carrier states Health carrier after covert infection Convalescent carrier after overt infection Incubatory carrier before onset of disease 5) Latent infection.
20 Classification of infectious diseases By duration Acute Common cold Chronic Tuberculosis Latent Herpes zoster (cold sores)
21 By location Classification of infectious diseases Local Systemic By timing Primary Secondary
22 Manifestations of disease Symptoms Signs Syndrome Asymptomatic (subclinical)
23 What is a communicable disease?
24 A communicable disease transmitted through direct contact with an infected individual or indirectly through a vector; people, animals, surfaces, food, water or air All communicable diseases are infectious diseases, but not all infectious diseases are communicable Contagious disease is a communicable disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another. Examples of infectious but non-communicable diseases Examples of infectious communicable/contagious diseases
25 Epidemiology The study of factors that determine the frequency, distribution, and determinants of diseases in human populations, and ways to prevent, control, or eradicate diseases in populations
26 Terms Prevalence The period prevalence The point prevalence Incidence The morbidity rate A sporadic disease The mortality rate
27 Terms Endemic disease Epidemic disease Pandemic disease
28 Causes of re-emerging of the problem of the infectious diseases 1. Loss of Antibiotic Effectiveness 2. Increased Population Density 3. Travel 4. Global Warming 5. Biological Warfare or Terrorist Attacks 6. New Routes of transmission 7. Complacency and Ignorance
29 Prevention of infectious disease Management of source of infection Cut off of route Protect susceptible population Active immunization Passive immunization
30 Oral presentations topics 1. Pulmonary Tuberculosis 2. Influenza 3. Hepatitis B infection 4. Meningococcal Disease (Neisseria meningitidis) 5. Typhoid Fever 6. Taeniasis 7. Malaria 8. Dengue Fever 9. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) 10. Rabies
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